29Review Article Economics of Agriculture 1/2013
UDC: 663.8:634.1/.7(497.11)
DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Mirjana Lukac Bulatovic, Zoran Rajic, Jelena Bokovic1 Summary
Although Serbia is characterized by favourable natural conditions for growing most of the continentalfruit species, the full potential oftheir exploitation has not been reached yet. The main indicators of this underutilisation are values of main parameters offruit production during longer periods of time. Due to its mostly extensive feature, the fruit production in Serbia has been ground to a halt for a considerable period of time, and has even shown the signs of reduction. In the period from 1981 to 2011, orchard areas in Serbia covered 252,364 ha on average, with the annual reduction rate of -0.40%.
During the analysed period (2001-2010), the highest production volume ofprocessedfruit products (semi-processed and finished products) was recorded in fruit juices (155,012 t) and frozen fruits (24,602 t). Fruit juices and frozen fruits account for 93% of the total processed fruit products in Serbia. The processed fruit production during the analysed period increased at the average annual rate of change of14.82%.
Key words: orchard areas, fruit production, semi-processed fruit products, finished fruit products
JEL: Q15, L66
Introduction
Considering all favourable natural conditions for fruit growing, the production of fresh and processed fruits in Serbia is rather insufficient. It can be freely stated that orchard areas in Serbia surpass the demand for fruits. Intensive fruit production in smaller orchard areas could provide significantly larger quantities of high-quality fruits (by increasing the yield per unit area). Therefore, provided the yield is increased to 15 t/ha, plum production
1 Mirjana Lukac Bulatovic, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University ofNovi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, Phone: +381 63 892 97 21, E-mail: mirjanalukac@gmail. com (lmirjana@polj.uns.ac.rs); Zoran Rajic, Ph.D., Associate Professor, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun, Nemanjina 6, Phone: +381 63 108 59 15, E-mail: zorajic@ agrif.bg.ac.rs, Jelena Bokovic, assistant, University in Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun, Nemanjina 6, Phone: +381 11 261 53 15/ext. 406, E-mail: jdjokovic@agrif.bg.ac.rs
(which is the most prevalent and cost-effective fruit production in Serbia) could achieve the current volume of production on 35,000-40,000 ha in contrast with over 100,000 ha of the present plum plantations in Serbia (Obradovic, 2001, Milic et al., 2005).
Observed as a whole, the fruit growing in Serbia is in a rather poor condition. Small areas of fruit plantations impede the application of high-capacity machinery for cultural practices. The high prevalence of obsolete (antiquated) varieties and great diversity of varieties cause considerable hardships in the supply of high-quality fruits on the market. Moreover, other unresolved issues (such as the production of high-quality planting material, the required funding for fruit growing and production, etc.) also pose a great hindrance to the improvement of fruit production.
Although the need for integrated fruit production and processing is often emphasised, the generally accepted solution of their vertical relationship has not been found yet. However, intensive fruit production cannot be established without modern high-technology processing capacities. The modernisation of fruit processing capacities simultaneously enhances fruit production. Therefore, fruit processing capacities should be closely connected to raw materials due to high safety requirements in continuous raw material supply.
Research aims, data resources and work methods
The principal aim ofthis research is a review of general tendencies in the fruit production and processing in Serbia. The analysis of production volume change was conducted in several major fruit species during 1981-2011, as well as major semi-processed and finished fruit products during 2001-2010.
The analysis of parameter values and tendencies in fruit production and processing was conducted based on the published and internal data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Federal Statistical Office of Yugoslavia (the Bulletin of Crop Science, the Bulletin of Fruit Science and Viticulture, and the Bulletin of the Industry of Serbia) for the analysed period.
The aim of the research and available data resources were expressed by means of descriptive statistics: the arithmetic mean, the interval of variation, and the coefficient of variation. The assessment of parameter value changes was done by means of the average annual rate of change based on the exponential trend:
In the exponential trend: Y is the value of the dependent variable, x is the independent variable, a and b are the parameters of the exponential trend.
Research results
Fruit production capacity
In the period from 1981 to 2011, the total orchard area in Serbia covered 252,364 ha on average, with the variations ranging from 237,640 ha in 2006 to 265,817 ha in 1983 (Table 1). The orchard areas in the analysed period reduced at the average annual rate of change of -0.40%.
The status and importance of fruit production in the Serbian agriculture is evident from the share of orchard area in the total arable land. In the analysed period (1981-2011), the share of orchard area in the total arable land was 5.61%.
