CC BY
161
TO
70 >
m
C O z O
CD
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2018-16-4-50-65
DETECTING THE LINKAGES BETWEEN CLUSTERS AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Kristina RAZMINIENE,
Ph.D. student, Master degree in Economics, Department of Business Technologies and Entrepreneurship, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania, e-mail: [email protected];
Manuela TVARONAVICIENE,
Full Professor, Ph.D. (Doct. Sci. (Econ.)), Department of Business Technologies and Entrepreneurship, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania, e-mail: [email protected]
Clusters are more often viewed not only as one of the means for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to achieve competitive advantage through clustering but also as link that enables to focus on resource efficiency challenges and setting up circular value chains. Climate change is at the top of the agenda recently which makes resource efficiency to come under discussion. This paper aims at analyzing circular economy and looking for possibilities to connect business and science M so that innovative technologies and products are developed to increase SMEs' re-
1 source efficiency through clusters and cluster organizations. Bibliometric litera-
ture analysis technique was chosen to qualify circular economy, resource efficiency ^ and clusters, as well as to detect the evidence that clusters can be enablers of re-
4 source efficiency and circular economy between SMEs; indicators are introduced to
detect these linkages. The findings suggest that the principles of circular economy can be detected between companies within a cluster and resource efficient actions may arise from close cooperation, knowledge transfer, innovative solutions and competitive advantages which are imparted by the cluster. This study needs to be continued to implicate these indicators to test how close cooperation and other advantages that companies can obtain from belonging to a cluster can affect their engagement in circular economy and resource efficiency. These benefits can be used in further development of circular value chains within a cluster.
Keywords: clusters; circular economy; resource efficiency; knowledge transfer; competitiveness; system of indicators
JEL classifications: Q55, R11
© K. Pa3MHHeHe, M. TBapoHaBHHeHe, 2018
КЛАСТЕРЫ И ЦИРКУЛЯРНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА: УСТАНАВЛИВАЯ ВЗАИМОСВЯЗИ
Кристина РАЗМИНЕНЕ,
аспирант, магистр,
Департамент бизнес-технологий и предпринимательства,
Факультет управления бизнесом, Вильнюсский технический университет им. Гедиминаса,
г. Вильнюс, Литва, e-mail: [email protected];
Мануэла ТВАРОНАВИЧЕНЕ,
профессор, доктор экономических наук, Департамент бизнес-технологий и предпринимательства,
Факультет управления бизнесом, Вильнюсский технический университет им. Гедиминаса,
г. Вильнюс, Литва, e-mail: [email protected]
со
Кластеры чаще рассматриваются не только как одно из средств достижения конкурентного преимущества малыми и средними предприятиями (МСП) посредством кластеризации, но и как связующее звено, позволяющее сосредоточиться на проблемах ресурсоэффективности и налаживать циркулярные цепочки создания ценности. Сегодня изменение климата - в числе приоритетных проблем, что актуализирует дискуссию вокруг эффективности использования ресурсов. Цель данной статьи - анализ циркулярной экономики и поиск возможностей обеспечения связи между бизнесом и наукой для разработки б
инновационных технологий и продуктов, которые бы способствовали ^
повышению эффективности использования ресурсов МСП посредством ^
кластеров и кластерных организаций. Для получения представления о о
понятиях циркулярной экономики, эффективности использования ресурсов, <
кластеров, а также для выявления фактов, свидетельствующих о том, что ^
кластеры могут способствовать повышению эффективности использования ресурсов и циркулярной экономики субъектами МСП авторами выбран библиометрический метод анализа литературы; для выявления этих связей введены определённые индикаторы. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что принципы циркулярной экономики могут быть обнаружены среди компаний, входящих в кластер, а ресурсоэффективные взаимодействия могут возникнуть в результате тесного сотрудничества, передачи знаний, инновационных решений и конкурентных преимуществ, которые способен обеспечить кластер. Предметом для дальнейших исследований может стать применение соответствующих индикаторов в целях проверки того, как тесное сотрудничество и прочие потенциальные преимущества компаний от участия в кластере могут повлиять на их участие в циркулярной экономике и обеспечение ресурсоэффективности. Эти преимущества могут быть использованы для дальнейшего развития циклических цепочек создания ценности в рамках кластера.
Ключевые слова: кластеры; циркулярная экономика; эффективность использования ресурсов; передача знаний; конкурентоспособность; система индикаторов
Introduction
The use of natural resources has increased unprecedentedly in the last hundred years depending on human development. Due to increase of global resource extraction which mostly affected the economic development in Europe, North America and other parts of the world the transition to circular economy becomes a complex task that needs to be maintained by government and require long term to be implemented (Yuan et al., 2008; Cabelkova & Strielkowski, 2013; Smol et al., 2015; Kalyugina et al., 2015; Cieslik et al., 2016; Daddi et al., 2017; Linder and Williander 2017; Winans et al., 2017; Dobrovolskiené et al., 2017; Vegera et al., 2018; Lauzadyte-Tutliene et al. 2018; Vegera et al., 2018; New-bery et al. 2018; Mishenin et al., 2018; Yerseitova et al. 2018).
A new ambitious Circular Economy Package has been adopted by the European Commission (European Commission, 2018) which encourages shifting from linear economy to more circular that is stronger for the resources are used in more sustainable way. The benefits will be brought to environment and the economy through the proposed actions which contributes to "closing the loop" of product life cycles though promoting recycling and re-use (Andersen, 2007; Niero & Olsen, 2016).
