CC BY-ND
62
Journal of Language & Education
Volume 2, Issue 1, 2016
DEVELOPING CHEMISTRY STUDENTS' STUDY SKILLS THROUGH INTEGRATION OF VISUAL ORGANIZERS IN TEACHING ESP
Anastasia Sitnikova
Surgut State University
Olga Simonova
Surgut State University
Mrityunjoy Kar
Free University of Berlin
This study is aimed at development chemistry students' study skills through integration of visual organizers (VOs) in teaching English for Special Purposes. The research specifically determined the students' attitude toward chemistry content of English classes and achievement of two groups of 54 students under study. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between the study skills' level in dealing with chemistry context in English of the students in the experimental group before and after the experiment. The result of students' perception about visual organizers, as teaching strategy and approach to teaching English through chemistry, indicated the rationale in this undertaking. All communicative activities and presentations used by the teacher in the class incorporating visual organizers in identified formats such wordwebbing, web diagram, flowcharts, concept maps, Venn diagram and pictorial graphics obtained a good perception of chemistry science information in English. Performance, on the other hand, indicated the VO's effectiveness in facilitating learning English and study skills development. This analysis implied that the experimental group performed significantly better than their peers in the control group. Facilitating learning English through chemistry context can be made through integrating visual organizers that help develop students' study skills. Hence, the use of visual organizers effect changes in learning chemistry content for the better. Visual organizers help students perform better and improve their attitude toward learning English for professional communication.
Keywords: competence, skills, study skills, visual learning, visual organizers, facilitating learning, attitude toward English trough chemistry, student performance
Anastasia Sitnikova, Department ofForeign Languages, Surgut State University Correspondence concerningthis article shouldbe addressed to Anastasia Sitnikova, Department ofForeign Languages, Surgut State University, 1 Lenin Ave., Surgut, Russia, 628412. Contact: simonova_a@inbox.ru
Olga Simonova, Department of English Language Teaching Methods and Translation, Surgut State University Correspondence concerningthis article shouldbe addressed to Olga Simonova,
Department of English Language Teaching Methods and Translation, Surgut State University, 1 Lenin Ave., Surgut, Russia, 628412.
Contact: soa27@mail.ru
Dr. Mrityunjoy Kar, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Mrityunjoy Kar,
Institute of Chemistryand Biochemistry, Free University ofBerlin, 3 Takustrasse, Berlin, Germany, 14195. Contact: mkar@zedat.fu-berlin.de
Introduction
The implementation of the Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Professional Education in Russian universities, as one of the most significant impact of the Bologna Process, has influenced competence-oriented teaching involving students' acquisition of professional knowledge and skills. Among the European key competences for lifelong learning there are two of them under the study: communication in a foreign language and learning to learn. When making study and real-life research chemistry science students are supposed to develop their cognitive competence including study skills or strategies and a communicative competence based on foreign language knowledge within professional context. Cognitive competence as a component of learner centered educational paradigm (Khutorskoy, 2003) is the system of general educational skills representing the ways of receiving and using knowledge which are universal for many educational disciplines (p. 58). Communicative competence as the goal for language education is 'composed of grammatical, sociolinguistic and strategic competences' (Canale, Swain, 1980, p. 27).
The effectiveness of students' performance in university is determined by their ability to study efficiently. The results of having poor study skills are low grades, frustration or wasted time. There are no two people studying the same way and having the same learning style. However, there are some general teaching and learning techniques that help students achieve good results. The aim of the present research paper was to develop study skills of the students learning chemistry through the integration of visual organizers (VOs) in teaching English for Special Purposes. Teaching English to chemistry science students during their first university year is supposed to involve them into the scientific aspects of the target study area - chemistry through reading texts loaded with professional terms and science vocabulary in English. Although some study skills are taught at school, first-year students have numerous problems to cope with during their learning, for example, reading texts on chemistry and extracting information from them, acquiring new terminology and applying it in oral and written communication, etc.
Theoretical background
IThe study's theoretical background is based on the two educational paradigms: the personality-oriented and the competence approaches. The personality-oriented paradigm defined by A.V. Khutorskoy as "the set of the intercorrected semantic orientations, knowledge, abilities, skills and experience of pupil's activity,
that is necessary for the realization of personality and socially significant productive activity in relation to a certain circle of the object of reality" (p. 143).
