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18
Лiтература
1. [Електронний ресурс]. - Доступный з http://www.lvivlis.com.ua.
Дейнека А.М. Роль природно-заповедных территорий на землях государственного лесного фонда в формировании экологической ситуации региона
Осуществлен анализ современного состояния функционирования территорий и объектов природно-заповедного фонда на землях государственных лесохозяйственных предприятий Львовского обласного управления лесного и охотничьего хозяйства. Структура территорий и объектов природно-заповедного фонда представлена тремя уровнями: государственным, региональным и местным. На примере функционирования Национального природного парка "Сколевские Бескиды" доказана эффективность комплексного подхода в ведении природоохранной деятельности на территориях государственного лесного фонда. Осуществлен анализ объемов и источников финансирования территорий и объектов природно-заповедного фонда. Установлено, что финансирование осуществляется за счет средств государственного и местного бюджетов, а также собственных средств предприятий. Определены возможные пути расширения сети территорий и обьектов природно-заповедного фонда и проблемные вопросы в деятельности уже существующих. Предложены пути оптимизации процессов организации и функционирования территорий и объектов природно-заповедного фонда.
Ключевые слова: земли государственного лесного фонда, территории и объекты природно-заповедного фонда, устойчивое природопользование.
Deyneka A.M. The role of the nature reserve territories on the state forest fund land in creating ecological situation of the region
The analysis of the modern state of functioning of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund on land of state forest enterprises of the Lviv Regional Forest and Hunting Department is performed. The structure of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund is presented by three levels: state, regional and local. The necessity of complex approach to protective activity on the nature forest reserve fund is emphasized on the example of the national reserve "Skolivsky Beskidy". The analysis of volumes and sources of charges funding is carried out concerning maintenance of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund. Financing is stated to comes true due to money of the state and local budgets and also personal funds of enterprises. The possible ways of expansion of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund network and issues of their performance are identified. The ways for possible optimization of processes of creation and functioning of territories and objects of nature reserve fund are offered.
Keywords: public forest fund land, territories and objects of nature reserve fund, sustainable natural resorses using.
УДК 581.524.13 Prof. Stanistaw Baran, dr hab.; dr. Grazyna Zukowska;
prof. Anna Wojcikowska-Kapusta, dr hab.; mgr Sylwia Wesotowska-Dobruk; dr. Marta Bik-Matodzinska; dr. Magdalena Sompor-Kulik - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Institute of Soil Science, Environment Engineering, and Management
DEVELOPING THE PROPERTIES OF SEWAGE SLUDGE WITH ASH FROM POWER PLANT AND MINERAL WOOL DURING COMPOSTING PROCESS1
The aim of this study is to assess the changes in the properties of sediments in the process of composting sewage sludge with the addition of fly ash from coal combustion. Having outlined the purpose of research, sewage sludge from municipal sewage treatment plant in
1 Publication funded from the budget for science in 2010-2013 as a project No N304 400 139.
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Збiрник науково-техшчних праць
Stalowa Wola was composted with addition of various wastes: ash from coal combustion in power plants Stalowa Wola and mineral wool used-up in under-cover cultivations. The content of Corg. in composts produced on the basis of the sewage sludge and addition of tested wastes was dependent on the mixture composition and composting duration.Values of C:N ratio in the obtained composts ranged from 13.53 to 16.93, which indicates that the application of compost for fertilizing or reclamation should not interfere with the metabolism of nitrogen compounds in soils. The content of available P, K, and Mg forms in composts depended on their type. The highest values were found in the sewage sludge compost. Concentrations of determined heavy metals were several times lower than the reference values. Relatively little higher contents (yet insignificant) were recorded in the sewage sludge compost.