By definition circular economy is viewed as an industrial system designed or intended A to be restorative or regenerative (Mathews & Tan, 2011; Lisin and Strielkowski, 2014; Zly-C vko et al. 2014; Lisin et al., 2015; Haas et a., 2015; Cabelkova et al., 2015; Strielkowski et O al., 2016; Lisin et al., 2016; Hobson, 2016; Streimikiené et al., 2016; Jiao & Boons, 2017;
0 Murray, Skene & Haynes, 2017; Lisin et al., 2018) and promoted by scholars, policy makers,
1 NGOs, corporations. Global corporations, such as Google, Cisco and Philips, has taken an S advantage of this idea even before the European Commission has presented "Closing the
loop - An EU action plan for the circular economy" (Hobson et al. 2016; European Commis» sion 2015). Contrary, circular economy is not that easy to implement by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) due to lack of resources, R&D personnel, information systems and other O limitations that requires financing (Park et al., 2010; Su et al., 2013; Ehrenberger et al., » 2015; Ghisellini et al. 2016; Lewandowski et al., 2016; Rizos et al., 2016; Vaculik et al., 2017; Geissdoerfer et al., 2017).
Clusters as a subject shows its importance through a number of case analysis in various contexts globally and locally. One of the most important advantages for companies belonging to a cluster is very often viewed as competitiveness which is gained through technology transfer (Batkovskiy et al., 2018; Fomina, Berduygina & Shatsky, 2018; Skavronska, 2017; Radwan & Sakr, 2017; Raudeliûniené et al., 2018; Yang & Cerneviciûté, 2017; Zizka et al., 2018). Clusters naturally are formed regarding to geographical proximity and contribute to regional development through innovations, R&D, start-ups and other activities.
The purpose of this study is to analyse circular economy and review the possibilities to connect business and science so that innovative technologies and products are developed to increase SMEs' resource efficiency through clusters and cluster organizations. Generally, SMEs are not able to become involved into circular economy by their own for they lack knowledge, resources, financing, other components (Koudelkova et al., 2015). These limitations can be eliminated by clusters or cluster organizations for companies in clusters gain competitive advantage from being able to integrate into a larger unit and use common properties. Indicators that may help to determine the posibilities of companies belonging to a cluster to be involved in circular economy are suggested in this study. Further analysis should follow this study to implicate the indicators and test how close cooperation and other advantages that companies obtain from belonging to a cluster can affect their engagement in circular economy and resource efficiency. These benefits can be used in further development of circular value chains within a cluster. Bibliometric analysis was apllied to identify the trends of circular economy and how it is viewed through clusters.
The article is structured as follows. In the second section there is a describtion of the research design and the method of data collection. The third section gives literature
o
review of circular economy. The fourth section shows the observations on cluster theory. The fifth section defines how clusters can affect SMEs in circular economy. The last section incorporates the conclusive remarks.
Data and methodology
Web of Science database was chosen to search for the articles to use for literature analysis in this paper. This database contains the world leading scholarly literature in different categories The articles were selected according to the times they were cited and and usage count.
Some restrictions were applied while selecting the articles. Three types of keywords were selected in search: circular economy, cluster and circular economy cluster. These keywords may appear in different contexts, for this reason, articles were double - reviewed manually after an automatic search results were suggested. The final results are composed after a close inspection to make sure the articles comply with the purpose of the study and can add important impormation to make the research beneficial for concerned parties and enable continuation of the study.
Traditional bibliometric analysis technique allows identifying different aspects of cir- ^ cular economy and clusters that are discussed by scholars. As a result, 4 groups of indica- z tors regarding circular economy were structured which includes 15 indicators to supple- ^ ment clusters performance evaluation system of indicators. These groups are given later in the paper
Table 1
Approaches towards circular economy
o
Approaches towards circular economy 5
There are numerous articles about circular economy that emphasize the growing interest in the field. The concept is studied in various contexts through different angles. ^ Here, some trends are noted and several articles are taken for closer review. Examples of literature analysis, case analysis or more complex assessment are taken into consideration g to present a general image of how circular economy is studied in literature. Table 1 gives ^ some notes of authors that are interested in the field and give significant suggestions for O further analysis. These articles are selected according to the usage count in Web of Science O database. ^
OL
Authors General observations
(Merli, Preziosi, & Acampora, 2018) Waste management emerges as the most relevant sub-sector in circular economy
(Wen & Meng, 2015) Resourse productivity is a suitable index for the quantitative assessment of industrial symbiosis to promote circular economy
(Nizami et al., 2017) Waste biorefineries in developing countries
(Hobson & Lynch, 2016) Regenerate, Share, Optimize, Loop, Virtualize and Exchange
(Andersen, 2007) basic welfare economic functions: (1) amenity values; (2) a resource base for the economy; (3) a sink for residual flows; (4) a life- support system
(Witjes & Lozano, 2016) collaboration between procurers and suppliers can lead to reductions in raw material utilisation and waste generation
(Korhonen, Honkasalo, & Seppälä, 2018) Sustainable development as a basic point for the definition of circular economy
An extensive literature analysis referring to articles from Web of Science and Scopus databases given by Merli et al. (2018) provides an overview on how scholars deal with the topic of circular economy. The studies in circular economy are concentrated in China and Europe for there is public policies implementation offered. Scholars view circular economy at a macro level of analysis (country, region, or city), at a micro level for its operationalization in single firms, and at a meso level for the implementation of industrial symbiosis. This concept has blurred boundaries for there is no clear definition or common agreement on the guiding principles for action which allows to associate circular economy with variety of other disciplines that define its roots. Scholars should pay more attention to new approaches to production and consumption for there has been a lack of consideration toward circular design and innovative strategies to slow material and resource loops. Value-focused innovative practices, which embody circular economy philosophy, such as sharing economy, product-service systems, dematerialization, remanufacturing should be further explored by academia. Circular economy is growing as a concept that may open the path toward innovative and sustainable ways of production and consumption.