Another important paradigm called as "the competence paradigm" influences all stages of the educational system especially the vocational education. A competence 'means the ability to apply knowledge know-how and skills in a stable / recurring or changing situation' (Gordon, Halasz, Krawczyk, Leney, Michel, others). Competences described by I.A. Zimnyaya as "some internal, potential, hidden psychological new formations: knowledge, notions, program (algorithms) of actions, systems of values and relations which then are reflected in a man's competences" (p. 8), in fact include abilities or set of skills possessed by a person. It is obvious that the two terms 'competence' and 'skills' are interconnected. According to the CASE network report (p. 26), a skill is defined as 'the ability, usually learned, and acquired through training to perform actions that achieve a desired outcome' (Gordon, Halasz, Krawczyk, Leney, Michel, others). The term 'skill' is used (Winterton, Stringfellow, 2005) to refer to a level of performance, in sense of accuracy and speed in performing particular tasks (p. 10). Proctor and Dutta (1995) define a skill as 'goal-directed, well-organized behavior that is required through practice and performed with economy of effort' (p. 18). Among numerous kinds of skills (labour, social, life skills, etc.) study skills are considered as those ones acquired through learning or experiences.
The problem of forming study skills is being actively researched by Currie (2005), Kennedy (2005), Drew and Bingham (2010), Cottrell (2013). Considering study skills or study strategies as the approaches essential for lifelong learning, Stella Cottrell (2013) claims that study skills might be developed only at university level of education. In 'The Study Skills Handbook' she notes that 'study skills evolve and mature though practice, reflection, trial and error, and feedback from others...' (p. 10). All the researchers note that study skills help students deal with the process of organizing and acquiring new information, processing, interpreting or applying it. They are also necessary for effective reading and writing, mind-mapping and notetaking.
There are some classifications introduced in the Russian didactics, for instance, G.K. Selevko (2003) considers five groups of study skills such as 1) planning learning skills; 2) learning organization skills; 3) information cognitive skills; 4) thinking skills; 5) performance self-assessment.
According to Babansky's theory of the rational study management, study skills are divided into three groups: 1) study-organizational skills which help to set up and apply the objectives of work, plan the activity rationally and create efficient working conditions; 2) study-informative skills, for example, extracting
the information from books, do some observations; 3) study-intellectual skills, for example, the ability to self-motivate a student's activity, such as an attentive perception of information, rational memorizing and logic conceptualization of study materials, self-assessment of cognitive activities [Babansky]. This classification is used in the present study as the basic for working out the students' progress evaluation criteria.
Students' study skills development is provided by a range of curriculum subject areas including a foreign language. It is rather important in our global, technological society where knowledge of another language helps students develop skills to share ideas about science, for example chemistry, in their professional communication with people from other countries. Overton, T., Johnson, S., Scott, J. (2011) note that chemical students' study and communication skills help them fulfil their true potential during their studies, and to enhance their employability beyond university. Language learning at university level is contextualized and supported by various resources such as textbooks, additional materials from the Internet, multimedia and visual (graphic) organizers.
The second key term of the present study is 'visual organizers' (VOs) that are drawings or formats used to represent information and to show relationships between ideas, for example, tables, graphs, charts, timelines, diagrams, flowcharts, etc. The purpose of using visual organizers is to help students think more critically and at higher levels of cognition than if they only focused on reading a text and taking notes. Visual organizers also help to process the information at higher levels of comprehension, analysis, synthesis, application, and evaluation.
Some research works (Arnheim, 1969, Silverman, 2005, Mayer and Massa, 2003) consider visualizing as one of the main way of learning. As Arnheim wrote: 'The clarification of visual forms and their organization in integrated patterns as well as the attribution of such forms to suitable objects is one of the most effective training grounds of the young mind'. The research held by Linda K. Silverman (2005) suggests that less than 30% of the population strongly uses visual/ spatial thinking, another 45% uses both visual/spatial thinking and thinking in the form of words, and 25% thinks exclusively in words. So, visualizing in the form of drawings, pictures, diagrams or charts help learners understand more complex information. Moreover, as Mayer and Massa (2003) claim 'People with high spatial ability have higher proficiency in creating, holding and manipulating special representations' (p. 838).