Keywords: sewage sludge, ash from coal combustion, mineral wool, composting
Introduction. Among waste substances produced by man, despite positive qualities, many are stored in landfills making a threat to the environment (Baran, Turski 1999). A group especially predisposed for re-use are all organic wastes. They compose a significant proportion in the stream of generated wastes. Sewage sludge is the type of waste that is produced in large quantities and has a generally favorable properties (Baran, Turski 1999, Bernacka, Pawlowska 1997, Czekala 2000, Gilewska, Przybyla 2001, Mazur 1996). Their use for fertilization seems to be of a great importance for the future fertility of soils. It is supported by the fact that they contain significant amounts of organic matter and nutrients. Despite of many positive characteristics of organic wastes, their use in agriculture is limited. Nuisance, especially the scent, semi-liquid or greasy form, and the threat of pathogens present in the waste, seem to solve the use of the composting process well-known for many years in farming practices (Baran et al. 2004, Ciecko et al. 2001, Fang 1999, Kalembasa, Wysokinski 2001, Qiao 1997).
Fly ash is another waste produced in large quantities, especially in Poland, where the energy industry is mainly based on coal. The fly ash makes up more than 68 % (by weight) of all the products from coal combustion (Ekotech, 2003). Its properties make possible to use it in the construction industry for the concrete production as an additive to cement, as well as in environmental economy (Bielinska, Stan-kowski 2001, Bzowski, Bojarska 2000, Possibilities to use fly ash... 2002, Niedzwi-ecki et al. 1995). Due to its properties, fly ash is also applied for reclamation of pits and quarries (Gilewska, Przybyla 2001, Niedzwiecki et al. 1995), as well as backfilling material. However, despite such a wide range of applications, its large quantities are still stored resulting in nuisance to the environment and the need for reclamation and management of emerging landfills.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in the heavy metals content during the process of composting the municipal sewage sludge with ash from the coal combustion.
Composting of sewage sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants.
The composting process is a controlled biological degradation and stabilization of organic substrates under aerobic conditions, which lead to an increase in temperature of the material to the thermophilic range, as a result of biologically produced heat. As a result, a product is achieved that is sanitary safe, abundant in humic and biogenic substances, and stable enough for storage and introducing into the soil with no harmful effects on the environment [J^drczak and Haziak, 2005].
Composting of organic materials leads to generation of mineral substances (products of full oxidation: H2O, CO2, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, HPO42-, Ca2+, K+) and ful-vic acids, humic acids, and humins (products of humification process). Numerous studies revealed that 3/4 to 4/5 of organic substance is mineralized, while the remaining proportion is converted into humic compounds [Pilarski and Pilarska 2009].
Reactions occurring during composting process, regardless of the organic substance type, can be written in a form of the following scheme: organic matter (CaHbOcNdSe) + microorganisms + O2 from air + N + P = H2O + CO2 + NH3 + heat + compost (humus + minerals) [Pilarski and Pilarska 2009].
Susceptibility of organic matter to decomposition is different and depends on the nature of organic compounds. Hydrocarbons, sugars, proteins and fats are the most susceptible, cellulose less, whereas lignin, wax, resin, and low-molecular aliphatic and aromatic compounds are resistant.
Study scope and methods. Having outlined the purpose of research, sewage sludge from municipal sewage treatment plant in Stalowa Wola was composted with addition of various wastes: ash from coal combustion in power plants Stalowa Wola and mineral wool used-up in under-cover cultivations. Wastes were mixed in the proportions (DM) as shown in Table 1 and were composted in 120 liter containers for 6 months. Temperature and humidity were monitored during the whole composting process.
Table 1. Scheme of the composting experiment
Compost mixture Characteristics
K-1 Compost made of sewage sludge (100 %);
K-2 Compost made of sewage sludge (80 %) + fly ash (20 %);
K-3 Compost made of sewage sludge (70 %) + fly ash (30 %);
K-4 Compost made of sewage sludge (95 %) + mineral wool (5 %);
K-5 Compost made of sewage sludge (90 %) + mineral wool (10 %);
Collected samples of soil, plant, mineral wool, and sewage sludge were subject to following determinations:
• pH value - potentiometry - in H2O and lmoldm-3 KCl,
• hydrolytic acidity (Hh) in 1 moldm-3 CH3COONa,
• alkaline cations (S) - Palman method - in 0.5 moldm-3 ammonium chloride extract (pH 8.2),
• sorption capacity (T) and saturation of the soil complex with alkaline cations (V) -calculation,
• total carbon content (Ct) - Tiurin method with Simakov modification,
• total nitrogen content - Kjeldahl method - applying distillation apparatus Kjeltech 1002,
• C: N ratio - calculation,
• available Mg content - Schachtschabel method,
• available P and K contents - Egner-Riehm method.