Table 1. The share of orchard area in the total arable land in the period 1981-2011
Indicators Arable land (ha) Orchard area (ha) Orchard area share in the total arable land (%)
Average: 1981-2011 4,502,812 252,364 5.61
Minimum 4,211,377 237,640 5.44
Maximum 4,742,683 265,817 5.78
Annual Rate of Change (%) -0.51 -0.40 0.11
Coefficient of Variation (%) 5.11 3.79 1.87
Source: The calculation was based on the data obtained from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Federal Statistical Office of Yugoslavia
Although Serbia is characterized by favourable natural conditions for growing most of the continental fruit species, the share of orchard area in the total arable land has been slightly increasing (at the rate of change of 0.11%) due primarily to larger reduction of the arable land in comparison with the reduction of orchard area.
The analysis of structural changes in fruit growing according to fruit species can only be conducted based on the number of productive fruit trees (the number is recorded by the official statistical office). Therefore, the analysis of the number of productive fruit trees can show the structural tendencies in fruit production, considering the fact that the number of fruit trees is one of the indicators of fruit production capacity and that the variations of growth habits change the number of trees per unit area.
Table 2. The number of productive fruit trees in Serbia in the period 1981-2011
Fruits species Average number of productive fruit trees (1000) Interval of variation Annual rate of change (%) Coefficient of variation (%) Structure (%)
Min. Max.
Apple 13,727 11,151 16,042 0.95 8.94 16.78
Pear 5,906 4,404 7,198 -1.45 15.57 7.22
Plum 44,710 40,822 50,438 -0.67 6.30 54.67
Cherry 1,868 1,804 1,933 -0.12 1.56 2.28
Sour cherry 8,528 6,022 9,527 0.15 7.91 10.43
Peach 3,846 3,563 4,800 0.57 8.29 4.70
Apricot 1,549 1,376 1,781 0.53 5.81 1.90
Walnut 1,654 1,424 1,757 0.55 5.51 2.02
Total 81,788 78,912 85,921 -0.25 2.81 100.00
Source: The calculation was based on the data obtained from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Federal Statistical Office of Yugoslavia
The number of productive fruit trees increased in most of the analysed fruit species (Table 2). In the analysed period (1981-2011), the largest increase of the number of productive fruit trees was recorded in apple production, in which the number of productive fruit trees increased at the average annual rate of change of 0.95%. The number of productive fruit trees in all the other analysed fruit species increased ranging from the average annual rate of 0.15% in cherry production to 0.57% in peach production.
The total number of the analysed productive fruit trees was 81.8 million. With 44.7 million productive trees on average, plum trees account for 54.67% of the total productive fruit tree number in Serbia, followed by apple trees (16.78%), sour cherry trees (10.43%), and pear trees (7.22%). The productive tree number of the other analysed fruit species (such as peach, cherry, walnut, and apricot trees) was below 4.70% of the total productive fruit tree number in Serbia. Therefore, plums are traditionally most extensively grown fruit species in the Serbian fruit production. The vast majority of farmers in Serbia grow plums due to traditional plum brandy production (Slivovitz) and minimal requirements of this fruit species in terms of natural conditions and cultural practices.
In the period 1981-2011, the average fruit production in Serbia was 1,025,411 t, with the variations ranging from 585,866 t in 2002 to 1.4 million t in 1996. High fruit production variations over the years were confirmed by the difference between the minimal and the maximal interval of variation which equals to 817,304 tonnes in the analysed period (Table 3). The total fruit production increased at the average annual rate of change of 0.37%.
Table 3. The fruit production in Serbia in the period 1981-2011
Fruits species2 Average production (t) Interval of variation Annual rate of change (%) Coefficient of variation (%) Structure (%)
Min. Max.
Apple 213,712 95,584 306,950 -0.17 21.57 20.84
Pear 68,172 33,645 96,400 -1.55 20.80 6.65
Plum 459,712 197,486 680,566 0.35 28.59 44.83
Cherry 25,288 15,726 30,823 -0.18 15.78 2.47
Sour cherry 80,691 48,919 112,326 -0.07 19.88 7.87
Peach 50,246 36,873 77,230 1.32 21.50 4.90
Apricot 20,630 5,592 40,754 1.11 40.28 2.01
Walnut 19,018 10,238 25,172 1.58 22.90 1.85
Strawberry 30,336 20,004 39,707 0.80 16.76 2.96
Raspberry 57,606 17,432 93,982 5.00 41.36 5.62
Total 1,025,411 585,866 1,403,170 0.37 19.86 100.00
Source: The calculation was based on the data obtained from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Federal Statistical Office of Yugoslavia
2 Fruit species with the published data by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia were included (only quince production was not included due to its irrelevance with the share of 0.8% in the total Serbian fruit production).