In the academic context the term 'graphic organizers' is used more often than visual organizer (VOs), so we may consider them as synonyms. According to G. Dye (2000) 'graphic organizers are visual displays that make information easier to understand' (p. 72-76). T.
Hall and N. Strangman (2002) noted that integrating graphic organizers can be supportive of teacher's teaching and student learning. It provides holistic representation of facts and concepts and their relationships within an organized frame.
Peculiarities of teaching ESP to chemistry students
Teaching English to the students studying chemistry as their major is challenging and has some specific features for both teachers and students because they need to know the content-obligatory language, i.e. the vocabulary, grammatical structures and functional language for communication in this subject context. As our teaching ESP experience shows that the first-year students have a necessary level of their language competence (between A2 and Bl) and they know the content-compatible language, i.e. how to use grammatical structures to describe a process, cause and effect as well as general vocabulary, for example, the names of some chemical elements "oxygen", "hydrogen", etc. Besides, by the end of the course the students are supposed to know subject-specific language to be able to communicate in the professional context.
Our study has been influenced by the fact that the students in their first university year might face two challenging things: studying chemistry as difficult 'abstract' science, on the one hand, and the English language that might create misconceptions as far as students' processing of content is concerned, on the other hand.
Research questions and hypothesis
The study is intended to facilitate students' study skills with the help of visual organizers' integration in the English language teaching to chemistry students. Specifically, our study attempted to answer the follow-ingproblems:
1. Is there a significant difference in study skills of chemistry science students in (a) the experimental group exposed to using VOs and (b) the control group exposed to the traditional English language teaching method before and after intervention?
2. What is the perception of chemistry students exposed to lessons integrating graphic organizers in learning English for specific purposes?
3. How does the achievement test in reading the text on chemistry done by the students in the experimental group differ from those ones from the control group?
Before the research we had put forward the following hypothesis: by comparing or contrasting in-
formation, identifying cause or effect relationships, classifying vocabulary and information the chemistry students will develop their study skills while using visual organizers (mind-mapping, tables, graphs, charts, diagrams, flowcharts) in learning English with chemical content and improve their study skills and content-obligatory language level.
Methods
The study was conducted with two groups of the first-year students (52 participants) of the Institute of Natural Sciences (Surgut State University, Russia) involved in the research work as the experimental and control groups. Admission test result on chemistry and on-line Cambridge English test of these students have been used as basis for the selection. The intact groups are heterogeneous.
The methodology of the research consists of a reference analysis, a quantitative analysis of the results of the survey, language testing, achievement test on reading a chemistry text.
The framework of the study includes three stages: the first stage, theoretical and pre-experimental, took place in 2012-2013 academic year. Its main aim is defining the theoretical basis for the research including the selection of the participants, tools and methods of study. The second (experimental) stage was in 2013-2014 academic year. It was aimed at integration visual organizers in teaching English language course to chemistry students. During the final stage of the study in 2015 all data and results were analyzed and described. The stages, their aims and methods of study are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
The stages of the research work
Stage
Aims
Methods of study
Theoretical and pre-experimental stage (20122013 academic year).
Experimental stage (20132014 academic year).
II. Final stage (2015)
To define the theoretical and methodological basis for the research including the selection of the participants, tools and methods of study.
To integrate visual organizers in teaching English language course to chemistry students
To analyze the results of the study.
Reference analysis; Language testing; Selection of students; Preparing study texts and visual organizers
Practical method
(integration VOs in
teachingESP);
Descriptive
method
Assessment
method
Assessment method
Reflexive method
Research procedure
On the first stage of the study the students-participants from experimental and control groups had an on-line language test (www.camridgeenglish.org/test-your-english). Their results of the entrance exam on chemistry were also taken into consideration. As it is shown in Table 2, the English language testing and the students' performance in state chemistry exam have the insignificant t-value which is at the 0.05 level, that means that the two groups (EG and CG) are almost equal to take part in the experimental work.
The teaching resources for the study include the basic course books for teaching English to chemistry students at SurSU is "The World of Chemistry" by M.M. Kutepova (2005) and "About the Foundations of Chemistry. A Practical Course of English for the First Year Chemistry Students" by N.A. Stepanova (2011). Moreover, the materials from the specialized blog for chemical science students "Chemistry English" (http://esp-chemistry.blogspot.ru/) were widely used during the study.