Liu & Bai (2014) emphasize that companies usually have a good general understanding of the circular economy, a positive view of it and a relatively strong willingness to operate E it. However, companies lack enthusiasm to adopt the principles of circular economy. The R knowledge about the positive effects of circular economy implementation does not encourE age companies to actually work on that for some structural, contextual and cultural reasons. O Policy makers focus on the regulations to overcome the barriers and engage companies
0 to operate in circular economy. Initiatives should encourage companies to establish eco-
1 industrial chains. Environmental pressure from competing companies and customers does U not affect companies' behavior in shifting to circular economy.
Wen & Meng (2015) provide a substance flow analysis and resource productivity which was jointly applied to quantitatively evaluate the circular economy performance of industry in China. The substance is able to exit the system at multiple stages in the production chain and the complicated relationship between enterprises which makes the substance flow analysis at the industrial chain level extremely challenging. The research has shown that the resource productivity is higher of the chain that includes waste utilization rather than that which excludes waste utilization. Resource productivity can be enhanced by applying several properties: prolonging industrial chains, connecting chains-matching projects with recycling companies, designing eco-industrial chains and setting industrial symbiosis system.
Industrial symbiosis system can improve the resources and energy productivity of industrial systems by reducing material consumption and waste discharge to result in huge economic and environmental benefits. The same economic output can be achieved by less resource consumption as proven by improved resourse productivity. Utilization efficiency of resources and energy can be reflected by resource productivity which makes it a suitable index for the promotion of circular economy and quantitative assessment of industrial symbioses.
Public and political attention can easily be attracted using catchy framework and wor circular economy such phrases as regenerate, share, optimize, loop, virtualize and exchange serve the purpose (Hobson & Lynch, 2016). The problem with these word according to the authors is the aspect that they are gaining new meaning in the context of circular economy but misses out the social and cultural aspects. The meaning of phrases incorporated in the definotion of circular economy require further exploration and expansion for they are offering non-monetary forms of sharing goods, ideas and experiences.
Social and political facets of the circular economy lacks greater consideration. The consumer limited and problematic means of engaging with the issues at the heart of the CE, such as responding to environmental labels or renting rather than buying goods: neither of which are strategies that have to date brought about desired widespread adoption of 'sustainable lifestyles'. Here, the point is made about circular economy debates that must include questions of the social, the citizen and consumption, which includes broadening the ontological toolkit CE debates, interventions and policies draw upon to include notions of diverse economies and post-capitalism.
co
A comprehensive attempt to make sense of the actual concept of the circular eco-nomyis provided in scientific research (Korhonen et al., 2018). All three dimensions of sustainable development are highlighted: economic, environmental and social. Circular economy concept contributes to the importance of high value and high quality material cycles in a new manner and shows the possibilities of the sharing economy along- side sustainable production for a more sustainable production- consumption culture.
Park et al. (2010) state that integration of business value elements can be a guide for organizations to gain competitive advantage, while looking at the broader perspective of supply chains and eco-industrial parks. Sustainability within supply chains take on a more important role as supply chain competitive advantage, rather than individual organizational competitive advantage, becomes more important. Relationships within and between organizations in a CE economy can be quantified by developing formal models and simulations.
Clusters in literature
Clusters' members are connected by economic interests though participation in the activities of product or service value creation chains in which sense clusters differ from other cooperation forms. Clusters are more than simple horizontal networks, which are typical for companies working in the same market or depend to the same industry group, cooperation in such areas as R&D, innovations, product creation or purchase policy. More generally, clusters are cross-sectoral (vertical and/or horizontal) networks, composed of different companies, which supplement each other, science and education institutions and other subjects which can provide reasonable solutions in cluster value creation chain. Cluster's members can efficiently create products or services in accordance to actively participating clusters' facilitators, who help to find common cross-sectorial cooperation contacts and develop them.
Table 2
Sectors that are analyzed by scholars in scientific literature
Type Authors More specific Authors
Industry (Alcacer & Chung, 2014; Boschma, Minondo, & Navarro, 2013; Funk, 2014; Isaksen, 2015; Lai, Hsu, Lin, Chen, & Lin, 2014; A. Zhang & Huang, 2012; S. Zhu, He, & Liu, 2014) Multinational companies, global cluster networks and global city-region networks (BatheLt & Li, 2014)
Garment clusters, clothing industry (Carswell, 2013; CarsweLL & De Neve, 2013; Smith, Pickles, Bu ek, Pastor, & Begg, 2014)
Footwear cluster (Casanueva, Castro, & Galán, 2013)
Auto parts, automotive industry (Corredoira & McDermott, 2014; Schmitt & Van Biesebroeck, 2013)
Manufacturing companies (D'Angelo, Majocchi, Zucchella, & Buck, 2013; Tessitore, Daddi, & Frey, 2012)
High-tech sector (Fallah, Partridge, & Rickman, 2014)
Agriculture - community gardens and farmers' gardens (Wang, Qiu, & Swallow, 2014)
Food and beverage - wine clusters (Giuliani, 2013)
Universities and industry (D'Este, Guy, & Iammarino, 2013)
Global video game industry (De Vaan et al., 2013)
Creative clusters (Zheng, 2011)
New industries (Tanner, 2014)
Services Customer clusters (Bindroo, Mariadoss, & Pillai, 2012)
Business clusters (Helsley & Strange, 2014)
o ,o
O CM
co 3
o o
z
O O
LU
Cí
TO
Literature analysis reveals that clusters and cluster organizations are sector sensitive. The previous studies (Razminiene, Tvaronaviciene & Zemlickiene, 2016; Tvaronaviciene, Razminiene & Piccinetti, 2015; Tvaronaviciene, 2017) showed that every cluster differs depending on its sector. Therefore, involvement in circular economy should be measured according to the industry or type of activity for it is impossible to apply a universal model. The characteristics of each individual company within an industry may be very different from each other and the engagement in circular economy may be defined with varying degrees of importance by different companies. Authors that are interested in the clusters and analyze them from different perspectives are given in Table 2 according to the type of sector that clusters belong to in their scientific papers. These articles are selected according to the times cited in Web of Science database.