The largest increase in production volume was recorded in raspberry production (at the 5.00% rate of change) and walnut production (at the 1.58% rate of change). The total raspberry production increased from 17,432 tonnes in 1981 to 93,982 tonnes in 2011 due primarily to the increased demand for this fruit species on the international market. The 41.36% coefficient of variation indicates the precariousness of this production. The increase in production volumes of other analysed fruit species was recorded ranging from the average annual rate of change of 0.35% in plum production to the average annual rate of change of 1.58% in walnut production.
The tendencies of orchard area decrease and production volume increase indicate the intensification of fruit production in Serbia, especially during the final years of the analysed period.
Plum and apple production account for the greatest share of the total fruit production in Serbia (65.67%), followed by sour cherry (7.87%), pear (6.65%), and raspberry production (5.62%). The share of the other analysed fruit species ranged from 1.85% (walnut) to 4.90% (peach). Therefore, plums, apples and sour cherries are the most prevalent fruit species in the Serbian fruit production according to both the number of productive trees and the volume of production.
Table 4. Production of major fruit species in Serbia
Period Fruits species
Apple Pear Plum Sour cherry Raspberry
1981-1990
Average production (t) 234,660 81,191 471,962 84,709 34,341
Annual Rate of Change (%) -1.71 1.59 -3.35 3.45 14.46
Coefficient of Variation (%) 16.15 11.35 25.20 15.42 44.85
1991-2000
Average production (t) 191,113 68,960 404,946 74,740 51,417
Annual Rate of Change (%) 0.97 -1.53 0.96 -4.42 4.98
Coefficient of Variation (%) 16.35 11.52 24.83 18.29 19.22
2001-2011
Average production (t) 215,212 55,621 498,361 82,450 84,381
Annual Rate of Change (%) 7.71 3.46 6.84 3.33 0.26
Coefficient of Variation (%) 26.48 20.23 31.86 24.13 6.81
Source: The calculation was based on the data obtained from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Federal Statistical Office of Yugoslavia
The Serbian share in the total European production of the analysed fruit species accounts for 3.71%. In the total European plum production (Table 5), Serbia participates with 426,846 tonnes (15.41%) and immediately follows Romania, which is the leading plum producer in Europe with the annual plum production of 624,884 t. Furthermore, Serbia also significantly participates in the total European production of raspberries (21.43%), sour cherries (9.08%), and walnuts (6.54%). The Serbian share in the European production of the other analysed fruit species is below 2.92%.
Table 5. The Serbian share in the total European fruit production in 2010
Fruit species Production (t) Serbian share in the European fruit production (%) Serbia's rank in Europe
Republic of Serbia Europe
Apples 239,945 13,715,674 1.75 14
Pears 47,501 2,874,697 1.65 13
Plums and sloes 426,846 2,770,496 15.41 2
Cherries 22,201 759,419 2.92 13
Sour cherries 66,224 729,179 9.08 4
Peaches and nectarines 68,636 4,017,093 1.71 5
Apricots 22,936 795,759 2.88 9
Walnuts 21,419 327,641 6.54 5
Strawberries 32,973 1,432,945 2.30 11
Raspberries 83,870 391,455 21.43 3
Total 1,032,551 27,814,358 3.71 10
Source: The calculation was based on FAO
Fruit processing
Nowadays, Serbia possesses considerable capacities of fruit processing and cooling. However, for the last decade of its development, this industry has been facing the issues of facility underutilisation (because the increased capacity demands the increased volumes of raw material for a wide array of high-quality processed fruit products). Approximately 10% of the total fruit yield is processed, which is rather low in comparison with the USA where approximately 45% of produced apples and 70% of produced plums are processed (Jovanovic et al., 1996). This is undoubtedly a consequence of the discrepancy between the fruit production and the fruit processing industry (Milic, Radojevic, 2003). The current utilisation of processing capacities is far below its potentials and amounts to approximately 30% (Lukac Bulatovic, 2004). According to different production lines, the capacity utilisation ranges from 3.1% (in the concentrated fruit juice production line) to 38% (in the frozen fruit production line). The reason of this capacity underutilisation is also the low marketability of processed fruit products. Processed fruit products in Serbia are still mostly produced by national resources as a consequence of the consumers' low standard of living, and the low quality and array of products.