The main purpose of the experimental stage of the study was facilitating student's learning environment to develop their study skills by means of integrating various visual organizers at the English language class in the experimental group. Teaching English in the control group was based on the traditional approach aimed at learning grammar and vocabulary, reading texts on chemistry issues, writing abstracts and annotations to the articles. While teaching reading in CG we used skim reading for gist, so students had to read and find the answers to the questions or translate the text. Whereas in EG the students brainstormed the main idea of the text based on some keywords or a title, they used mind-mapping technique to represent the content of the text. Different types of reading were used including scanning, skimming or reading for detailed comprehension when the students in EG had to make information transfer in a form of diagrams or charts. While teaching writing the students of CG made translation of new words or gave their definitions. In both groups the students were taught writing abstracts and taking notes. Communicative listening and speaking skills in CG were taught through answering questions or True/False statements activities, whereas the students in EG were involved in graphic presentation of the information, describing the graphs or process cycle, making reports with Power Point Presentation. So, the methods and teaching techniques used in teaching English in CG and EG groups of chemistry students were different as it shown in Table 3.
Table 2
Students' English test and Chemistry exam results
English test (aver- Mean , State chemistry Mean ,
n urx j-n p-value p-value
age score from 15) difference r exam scores difference r
Experimental group (EG) 17 1 Less0,05 84
Control group(CG) 16 85 1 Less0,05
Table 3
Teaching methods and techniques in Control and Experimental Groups
Communicative skills Control group Experimental group
Reading - reading for gist - answering questions - translation of the text. brainstorming; - mind-mapping the content of the text; - reading for detailed comprehension - Information transfer (graphs)
Writing -translation of new words -definitions -written vocabulary exercises - writingabstracts -taking notes - word webbing - concept maps - writing project works -summarizing -taking notes
Listening -Listening for specific information and skimming ; -Answering questions or True/False statements Listening for specific information, skimming and detailed comprehension with graphic presentation of the information
Speaking -Asking and answering questions -Describingthe process -short reports Describing the graphs or process cycle Reports with Power Point Presentation
Levels of study skills' development
One of the instruments for data collection was self-assessment on the base of the criteria and descrip-
tors worked out to compare the levels of study skills' formation in the English language chemistry science context on the base of the Common European Framework of Reference and "The Can-do-statements" and the Babansky's classification of study skills. Table 4
Table 4
Levels ofstudyskills' development in the chemistry content-obligatoryEnglish language course with integration VOs
Low level (equal to A2)
Middle level (B1)
High level (B2)
Study-organizational skills
Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions, read simple texts related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal information, chemistry terms).
Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar chemistry matters; organize independent study of new vocabulary in a form of wordweb and mind map
Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in the field of chemistry, can organize vocabulary in a concept map.
Study-informative skills
Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on basic chemistry matters.
Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst reading or listening to professional communication on chemistry issues.
Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity on chemistry issues that makes regular interaction in the professional context, can make and explain graphs and diagrams
Study-intellectual skills
Can describe in simple terms aspects ofhis/herback-ground, basic chemistry matters with help of simple VOs
Can describe experiences and process, briefly give reasons and explanations for professional opinions and plans using VOs (charts, diagrams, etc.).
Can produce clear, detailed text on a chemistry matter, explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options, represent them in a form of VOs
represents the criteria for self-evaluation of the level of study skills' development in the chemistry content-obligatory English language course with integration VOs. On the first stage of the study the students from both groups CG and EG and teachers assessed their study skills on the base of the suggested descriptors. After the experimental teaching English with a wide use of visual organizers in the EG, the procedure of study skills evaluation was used again.
Results
In the beginning of the study the question was asked to find out if there was a significant difference in study skills of chemistry science students in the experimental group exposed to using VOs and the control group exposed to the traditional English language teaching method before and after intervention.
Table 5 represent the difference in progress development of study skills in both groups (EG and CG). The obvious dynamics can be seen in both groups as the result of the learning process. Nevertheless, the progress dynamics in the experimental group is more than in the control group. If we compare the middle level of study skills development, the difference of study-organizational skills in CG is 10 to 15, i.e. in 1,5 times more, while in EG the difference is 7 to 15, i.e. in 2,1 times more. The difference of study-informative skills in CG is 6 to 12, i.e. 2 times more; in EG: 2,25. Comparing the dynamics in the development of study-intellectual skills in both groups there is the following difference on the middle level : in CG 9 tol8 (twice bigger), in EG 9 to 20 (2,2). Accordingly, the progress dynamics in study skills development in the experimental group is higher than in the control group.