De Vaan, Boschma & Frenken (2013) identify that recent empirical evidence shows that companies in clusters do not outperform companies outside clusters and spatial clustering based on localization externalities is being questioned. This study finds that in the global video game industry the net effect of clustering becomes positive after a cluster reaches critical size. Two hazard models are used to test the hypothesis concerning failure and acquisition. The study suggests that studies in economic geography should be more A sensitive to industry specificities for they are reflected in the exact nature of localization m externalities and different modes of performance.
O Tanner (2014) presents a study that considers the emergence of new industries. Liter-
O ature analysis, patent data and qualitative interviews reveal that some regional diversifies cation processes occur in regions where pre-existing economic activities are not technoS logically related to the emerging industry.
The study by Zheng (2011) shows the impact of "creative clusters" on urban entrepre-<< neurialism in China. The main concern is that even though these clusters are playing an important role by attracting business, they are not productive at fostering talent or boost-0 ing entrepreneurship of creative industry itself.
< Literature suggests that circular economy is very important and promising concept
for it atracted business community to more sustainable development. Circular economy is very important in clusters development for it may appear as one of the greatest competitive advantages. This can be applicable to different units, individual companies, or clusters. Clusters emphasize the importance of competitive advantage in their activity for this reason the involvement into circular economy should be emphasised for individual companies in clusters and for a cluster as a unit.
It is impossible to find one clusters' development model, which could be applicable to everyone. There are different clusters' development forms, some clusters change their specialization, others may be simply replaced by newly emerging clusters. Clusters emerge naturally in developed economies and use cluster as the form of organization of business activities, which enhance economic efficiency of product and service added value by cooperation of companies and other institutions as well as increasing the competitiveness of companies.
Selected indicators for evaluation of clusters' competitiveness through circular economy
Governments should be concerned about clusters for the main focus of clusters' development may refer to enhancement of the competitiveness of economy by encouraging and improving clustering.
These aspects can be ascribed for clusters' development:
• To develop clusters' innovative potential;
• To encourage the export of products created by cluster's members and connection to international value chains;
• To enhance the efficiency of the activities of cluster's members;
o
Figure 1. The main criteria of selecting indicators for evaluation of clusters' competitiveness through circular economy Source: authors' compilation.
o
• To form a friendly environment for clusters' establishment, activities and development (ecosystem);
• To encourage cross-sectorial, interregional and international cooperation;
• To spread the benefits and potential of clustering;
• To encourage SMEs for resource efficiency through clustering.
In the national level clusters usually are not able to compare their performance for there is no system created to serve this purpose. The close analysis of the indicators of cluster performance would enable cluster evaluation tool formation for cluster performance evaluation in national level. There were several preceding attempts by the authors to compose a system of indicators for clusters' efficiency evaluation in the national level by identifying indicators and apllying benchmarking technique to verify the reliability of the methodology. A system of indicators which was previously suggested by the authors (Razminiene & Tvaronaviciene, 2018; Razminiene et al., 2016; Tvaronaviciene et al., 2015) needs to be supplemented by including indicators that enable to identify how engagement into circular economy adds to competitiveness of the companies belonging to the cluster.
Resource efficiency is getting more interest in Europe and globally for companies understand the importance of this concern (Shahbazi, Wiktorsson, Kurdve, Jonsson, & Bjelke- z myr, 2016). This topic has been escalated by environment - oriented clusters and many ^ have adopted circular economy as their specific focus to help SMEs learn about circular economy and resource efficiency through initiated projects. Clusters are very important agents for they are able to demonstrate how SMEs can become more resource efficient, innovative and gain competitive advantage. Circular value chains may be developed by companies for usually clusters are composed of companies that represent a value chain and may cultivate links to corresponding partners.
There have been attempts to evaluate circular economy cluster development using objective information entropy and subjective AHP model (Zhang, Wang & Hong, 2013), g green supply chain performance (Jun, 2009; Zhu, Geng & Lai, 2010), although these studies ^ need to be further improved and require deeper analysis. Industrial symbiosis in a form of eco-industry that represents resourse flows of geographically clustered companies and is studied by scholars from circular economy point of view (Daddi et al., 2017; Yu, Han & Cui, 2015; Zhang, Yuan, Bi, Zhang & Liu, 2010). Eco - industrial parks may have developed from standard industrial parks but still encounter with barriers of development (Bellantuono, Carbonara & Pontrandolfo, 2017; Geng, Fu, Sarkis & Xue, 2012; Shi, Chertow, & Song, 2010; Zhu, Geng, Sarkis & Lai, 2015).
Regarding the literature analysis of clusters performance and circular economy (Ge-novese, Acquaye, Figueroa & Koh, 2017; Kazancoglu, Kazancoglu & Sagnak, 2018; Mesa, Esparragoza & Maury, 2018), a four level structure of indicators was suggested including environmental performance, economic / financial performance, operational performance and organizational performance (Figure 1). Indicators for evaluation of clusters' competitiveness through circular economy were pre-selected after literature analysis, then approved by experts that allows single out 15 indicators from the above named four areas and compose a secondary structure for evaluation index (Table 2).
o
OL
Table 3
Indicators for evaluation of clusters' competitiveness through circular economy
Environmental performance Usage of Alternative Energy Sources
Solid Waste
Liquid/Water Waste
Percent of Materials Recycled or Reused
Economic/financial performance Labor Cost per Hour
Average Profit from Green Products
Average Return on Investment from Green Products
Operational performance Use of Recyclable Materials in Production
Use of Recycled Materials in Production
Cooperation with Customers for Green Production
Life Cycle Assessment
Organizational performance Green initiatives and eco-service
Keeping the website updated on environmental issues
Accurate and prompt information exchange between trading partners
After sales service performance
I Source: authors' compilation.