• heavy metals contents. The total proportions of metals were determined after extraction using HNO3 and HClO4 mixture (v/v 5:4) in emission spectrophotometer with inductively coupled plasma).
Results and discussion
Properties of composted wastes.
Municipal sewage sludge was characterized by pH close to neutral - pH in 1 mol-dm"3 KCl = 6.8 (Table 2). It had favorable sorption properties. Sum of alkaline cations was 18.1 cmol (+)-kg-1, while a degree of the sorption complex saturation with alkaline cations V= 87.9 %. Organic carbon content amounted to 386.6 g^kg-1, nitrogen 32.71 g^kg-1. Concentrations of available forms of P, K, and Mg can be considered as high. Contents of heavy metals was at the level below permissible norms [Dz.U. 2010.137,924].
The ash from the coal combustion is a dust and clay formation of strongly alkaline pH in 1 moldm-3 KCl = 9, good sorption properties, a high degree of alkaline cations saturation (V = 97.50 %), and trace amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen (Table 2). The material had a high contents of available P, K, and Mg forms, whereas heavy metal contents were below acceptable standards.
Table 2. Properties of tested wastes
Property Unit Sewage sludge Fly ash
pH H20 6,8 9,0
pH mol-dm-3 KCl 6,4 8,9
Hh cmol (+)-kg-1 2,5 0,20
S 18,1 11,8
T 20,6 12,0
V % 87,9 98,3
Ntot. g*g-1 32,71 sl.
C ^--org. 386,6 sl.
C: N 11,82 -
available P mg-kg-1 234,9 17,4
available K 32,0 4,0
available Mg 120,3 4,18
Cu mg-kg 1 139,0 70,0
Zn 935,0 150,0
Pb 29,2 45,9
Cd 3,45 3,0
Properties of composts produced from municipal sewage sludge and addition
of tested wastes
Acidity and sorption capacity. Compost made from sewage sludge, as well as composts produced from sewage sludge with ash from power station (20 and 30 %) and wool addition (5 and 10 %) were characterized by a slightly acidic reaction (pH 1 moldm-3 KCl reached values from 5.8 to 6.3). A slight decrease in pH was recorded during composting the sewage sludge with no additives. Similar results were obtained by Czekala [2008] and Krzywy et al. [2000]. The pH decrease of composted materials could result from a loss of calcium and /or increased concentration of nitrates (V) [Czekala, 2008]. In composts with the fly ash and mineral wool addition, the pH in 1 moldm-3 KCl reached similar values (5.9-6.3).
Sorption capacity (T) of sewage sludge oscillated from 25.24 (compost made of sewage sludge (90 %) + mineral wool (10 %)), up to 30.41 cmol (+)-kg (compost
made of only sewage sludge) (Figure 1). Degree of sorption complex saturation with alkaline cations (V) reached values from 83.84 % (compost made of sewage sludge (80 %) + fly ash (20 %)), to 71.79 % (compost made of sewage sludge (70 %) + fly ash (30 %)) (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Sorption capacity (T) of composts made on the basis of sewage sludge and addition of assessed wastes: K-1 - compost made of sewage sludge (100 %), K-2 - compost
made of sewage sludge (80 %) + fly ash (20 %), K-3 - compost made of sewage sludge (70 %) + fly ash (30 %), K-4 - compost made of sewage sludge (95 %) + mineral wool (5 %), K-5 - compost made of sewage sludge (90 %) + mineral wool (10 %)
Magnesium made up the largest proportion of alkaline cations in tested composts. Its content ranged from 10.86 to 12.59 cmol (+)-kg-1, respectively in compost made of sewage sludge (90 %) + mineral wool (10 %) and compost made of sewage sludge (80 %) + fly ash (20 %) [.].