Table 5
Absolute figures of progress development of study skills in EG and CG
Before the After the
Study skills Levels experimental work experimental work
CG EG CG EG
Study-organizational skills Low 16 19 9 3
Middle 10 7 15 15
High - - 2 8
Study-informative skills Low 20 18 11 3
Middle 6 8 12 18
High - - 3 5
Study-intellectual skills Low 17 17 6 2
Middle 9 9 18 20
High - - 2 4
Answering the second question about the perception of chemistry students exposed to lessons integrating graphic organizers in learning English for specific purposes, the data from questionary maybe used. While self-assessing their study skills, the students of the EG could explain the purpose and profit of using visual organizers for their English and chemistry learning. According to the survey, the EG students found using visual organizers while reading English texts on chemistry issues as an effective tool to memorize a new vocabulary and understand the contents.
The third question concerned the difference between the students from EG and CG in the achievement reading test performance. It was the most optimal way to evaluate the results of the effectiveness of using visual organizers in teaching English to chemistry students. In the first part of the test the students read the text and chose on of the variants (A, B or C). In the second part of the test they had to make a pie chart on the information of a chemistry process. The results of the test have also proved the effectiveness of using visual organizers which 'make meaning and their learning meaningful' (Ausubel, 1969). In Table 6 there are the results of the achievement reading test in EG and CG which show that the students in EG performed much better in the test.
Table 6
Achievement test results
Correct answers Experimental group Control group
85-100% 19 9
70-84% 6 13
69-54% 1 4
Less than 50%
Discussion
The integration of visual organizers in the process of teaching English to chemistry students revealed its influence on the development of their study skills. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between the study skills' level in dealing with chemistry context in English of the students in the experimental group before and after the experiment. Therefore, some benefits from the use of visual organizers facilitating students' language and study skills might be suggested for scientific discussion.
Firstly, the results of other studies on the use of graphic organizers (Ausubel, I960; Al-Hinnawi, 2012; Dye, 2000; Hall, Strangman, 2002; Torres, Espana, Orleans, 2014) proved that students who used the graphic organizer strategy in learning new vocabulary and grammar, reading a text, writing summaries and doing other classroom and autonomous activi-
ties outperformed the students in the control groups. Moreover, the study revealed that the students learning English within their professional context showed their high motivation to reading authentic information on chemistry issues and presenting it in various visual forms.
Secondly, all communicative activities and presentations used by the teacher and the students in the English language class incorporating visual organizers in identified formats such word-webbing, web diagram, flowcharts, concept maps, Venn diagram and pictorial graphics obtained a good perception of chemistry science information. The use of visual organizers as educational tools effect changes in learning chemistry content for the better. Visual organizers help students perform better and improve their attitude toward learning English for professional communication.
Thirdly, the study aimed at the development students' study skills that are considered as the basic components of cognitive competence (Babansky, 1990; Khutorskoy, 2002; Raven, Stephenson, 2001; Overton, Johnson, Scott, 2011). The lack of study skills (study-organizational, study-informative and study-intellectual skills), prevents students from better performance, in fact it is a constant deficiency in the study methods of many high school and college students. Having good study skills help students apply them in different situations, especially in learning a foreign language with specific scientific context.
The study's hypothesis stated that by comparing or contrasting information, identifying cause or effect relationships, classifying vocabulary and information due to the integration of various visual organizers the chemistry students will develop their study while learning English with chemical content and improve their study skills and content-obligatory language level. The results of the study give some evidence to support the hypothesis and make some contribution to improve teaching ESP on the base of visual learning.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it might be stated that the goal of the study has been achieved, the hypothesis has been proved by the experiment data described above. It has been proved that by comparing or contrasting information, identifying cause or effect relationships, classifying vocabulary and information the chemistry science students develop their study skills while using various visual organizers in learning English with chemical content. What is more, the main impact of using visual organizers is the rise of students' ability
to think more critically and at higher levels of cognition than if they only focused on reading the text and taking notes. Visual organizers helped students to process the information at higher levels of comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. By thinking about and organizing information in this way, chemistry science students better understand and recall the information in English on chemistry issues.
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