C
5
6 The main aim of clusters' monitoring is to create conditions to adopt evidence-based & solutions in order to improve the competitiveness of economy through promoted and efficient clustering. Agency for Science, Innovation and Technology (MITA) is responsible for
0 monitoring and evaluation of clustering in Lithuania. Curently this agency is working as a
1 coordinator on implementation of the project „Promotion and Development of Innovation
_i Networking (InoLink), which is funded by the European Fund for Regional Development.
I Lithuanian Innovation Centre (LIC) works in accordance to implement the project. The & main aim of the project is to encourage companies to merge into clusters, to increase cluster maturity, to promote growth and international collaboration (KlasterLT, 2018). During
4 a discussion with InoLink project manager it was agreed upon including the suggested indicators into quastionaire that will be submitted to clusters. The indicators for evaluation of clusters' competitiveness through circular economy will be included in the methodology of clusters' performance monitoring which is being carried out by MITA.
Conclusions
Research on clusters gained its popularity in various academic fields such as management and strategy, regional development and growth, urban studies and economic geography since 1990. Today we encounter many well-developed clusters which demonstrate significant competitive advantages for the companies in the cluster and strong performance for the region. However, the successful development of a cluster may be rather challenging.
Resource efficiency is becoming more important for SMEs, they are interested in reduction of energy, material and water costs and they start looking at circular business models to turn their waste into assets. Clusters and clusters organizations can play a huge role in SMEs becoming more resource efficient. Competitive advantage is what makes companies to cooperate in clusters. Circular economy may help companies to achieve this goal for clusters are able to connect corresponding parties to be involved into resource efficiency, recycling, re-use of materials and other activities within a unit. The necessity of cluster performance evaluation is captured in a national level in order to identify weaknesses
and strengths for further development and improvement of a cluster. Cluster performance evaluation tool with regard to circular economy would enable clusters' evaluation in national level.
Bibliometric analysis technique was chosen to trace the trends of circular economy analysis, review how clusters are explored and which sectors are mostly investigated by scholars. The findings suggest that circular economy could be encouraged by clusters and cluster organizations for it adds to a competitive advantage of companies within a unit. Additional indicators were selected regarding circular economy to complement clusters performance evalution indicators that were previously suggested by the authors (Raz-miniene & Tvaronaviciene, 2018; Razminiene et al., 2016). A complete system of indicators, including those of circular economy, will allow clusters, cluster organizations, companies and policy makers to observe the effect of clusters activities regarding circular economy.
Acknowledgement
This research paper has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014 CLUSDEVMED (2015-2019) Grant Agreement Number ^ 645730730 z
o
XHTEPATyPA/REFERENCES ^
£
Alcácer, J., and Chung, W. (2014). Location strategies for agglomeration economies // Strategic Management Journal, 35(12), 1749-1761. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2186 £
Andersen, M. S. (2007). An introductory note on the environmental economics of ™ the circular economy // Sustainability Science, 2(1), 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11625-006-0013-6 ^
Bathelt, H., and Li, P.-F. (2014). Global cluster networks—foreign direct investment co flows from Canada to China // Journal of Economic Geography, 14(1), 45-71. https://doi. o org/10.1093/jeg/lbt005 J
Batkovskiy, A. M., Kalachikhin, P. A., Semenova, E. G., Telnov, Y. F., Fomina, A. V., and z Balashov, V. M. (2018). Conficuration of enterprise networks // Entrepreneurship and Sus- 8 tainability Issues, 6(1), 311-328. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.6.1(19) <
Bellantuono, N., Carbonara, N., and Pontrandolfo, P. (2017). The organization of eco- co. industrial parks and their sustainable practices // Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 362375. https://doi.org/10.1016/JI.JCLEPR0.2017.05.082
Bindroo, V., Mariadoss, B. J., and Pillai, R. G. (2012). Customer Clusters as Sources of Innovation-Based Competitive Advantage // Journal of International Marketing, 20(3), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1509/jim.11.0159
Boschma, R., Minondo, A., and Navarro, M. (2013). The Emergence of New Industries at the Regional Level in Spain: A Proximity Approach Based on Product Relatedness // Economic Geography, 89(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2012.01170.x
Carswell, G. (2013). Dalits and local labour markets in rural India: experiences from the Tiruppur textile region in Tamil Nadu // Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38(2), 325-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00530.x
Carswell, G., and De Neve, G. (2013). Labouring for global markets: Conceptualising labour agency in global production networks // Geoforum, 44, 62-70. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.06.008
Casanueva, C., Castro, I., and Galán, J. L. (2013). Informational networks and innovation in mature industrial clusters // Journal of Business Research, 66(5), 603-613. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.02.043
Cieslik, A., Michatek, J., and Mycielski, J. (2016). Globalization, international trade, and human development: a case of Central and Eastern Europe // Czech Journal of Social Sciences, Business and Economics, 5(2), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.24984/cjssbe.2016.5.2.1
Corredoira, R. A., and McDermott, G. A. (2014). Adaptation, bridging and firm upgrading: How non-market institutions and MNCs facilitate knowledge recombination in emerging markets // Journal of International Business Studies, 45(6), 699-722. https://doi. org/10.1057/jibs.2014.19
Cabelkova, I., Abrham, J., and Strielkowski, W. (2015). Factors influencing job satisfaction in post-transition economies: the case of the Czech Republic // International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 21(4), 448-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2015.1073007 Cabelkova, I., and Strielkowski, W. (2013). Is the level of taxation a product of culture? A cultural economics approach // Society and Economy, 35(4), 513-529. https://doi. org/10.1556/SocEc.2013.0007
D'Angelo, A., Majocchi, A., Zucchella, A., and Buck, T. (2013). Geographical pathways for SME internationalization: insights from an Italian sample // International Marketing Review, 30(2), 80-105. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331311314538
D'Este, P., Guy, F., and Iammarino, S. (2013). Shaping the formation of university-industry research collaborations: what type of proximity does really matter? // Journal of Economic Geography, 13(4), 537-558. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs010 R Daddi, T., Nucci, B., and Iraldo, F. (2017). Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to measure
A the environmental benefits of industrial symbiosis in an industrial cluster of SMEs // Jour-c nal of Cleaner Production, 147,157-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPR0.2017.01.090 o De Vaan, M., Boschma, R., and Frenken, K. (2013). Clustering and firm performance in
O project-based industries: the case of the global video game industry, 1972-2007 // Jour-C nal of Economic Geography, 13(6), 965-991. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs038 S Dobrovolskiene, N., Tvaronaviciene, M., and Tamosiuniene, R. (2017). Tackling projects
on sustainability: a Lithuanian case study // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, £ 4(4), 477-488. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2017.4.4(6)
Ehrenberger, M., Koudelkova, P., and Strielkowski, W. (2015). Factors influencing in-0 novation in small and medium enterprises in the Czech Republic // Periodica Polytechnica ® Social and Management Sciences, 23(2), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPso.7737 0 European Commission. (n.d.). Circular Economy Strategy - Environment - European
£ Commission (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm - Ac-£ cessed on November 19, 2018).