K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 K-5
Figure 2. Degree of sorption complex saturation with alkaline cations (V) in composts made on the basis of sewage sludge: K-1 - compost made of sewage sludge (100 %), K-2 -compost made of sewage sludge (80 %) + fly ash (20 %), K-3 - compost made of sewage sludge (70 %) + fly ash (30 %), K-4 - compost made of sewage sludge (95 %) + mineral wool
(5 %), K-5 - compost made of sewage sludge (90 %) + mineral wool (10 %)
Contents of available P, K, and Mg. The contents of available forms of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium in the assessed composts were dependent on the composition of composted substrate.
The compost produced from municipal sewage sludge contained available phosphorus at the level of 32.3 mg • kg-1 (Figure 3).
k-1 kontrola K-2 K-3 K-4 K-5
Figure 3. Contents of available P, K, and Mg forms in composts made on the basis of assessed wastes (Denotations as in Figure 2)
Concentration of this element was lower in composts with fly ash addition (by about 1 and about 3 mg • kg-1, respectively at 20 and 30 % of ash proportion). This can be explained by trace amounts of available phosphorus in the ash used to produce the compost mixture. Content of available phosphorus was higher in composts with mineral wool addition in comparison with those containing sewage sludge. It should be noted that the quantities of available phosphorus in composts based on sewage sludge and fly ash additives, were significantly lower as compared to the sewage sludge, which can be explained by the mobilization of phosphorus compounds.
Concentrations of available potassium in assessed compost mixtures reached values from 13.6 mg-kg-1 to 20.7 mg-kg-1. The largest amounts of the element were recorded in compost made of sewage sludge, while the smallest - compost produced from sewage sludge (70 %) and fly ash (30 %).
Contents of available magnesium forms were similar in all tested composts (from 17.1 mg-kg-1 to 18.5 mg-kg-1).
Content of organic carbon and total nitrogen. During composting, the organic matter undergoes to a spectrum of conversions, among which organic matter mineralization is the main process. Organic carbon content in composts depends on its concentration in composted materials, as well as course and duration of the composting process.
Figure 4. Contents of available organic carbon in composts made on the basis of sewage sludge (Denotations as in Figure 2)
Organic carbon content in assessed composts was irrelevantly modified by the composition of the compost mixtures. In compost made of sewage sludge (100 %), the Colg. content was the highest and amounted to 432 gkg-1 (Tables 3-5, Figure 4). The organic carbon concentration decreased along with the increase in the proportion of additives in relation to the sewage sludge: thus, compost supplemented with 10 % of mineral wool and 30 % of fly ash contained 372 gkg-1 of organic carbon.
In the process of organic matter conversion during composting process, the nitrogen compounds are converted into mineral forms that may be partially regressed [Czekala 2008], however, the organic carbon loss occurs to a greater extent, which causes the C: N ratio narrowed.
In tested composts, content of the total nitrogen oscillated from 27.16 gkg-1 (compost made of sewage sludge) to 23.45 (compost made of sewage sludge (70 %) + fly ash (30 %)) (Figure 5). Composts with addition of mineral wool (about 26 gkg-1) were characterized by more favorable Ntot. contents.
Figure 5. Contents of total nitrogen in composts made on the basis of sewage sludge and addition of assessed wastes (Denotations as in Figure 2)
The C: N ratio in the compost produced from sewage sludge was 15.91, which indicates the average degree of this compost maturity. Addition of mineral wastes affected the narrowing of C: N ratio, whereby in composts with fly ash addition, the reduction was 0.1-0.3, and in the case of mineral wool about 1.5-1.8.
Heavy metal contents. The content of heavy metals in sewage sludge composts can vary within very wide limits and depends primarily on their content in composted materials as well as conditions of this process.
In materials used to produce compost mixtures, the heavy metals concentrations did not exceed the reference values for the waste to be used for environmental purposes [Dz.U. 2010].