Fruit processing is mostly located in the region of Central Serbia. In the total fruit processing industry of Serbia, Vojvodina participates with the share of 28.3% in semi-processed fruit products and 19.0% in finished fruit products. In contrast with the fruit processing industry of Central Serbia (which offers a wide assortment of semi-processed fruit products), the fruit processing industry of Vojvodina offers only frozen fruits, fruit pulp, and fruit puree (Lukac Bulatovic, 2010). In order to enrich the assortment of processed fruit products, minimize the seasonal feature of fruit processing and increase the utilization of equipment and infrastructure, fruit processing technology ought to (especially fruit drying technology which is still mostly related to plum drying) include other fruit species such as apricots, peaches, grapes (Gvozdenovic et al., 1997).
Considering that fruits of many species are not favourable raw materials for obtaining high-quality processed fruit products (especially for the international market), the production of industrial fruits (the fruits which is exclusively used for processing) should be enhanced. The high-quality raw materials, with high technological value and standardised quality, ensure the uniformity of processed fruit products. Consequently, the fruit processing industry is constantly supplied by high-quality raw materials at acceptable prices. Certain industrial peach cultivars (such as clingstone peaches Pavia) are mostly used in the processing industry. The largest quantity of these fruits is preserved (approximately 40%), 1-2% is dried, 5-6% is marketed as frozen, and 2-3% is processed into jams, jellies, brandies and juices (Ognjanov, 2003, 2004). The supply of fruits for processing is rather poor and unvaried in Serbia. The processed fruits are usually fresh fruits with certain flaws, mechanical damages or signs of rot and mouldiness. However, plums (Prunus domestica), apricots and small fruits are very favourable for high-quality processing.
Table 6. The processed fruit production in Serbia in the period 2001-2010
Type of processed fruit Average 2001-2010 Interval of variation Annual rate of change (%) Coefficient of variation (%) Structure (%)
Min Max
Fruit pulp and puree - frozen 2,285 14 4,778 -42.45 85.55 1.18
Concentrated fruit juice 5,032 53 11,172 45.10 83.21 2.60
Frozen fruit 24,602 18,375 42,709 3.48 28.86 12.73
Semi-processed fruit products 31,919 24,772 51,949 5.14 25.89 16.51
Fruit juice 155,012 49,947 251,057 19.08 46.61 80.18
Fruit syrup 1,044 266 1,706 -13.43 42.32 0.54
Preserved fruit 576 27 1,505 -28.23 94.59 0.30
Jam 4,449 3,038 6,193 -4.78 23.60 2.30
Dried fruit 329 16 1,145 22.04 106.28 0.17
Finished fruit products 161,410 53,346 257,084 17.40 44.03 83.49
Total 193,329 84,118 284,463 14.82 39.18 100.00
Source: The calculation was based on the data obtained from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia
In the period 2001-2010, the total production volume of processed fruit products in Serbia amounted to 193,329 tonnes ranging from 84,118 tonnes in 2001 to 284,463 tonnes in 2008 (Table 6). The highest production volume was recorded in fruit juices (155,012 t) and frozen fruits (24,602 t). These processed fruit products account for 92.91% of the total analysed processed fruit products in Serbia. The production volumes of the other analysed processed fruit products ranged from 329 tonnes (dried fruits) to 5,032 tonnes (concentrated fruit juices).
In the analysed period, the total processed fruit production increased at the average annual rate of change of 14.82%. The highest production volume increase was recorded in concentrated fruit juices (the 45.10% rate of change) and dried fruits (the 22.04% rate of change). The
calculated coefficients indicate high variations of the production volumes, especially in dried fruits (CV=106.28%) and compotes (CV=94.59%).
Table 7. Production of major processed fruit products in Serbia per year (2001-2010)
Years Production (t)
Concentrated fruit juice Frozen fruit Fruit juice (clear, cloudy and pulpy)
2001 1,155 21,064 49,947
2002 734 25,426 65,967
2003 1,838 19,591 76,665
2004 53 25,543 124,673
2005 2,950 20,533 164,546
2006 6,029 18,375 170,247
2007 9,900 26,946 219,912
2008 7,265 19,738 251,057
2009 9,226 42,709 226,520
2010 11,172 26,092 200,583
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia
According to the analysed production lines in Serbia in 2010, the capacity utilisation amounts to 54.4% in the dried fruit production line, 45.8% in the fruit juice production line, 45.5% in the frozen fruit production line, 33.9% in the fruit concentrate production line and 30.8% in the jam production line (Table 8). The capacity utilization of the other analysed production lines was lower than 9.2%.