^ Fallah, B., Partridge, M. D., and Rickman, D. S. (2014). Geography and High-Tech Em-
4 ployment Growth in US Counties // Journal of Economic Geography, 14(4), 683-720. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbt030
Fomina, A. V., Berduygina, O. N., and Shatsky, A. A. (2018). Industrial cooperation and its influence on sustainable economic growth // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(3), 467-479. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.5.3(4)
Funk, R. J. (2014). Making the Most of Where You Are: Geography, Networks, and Innovation in Organizations // Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 193-222. https:// doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0585
Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P., and Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy - A new sustainability paradigm? // Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.12.048
Geng, Y., Fu, J., Sarkis, J., and Xue, B. (2012). Towards a national circular economy indicator system in China: an evaluation and critical analysis // Journal of Cleaner Production, 23(1), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/JJCLEPR0.2011.07.005
Genovese, A., Acquaye, A. A., Figueroa, A., and Koh, S. C. L. (2017). Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications // Omega, 66, 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1016A0MEGA.2015.05.015
Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., and Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems // Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1016ZJ.JCLEPR0.2015.09.007
Giuliani, E. (2013). Clusters, networks and firms' product success: an empirical study // Management Decision, 51(6), 1135-1160. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-01-2012-0010
Haas, W., Krausmann, F., Wiedenhofer, D., and Heinz, M. (2015). How Circular is the Global Economy?: An Assessment of Material Flows, Waste Production, and Recycling in the European Union and the World in 2005 // Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(5), 765-777. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12244
Helsley, R. W., and Strange, W. C. (2014). Coagglomeration, Clusters, and the Scale and Composition of Cities // Journal of Political Economy, 122(5), 1064-1093. https://doi. org/10.1086/676557
Hobson, K. (2016). Closing the loop or squaring the circle? Locating generative spaces for the circular economy // Progress in Human Geography, 40(1), 88-104. https://doi. org/10.1177/0309132514566342
Hobson, K., and Lynch, N. (2016). Diversifying and de-growing the circular economy: Radical social transformation in a resource-scarce world // Futures, 82, 15-25. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.futures.2016.05.012
Isaksen, A. (2015). Industrial development in thin regions: trapped in path extension? // Journal of Economic Geography, 15(3), 585-600. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu026 ^
Jiao, W., and Boons, F. (2017). Policy durability of Circular Economy in China: A pro- z cess analysis of policy translation // Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 117, 12-24. ^ https://doi.org/10.1016ZJ.RESC0NREC.2015.10.010 5
Jun, X. (2009). Model of Cluster Green Supply Chain Performance Evaluation Based on £ Circular Economy, pp. 941-944 / In: 2009 Second International Conference on Intelligent & Computation Technology and Automation. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICTA.2009.692 °
Kalyugina, S., Strielkowski, W., Ushvitsky, L., and Astachova, E. (2015). Sustainable and secure development: facet of personal financial issues // Journal of Security & Sustainabil-ity Issues, 5(2), 297-304. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2015.5.2(14)
Kazancoglu, Y., Kazancoglu, I., and Sagnak, M. (2018). A new holistic conceptual framework g for green supply chain management performance assessment based on circular economy // ^ Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 1282-1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/joclepro.2018.06.015 O KlasterLT - About KlasterLT - KlasterLT (n.d.) (http://klaster.lt/en/about-klasterlt/ - O Accessed November 21, 2018). ^
Korhonen, J., Honkasalo, A., and Seppala, J. (2018). Circular Economy: The Concept c| and its Limitations // Ecological Economics, 143, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EC0- ^ LEC0N.2017.06.041
Koudelková, P., Strielkowski, W., and Hejlová, D. (2015). Corruption and system change in the Czech Republic: Firm-level evidence // DANUBE: Law and Economics Review, 6(1), 25-46. https://doi.org/10.1515/danb-2015-0002
Lai, Y.-L., Hsu, M.-S., Lin, F.-J., Chen, Y.-M., and Lin, Y.-H. (2014). The effects of industry cluster knowledge management on innovation performance // Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 734-739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.036
Lauzadyte-Tutliene, A., Balezentis, T., and Goculenko, E. (2018). Welfare State in Central and Eastern Europe // Economics and Sociology, 11(1), 100-123. https://doi. org/10.14254/2071-789X.2018/11-1/7
Lewandowski, M., Lewandowski, and Mateusz. (2016). Designing the Business Models for Circular Economy—Towards the Conceptual Framework // Sustainability, 8(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010043
Linder, M., and Williander, M. (2017). Circular Business Model Innovation: Inherent Uncertainties // Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(2), 182-196. https://doi. org/10.1002/bse.1906
Lisin, E., Strielkowski, W., Chernova, V., and Fomina, A. (2018). Assessment of the Territorial Energy Security in the Context of Energy Systems Integration // Energies, 11(12), 3284. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123284
Lisin, E., Sobolev, A., Strielkowski, W., and Garanin, I. (2016). Thermal efficiency of cogeneration units with multi-stage reheating for Russian municipal heating systems // Energies, 9(4), 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9040269
Lisin, E., Rogalev, A., Strielkowski, W., and Komarov, I. (2015). Sustainable modernization of the Russian power utilities industry // Sustainability, 7(9), 11378-11400. http:// dx.doi.org/10.3390/su70911378
Lisin, E., and Strielkowski, W. (2014). Modelling new economic approaches for the wholesale energy markets in Russia and the EU // Transformations in Business & Economics, 13(2B), 566-580.