The total content of copper in compost made of sewage sludge was 150 mgkg-1 (Figure 6). Addition of fly ash contributed to the reduction in the content of Cu to 105 and 123 mgkg-1, respectively at 20 and 30 % addition. The lowest copper content was recorded in compost produced from the sewage sludge with mineral wool mixture (81 mgkg-1 in variant with 10 % mineral wool addition).
Figure 6. Contents of copper in composts made on the basis of sewage sludge and addition of assessed wastes: K-1 - compost made of sewage sludge (100 %), K-2 - compost made of sewage sludge (80 %) + fly ash (20 %), K-3 - compost made of sewage sludge (70 %) + fly ash (30 %), K-4 - compost made of sewage sludge (95 %) + mineral wool (5 %), K-5 -compost made of sewage sludge (90 %) + mineral wool (10 %)
Figure 7. Contents of zinc in composts made on the basis of sewage sludge and addition of
assessed wastes: K-1 - compost made of sewage sludge (100 %), K-2 - compost made of sewage sludge (80 %) + fly ash (20 %), K-3 - compost made of sewage sludge (70 %) + fly ash (30 %), K-4 - compost made of sewage sludge (95 %) + mineral wool (5 %), K-5 -compost made of sewage sludge (90 %) + mineral wool (10 %)
Figure 8. Contents of lead in composts made on the basis of sewage sludge and addition of
assessed wastes: K-1 - compost made of sewage sludge (100 %), K-2 - compost made of sewage sludge (80 %) + fly ash (20 %), K-3 - compost made of sewage sludge (70 %) + fly ash (30 %), K-4 - compost made of sewage sludge (95 %) + mineral wool (5 %), K-5 -compost made of sewage sludge (90 %) + mineral wool (10 %)
Figure 9. Contents of cadmium in composts made on the basis of .sewage sludge and addition of assessed wastes: K-1 - compost made of sewage sludge (100 %), K-2 - compost
made of sewage sludge (80 %) + fly ash (20 %), K-3 - compost made of sewage sludge (70 %) + fly ash (30 %), K-4 - compost made of sewage sludge (95 %) + mineral wool (5 %), K-5 - compost made of sewage sludge (90 %) + mineral wool (10 %)
Zinc concentration ranged from 708 mgkg-1 to 501 mgkg-1 (Figure 7). Compost made of sewage sludge contained the largest amounts of the element, while the smallest - compost produced from sewage sludge (90 %) and mineral wool (10 %).
Composition of the compost mixture had slight influence on total lead content (Figure 8). Concentration of Pb in tested composts oscillated from 26.9 to 31.7 mgkg-1, respectively for sewage sludge compost with 10 % addition of mineral wool and in compost made of sewage sludge only (100 %).
Cadmium amounts in assessed composts were similar reaching values from 1.81 to 2.43 gkg-1.
Summing up, assessed composts meet standards that qualify them for environmental purposes [Dz. U 2010]. Moreover, the lowest contents of heavy metals in compost produced from the sewage sludge with 10 % addition of mineral wool, especially in reference to Cu and Zn, may indicate its usefulness for composting along with sewage sludge containing elevated concentrations of heavy metals. Conclusions:
1. The content of Colg. in composts produced on the basis of the sewage sludge and addition of tested wastes was dependent on the mixture composition and composting duration: content of organic carbon in the sewage sludge compost (100 %) was 432 gkg-1.
2. Composts made of sewage sludge with the addition of other assessed wastes can be lined up in the following sequence: compost made of sewage sludge with 20 % fly ash > compost made of sewage sludge with 30 % of the ash> compost made of sewage sludge with 5 % mineral wool > compost made of sewage sludge with 10 % mineral wool.
3. The total nitrogen content in the composts was dependent on its concentration in tested materials used for composting: the highest content of total nitrogen (about 30 gkg-1) was recorded in the sewage sludge compost (100 %); compost mixtures of sewage sludge with other waste substances contained Ntot. amounts at lower levels.
4. Values of C: N ratio in the obtained composts ranged from 13.53 to 16.93, which indicates that the application of compost for fertilizing or reclamation should not interfere with the metabolism of nitrogen compounds in soils.