Table 8. The capacity utilisation in fruit processing lines in 2010
Processed fruit products Potential production volume (t) Realised production volume (t) Capacity utilisation (%)
Fruit pulp and puree 2,600 99 3.81
Concentrated fruit juice 33,000 11,172 33.85
Frozen fruit 57,313 26,092 45.53
Fruit juice (clear, cloudy and pulpy) 438,384 200,583 45.76
Fruit syrup 30,725 535 1.74
Preserved fruit 850 78 9.18
Jam 15,591 4,799 30.78
Dried fruit 1,354 737 54.43
Source: The annual report of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (Published tables for 2010)
Conclusion
The fruit processing and cooling industry in Serbia is facing the increasing problem of capacity underutilisation. The increase in processing capacity has not been accompanied with the increase in the quality and assortment of raw materials due to the uneven development of primary fruit production and processing. It should be especially highlighted that optimal conditions for the development of fruit production in the private sector have not been created yet. Moreover, it has not been generally accepted that the
development of industrial processing capacities is not paralleled with the development of primary fruit production.
In the period 1981-2011, fruit production covering 252,364 ha on average had the share of 5.61% in the total Serbian arable land. This share has been increasing due to the fact that the arable land in Serbia is decreasing more rapidly than orchard area.
The highest production volume was recorded in plum (459,712 t) and apple production (213,712 t), and these fruit species account for 66% of the total fruit production in Serbia. The total production volume of the analysed fruit species shows the increasing tendency (with the 0.37% rate of change). The highest increase in the production volume was recorded in raspberry production (with the 5.00% rate of change).
In the period 2001-2010, the highest production volume on average was recorded in fruit juices (155,012 t) and frozen fruits (24,602 t), and these processed fruit products account for 93% of the total analysed processed fruit production in Serbia. The realised production volume of all other analysed processed fruit products ranged from 329 tonnes (dried fruits) to 5,032 tonnes (concentrated fruit juice).
The total production of processed fruit products increased at the average rate of change of 14.82%. The most significant increase in production volume was recorded in concentrated fruit juices (the rate of change of 45.10%) and dried fruits (the rate of change of22.04%). The calculated coefficients indicate high variations of the production volume, especially in dried fruits (CV=106.28%). The highest capacity utilisation was recorded in dried fruit production (54.4%) and fruit juice production (45.8%). The lowest capacity utilisation was recorded in fruit syrup production (1.7%) and compote production (9.2%).
References
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RAZVOJ PROIZVODNJE I PRERADE VOCA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
Mirjana Lukac Bulatovic, Zoran Rajic, Jelena Dokovic3
Rezime
Iako u Srbiji postoje veoma povoljni prirodni uslovi za uzgoj vecine kontinentalnih vocnih vrsta, moguci nivo iskoriscenosti ovih uslova jos nije postignut, sto potvrduje i kretanje najvaznijih kapaciteta vocarske proizvodnje u duzem vremenskom periodu. Zbog pretezno ekstenzivnog karaktera, vocarska proizvodnja u Srbiji vec duze vremena stagnira ili se cak i smanjuje. Uproseku za period 1981-2011. godine povrsine vocnjaka u Srbiji su iznosile 252.364 ha, sa tendencijom opadanja po prosecnoj godisnjoj stopi promene od -0,40%.
Uproseku za ispitivani period (2001-2010) najveci obim proizvodnje preradevina od voca (polupreradevine i gotoviproizvodi) je utvrden kodvocnih sokova (155.012 t) i smrznutog voca (24.602 t). Spomenute preradevine od voca ucestvuju sa 93% u ukupnoj proizvodnji analiziranih preradevina Srbije. Proizvodnja preradevina od voca u posmatranom periodu se povecava po prosecnoj godisnjoj stopi promene od 14,82%.
Kljucne reci: povrsine vocnjaka, proizvodnja voca, polupreradevine od voca, gotovi proizvodi od voca
3 Dr Mirjana Lukac Bulatovic, docent, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Tig Dositeja Obradovica 8, Novi Sad, Srbija, Telefon: +381 21 485 33 31, E-mail: mirjanalukac@ gmail.com, Dr Zoran Rajic, vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu Poljoprivredni fakultet, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, Telefon: +381 63 108 59 15, E-mail: zorajic@agrif.bg.ac.rs, Jelena Dokovic, asistent, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, Telefon: +381 11 261 53 15/lok. 406, E-mail: jdjokovic@agrifbg.ac.rs