Liu, Y., and Bai, Y. (2014). An exploration of firms' awareness and behavior of developing circular economy: An empirical research in China // Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 87, 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.04.002
Mathews, J. A., and Tan, H. (2011). Progress Toward a Circular Economy in China // Journal of Industrial Ecology, 15(3), 435-457. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00332.x Merli, R., Preziosi, M., and Acampora, A. (2018). How do scholars approach the circular economy? A systematic literature review // Journal of Cleaner Production, March 20. ElseR vier. https://doi.org/10.1016/joclepro.2017.12.112
А Mesa, J., Esparragoza, I., and Maury, H. (2018). Developing a set of sustainability in-
m dicators for product families based on the circular economy model // Journal of Cleaner о Production, 196, 1429-1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/joclepro.2018.06.131
0 Mishenin, Y., Koblianska, I., Medvid, V., and Maistrenko, Y. (2018). Sustainable regional
1 development policy formation: role of industrial ecology and logistics // Entrepreneurship S and Sustainability Issues, 6(1), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.6.1(20)
Murray, A., Skene, K., and Haynes, K. (2017). The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplin--Ф- ary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context // Journal of Business
Ethics, 140(3), 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2 о Niero, M., and Olsen, S. I. (2016). Circular economy: To be or not to be in a closed product
® loop? A Life Cycle Assessment of aluminium cans with inclusion of alloying elements // Resourc-0 es, Conservation and Recycling, 114, 18-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.023 0 Nizami, A. S., Rehan, M., Waqas, M., Naqvi, M., Ouda, O. K. M., Shahzad, K., and Pant, D.
c> (2017). Waste biorefineries: Enabling circular economies in developing countries // Bio-^ resource Technology, October 1. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.097 4 Newbery, D., Pollitt, M., Ritz, R., and Strielkowski, W. (2018). Market design for a high-
renewables European electricity system // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 695-707. https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.rser.2018.04.025
Park, J., Sarkis, J., and Wu, Z. (2010). Creating integrated business and environmental value within the context of China's circular economy and ecological modernization // Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(15), 1494-1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. JCLEPRO.2010.06.001
Radwan, A., and Sakr, M. M. (2017). Review of Egypt Science and Technology System: SWOT analysis // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(2), 204-211. https://doi. org/10.9770/jesi.2017.5.2(3)
Raudeliuniene, J., Davidaviciene, V., and Jakubavicius, A. (2018). Knowledge management process model // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(3), 542-554. https:// doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.5.3(10)
Razminiene, K., and Tvaronaviciene, M. (2018). Towards clusters' performance evaluation: the system of indicators. https://doi.org/10.3846/bm.2018.06
Razminiene, K., Tvaronaviciene, M., and Zemlickiene, V. (2016). Evaluation of cluster efficiency measurement tool // Terra Economicus, 14(3), 101-111. https://doi. org/10.18522/2073-6606-2016-14-3-101-111
Rizos, V., Behrens, A., van der Gaast, W., Hofman, E., Ioannou, A., Kafyeke, T., ... Topi, C. (2016). Implementation of Circular Economy Business Models by Small and Medium-Sized
o
Enterprises (SMEs): Barriers and Enablers // Sustainability, 8(11), 1212. https://doi. org/10.3390/su8111212
Schmitt, A., and Van Biesebroeck, J. (2013). Proximity strategies in outsourcing relations: The role of geographical, cultural and relational proximity in the European automotive industry // Journal of International Business Studies, 44(5), 475-503. https://doi. org/10.1057/jibs.2013.10
Shahbazi, S., Wiktorsson, M., Kurdve, M., Jónsson, C., and Bjelkemyr, M. (2016). Material efficiency in manufacturing: swedish evidence on potential, barriers and strategies // Journal of Cleaner Production, 127, 438-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/JUaEPR0.2016.03.143 Shi, H., Chertow, M., and Song, Y. (2010). Developing country experience with eco-industrial parks: a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. JCLEPR0.2009.10.002
Smith, A., Pickles, J., Buek, M., Pastor, R., and Begg, B. (2014). The political economy of global production networks: regional industrial change and differential upgrading in the East European clothing industry // Journal of Economic Geography, 14(6), 1023-1051. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbt039 ^
Skavronska, I. (2017). Creative Industries in Ukraine: Analysis and Prospects of the z Development // Economics and Sociology, 10(2),87-106. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071- ^ 789X.2017/10-2/7
Smol, M., Kulczycka, J., Henclik, A., Gorazda, K., and Wzorek, Z. (2015). The possible use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in the construction industry as a way towards a circular economy // Journal of Cleaner Production, 95, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. ° JCLEPRO.2015.02.051
Streimikiené, D., Strielkowski, W., Bilan, Y., and Mikalauskas, I. (2016). Energy depen- ^ dency and sustainable regional development in the Baltic states: A review // Geographica Pannonica, 20(2), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.5937/GeoPan1602079S |
Strielkowski, W., Lisin, E., and Tvaronaviciené, M. (2016). Towards energy security: sus- ^ tainable development of electrical energy storage // Journal of Security and Sustainability O Issues, 6(2), 235-244. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2016.6.2(4) O
Su, B., Heshmati, A., Geng, Y., and Yu, X. (2013). A review of the circular economy in China: moving from rhetoric to implementation // Journal of Cleaner Production, 42, 215227. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPR0.2012.11.020