5. The content of available P, K, and Mg forms in composts depended on their type. The highest values were found in the sewage sludge compost.
6. Concentrations of determined heavy metals were several times lower than the reference values. Relatively little higher contents (yet insignificant) were recorded in the sewage sludge compost.
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Баран С., Жуковска Г., Вуйщковска-Капуста А., Весоловска-Добрук С. Бт-Малодзтьська М., Сомпор-Култ М. Формування властивост осаду гачних вод з додаванням золи електростанци i мшерально! вати в процес компостування
Дослiджено змiни властивостей вщклащв у процесi компостування комунального осаду сйчних вод i3 додаванням золи вщ спалювання кам'яного вугiлля. Дотримуючись окреслено! мети дослiдження, були реалiзованi розчинення осаду стiчних вод з очисних споруд комунально! у Стальовш Волi з додаванням рiзних вiдходiв: золи вiд спалювання вугшля на електростанци Стальово! Волi, що складаеться з вторсировинно! мше-рально! вати з сiльськогосподарських культур в теплицях.
Вмiст Corg. у компостах, створених на основi осаду спчних вод i доповнених дос-лщжуваними вiдходами, залежав вiд складу сумiшi i часу компостування. Значенням вщношення C:N в отриманих компостах варвдвалися вiд 13,53 до 16,93, що вказуе на те, що шсля застосування дослiджуваних компостiв для створення добрива або рекуль-тиваци не повинно виникати перешкод в обмгш азотистих сполук у грунтах. Величини засвоюваних форм P, K, Mg у компостах залежала вiд !х типу. Максимальне значення було вщзначено в осадовому компостi. Вмiст аналiзованих важких металiв був у кшька разiв нижчим вiд значень, на як е лiтературнi посилання. Вщносно вищий (але не-суттево) вмют вiдзначено в осадовому компостi.
Baran S., Zukowska G., Wojcikowska-Kapusta A., Wesotowska-Dobruk S., Bik-Matodzinska M., Sompor-Kulik M. Ksztaltowanie wlasciwosci osadu sciekowego z dodatkiem popiolu z elektrowni i welny mineralnej w procesie kompostowania
Celem niniejszych badan jest ocena zmian we wlasciwosciach osadow w procesie kompostowania komunalnego osadu sciekowego z dodatkiem popiolow ze spalania w^gla kami-ennego. Uwzgl^dniaj ^c nakreslony cel badan,realizowano kompostowanie osadu sciekowego z komunalnej oczyszczalni sciekow w Stalowej Woli z roznym dodatkiem odpadow: popiolu ze spalania w^gla kamiennego w elektrowni Stalowa Wola i pouzytkowej welny mineralnej z upraw pod oslonami.
Zawartosc Corg. w kompostach wytworzonych na bazie osadu sciekowego i dodatku badanych odpadow byla uzalezniona od skladu mieszanki i czasu kompostowania. Wartosci stosunku C:N w uzyskanych kompostach wahaly si^ od 13,53 do 16,93, co wskazuje, ze po zastosowaniu badanych kompostow do nawozenia lub rekultywacji nie powinny wyst^pic zaklocenia w przemianach zwi^zkow azotowych w glebach. Zawartosc przyswajalnych form P, K, Mg w kompostach byla zalezna od ich rodzaju. Najwyzsze wartosci stwierdzono w komposcie osadowym. Zawartosc analizowanych metali ci^zkich byla kilkakrotnie nizsza od wartosci referencyjnych. Relatywnie nieco wyzsze (ale nieistotnie) zawartosci odnotowano w komposcie osadowym.
УДК 591.5:630:51-7 Доц. Т.1. Ковтун, канд. с.-г. наук -
Житомирський нацюнальтй агроекологiчний ушверситет
ОСОБЛИВОСТ1 ЕКОЛОПЧНО1 СТРУКТУРИ ПОПУЛЯЦ1Й СОВКОПОД1БНИХ (NОСТиОЮЕА) НАП1ВПРИРОДНИХ БЮТОП1В ПРИМ1СЬКО1 ЗОНИ М1СТА ЖИТОМИР
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