Tanner, A. N. (2014). Regional Branching Reconsidered: Emergence of the Fuel Cell Industry in European Regions // Economic Geography, 90(4), 403-427. https://doi. org/10.1111/ecge.12055
Tessitore, S., Daddi, T., and Frey, M. (2012). Eco-innovation and competitiveness in industrial clusters // International Journal of Technology Management, 58(1/2), 49. https:// doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2012.045788
Tvaronaviciené, M. (2017). Clusters, innovations and energy efficiency: if relationship could be traced // Marketing and Management of Innovations, 2, 382-391. http://doi. org/10.21272/mmi.2017.2-35
Tvaronaviciené, M., Razminiené, K., and Piccinetti, L. (2015). Cluster efficiency study through benchmarking // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 3(2), 120-128. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2015.3.2(0)
Vaculík, M., Pászto, V., and Svarcová, B. (2017). Spatial distribution of innovation activities in Czech Republic, 2010-2012 // Journal of International Studies, 10(1), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-V8
Vegera, S., Malei, A., Sapeha, I., and Sushko, V. (2018). Information support of the circular economy: the objects of accounting at recycling technological cycle stages of industrial waste // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(1), 190-210. https://doi. org/10.9770/jesi.2018.6.1(13)
O
OL
Vegera, S., Malei, A., and Trubovich, R. (2018). Accounting development of natural resources in organizations carrying out the disposal of municipal waste and biogas extraction in the context of the "green" economy // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(1), 211-225. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.6.1(14)
Yerseitova, A., Issakova, S., Jakisheva, L., Nauryzbekova, A., and Moldasheva, A. (2018). Efficiency of using agricultural land in Kazakhstan // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(2), 558-576. http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.6.2(7)
Wang, H., Qiu, F., and Swallow, B. (2014). Can community gardens and farmers' markets relieve food desert problems? A study of Edmonton, Canada // Applied Geography, 55, 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.09.010
Wen, Z., and Meng, X. (2015). Quantitative assessment of industrial symbiosis for the promotion of circular economy: A case study of the printed circuit boards industry in China's Suzhou New District // Journal of Cleaner Production, 90, 211-219. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.041
Winans, K., Kendall, A., and Deng, H. (2017). The history and current applications of the circular economy concept // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 825-833. R https://doi.org/10.1016/JI.RSER.2016.09.123
> Witjes, S., and Lozano, R. (2016). Towards a more Circular Economy: Proposing a
C framework linking sustainable public procurement and sustainable business models // О Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 112, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/JI.RESC0N-O REC.2016.04.015
Yang, J., and Cerneviciuté, J. (2017). Cultural and Creative Industries (CCI) and sustainable development: China's cultural industries clusters // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(2), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2017.5.2(6)
Yu, F., Han, F., and Cui, Z. (2015). Assessment of life cycle environmental benefits of an industrial symbiosis cluster in China // Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(7), 5511-5518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3712-z
Yuan, Z., Bi, J., and Moriguichi, Y. (2008). The Circular Economy: A New Develop-M ment Strategy in China // Journal of Industrial Ecology, 10(1-2), 4-8. https://doi. 6 org/10.1162/108819806775545321
Zhang, A., and Huang, G. Q. (2012). Impacts of business environment changes on global ^ manufacturing outsourcing in China // Supply Chain Management: An International Jour-4 nal, 17(2), 138-151. https://doi.org/10.1108/13598541211212889
Zhang, J., Wang, N., and Hong, J. (2013). Comprehensive Evaluation on the Development of Industry Cluster Circular Economy // Advanced Materials Research, 779-780, 1777-1780. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.779-780.1777
Zhang, L., Yuan, Z., Bi, J., Zhang, B., and Liu, B. (2010). Eco-industrial parks: national pilot practices in China // Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(5), 504-509. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.JCLEPR0.2009.11.018
Zheng, J. (2011). 'Creative Industry Clusters' and the 'Entrepreneurial City' of Shanghai // Urban Studies, 48(16), 3561-3582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011399593
Zhu, Q., Geng, Y., and Lai, K.-hung. (2010). Circular economy practices among Chinese manufacturers varying in environmental-oriented supply chain cooperation and the performance implications // Journal of Environmental Management, 91(6), 1324-1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/joenvman.2010.02.013
Zhu, Q., Geng, Y., Sarkis, J., and Lai, K.-H. (2015). Barriers to Promoting Eco-Industrial Parks Development in China // Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(3), 457-467. https://doi. org/10.1111/jiec.12176
Zhu, S., He, C., and Liu, Y. (2014). Going green or going away: Environmental regulation, economic geography and firms' strategies in China's pollution-intensive industries // Geoforum, 55, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.05.004
CD
Zlyvko, O., Lisin, E., Rogalev, N., and Kurdiukova, G. (2014). Analysis of the concept of industrial technology platform development in Russia and in the EU // International Economics Letters, 3(4), 124-138. https://doi.org/10.24984/iel.2014.3.4.2
Zizka, M., Valentova, V. H., Pelloneova, N., and Stichhauerova, E. (2018). The effect of clusters on the innovation performance of enterprises: traditional vs new industries // Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(4), 780-794. https://doi.org/10.9770/ jesi.2018.5.4(6)
o ,o
o
CM
co 3
o o
z O Ü
OL
