CC BY
7
UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Eshboev B.T.
doctoral student of the Department of Geography
Karshi State University
DESCRIPTION OF TOPONYMS RELATED TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF KASHKADARYA REGION
Abstract. The article discusses the names of places associated with the geographical location of the Kashkadarya region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The relevance of the study is to explain the address function of place names, indicating their geographical location, based on the study of place names in a particular area, based on its meaning. Using descriptive and comparative methods of scientific research, on the example of oronyms and hydronyms of Kashkadarya region, geographical analysis of place names denoting their geographical location was carried out. The study is based on toponymic dictionaries, scientific literature, reference books and more than 1,000 toponyms from a 1: 100.000 scale topographic map of the region.
Key words: names related to geographical location, head, top, bottom, middle.
Introduction. People adapt their way of life to society, in the process of assimilating nature and its components, they are given geographical names to distinguish them from each other. Of course, these names appear in a position appropriate to space and time. The given name embodies some peculiarity of the region. There are some names that refer to the location of that area relative to another area or objects. Such names are toponyms that appear depending on their geographical location.
Geographical objects with their own name in a particular place, in most cases, the location of objects on the surface relative to each other, and reflect the natural conditions of the place, in other words, some aspect of the geographical reality in the toponym. Also, names are formed because of a specific historical event or the values, rituals, customs of a nation.
Material and methods. Geographical comparison, historical comparison, cartographic, regional analysis, descriptive-analytical, grouping methods were used to cover the topic. The study of toponyms from a geographical point of view was carried out by well-known toponymists - V.Radlov, V.Toporov, V.Bartold, G.Konkashpaev, S.Tolstov, V.Nikonov, V.Juchkevich, Y.Pospelov, E.Murzaev, A.Superanskaya, H.Hasanov, S.Karaev, P.Gulyamov and others.
The main results and their discussion. Names denoting the geographical location of a place are formed using the words head, lip, base, high, low, and others, along with the sides of the horizon (north, south, east, west, northeast, etc.). Examples of such names in Uzbekistan are Arykbashi, Bulakbashi,
Koprikbashi, Bazarbashi, Jarbashi, Objuvbashi, Guzarbashi, Orabashi, Tarnavbashi, Saybashi, Daryobuyi, Havuzbuyi, Saylabi, Kollabi, Tepatagi, Chinartagi, Teraktagi, Darvozatagi.
In studying the names associated with a geographical place, we must focus on correctly interpreting the reason why they are called by a name that has come down to us. Because place names reflect the phonetic, lexical, morphological elements specific to the language of the people living in a particular area. Also, names from other languages are adapted to the pronunciation of the representatives of that language, or conversely, names from this language are mispronounced in the language of other peoples. As a result, the names lose their original phonetic form and are now difficult to understand or not understood at all. When researching names related to geographical location, special attention should be paid to these aspects as well.
The collection and study of names related to geographical location allows to shed light on the ancient traces of people's life in a particular area, methods of development and events that took place at different stages of development, as well as linguistic phenomena and laws specific to the language.
Names denoting the geographical location of the place also play an important role in the formation of toponyms of Kashkadarya region. Such names can be found in mountainous and foothill areas, as well as in desert and oasis areas within the territory of the region. Toponyms named according to their geographical location were named for relatively small (local) regions, most of which appeared in the form of oronyms, hydronyms, and oikonyms.
Due to its location in the Kashkadarya region, its toponyms, which have a microgeographic location relative to other objects, are also numerous. There are several oronyms in the region that represent its microgeographic location. Most of the oronyms of the region indicate the height of the relief, which is at the top of the mountain. Names such as Bogibaland (hill, Yakkabog d.)4, Sarimaydan (place, Kitab d.), Sarigorim (mountain, Dahkanabad d.), Sarikotal (mountain, Shahrisabz t.), Sarkhara (peak, Kamashi d.) indicate that they are located on top of a mountain or other form of relief. Toponyms of this type are mainly typical for most of the upper parts of the mountains, and these toponyms are named after the sign, as a target, higher than other toponyms of this type.
For the south-western branches of the Gissar mountain, the mountain slopes are more steep, and for the upper part of the mountain, the relatively flat relief is typical. This state of relief is sealed in orographic forms on the basis of geographical names. The small flat areas at the top of the high mountain are called Yukoritakcha (place, Kamashi d.), Qorasirt (mountain, Yakkabog, Kamashi d.), Arpaqori (place, Shahrisabz d.), Maidonak (mountain, square, Kamashi d.). For high mountainous areas, this type of relief is less common and appears as areas of local interest. Indigenous people effectively use such areas as pastures for
4 The word "district" is then given the letter "d." in such sentences.
livestock and important crops in agriculture. The Chakatash peak in the Kitab district, which means "high, high peak", is visible from afar as a high, convex shape of the relief. Toponyms such as Yayloqgaza (peak, Yakkabog d.), Karavultepa (present in almost all districts) also mean steepness and height in relation to the surrounding areas.
Usually in the oronyms of mountainous areas are formed names denoting the upper part of the mountain, the upper part, toponyms denoting the distance between the mountain, the valley, as well as toponyms denoting the foot of the mountain, the bottom. In each of them, the shape of the relief determines its geographical location as a primary feature.
Some geographical names know that the mountain is in the middle of the valley, in the middle of the valley. For example, the name of the Ortadara gorge in Kamashi district means that it is located in the middle of this type of gorge, that is, it is so named because other gorges of this type exist in this area, Tangisar hill in Dehkanabad district was given this name because of its location in a narrow place, in a narrow valley, between high mountains.
In mountainous areas, along with the features that indicate that the oronyms are high, some names also mention that they are at the bottom, at the foot of the mountain. The foothills in the southern part of Qoratepa Mountain in Chirakchi district named the valley Domana. Indigenous people use the term domana at the foot of the mountain [1; 86-p]. Domana is also found in many areas. The toponym Poygadasht (area, Dehkanabad d.) Is also called by the same name because it is located at the foot of the hill, steppe.
Due to the climatic features of the region, place names are formed depending on the geographical location. In particular, the name of the hill in Dehkanabad district was Terskay, which is the reason for its name, because it is located in an area opposite to the Sun, where the sun does not shine.
The 3796-meter-high Khurasan ridge and peak of the Chakchar ridge also represent its position relative to the Sun. Khorasan bears the name of the eastern, sunny, sunny place. Mount Qiyatag in Dehkanabad district, in contrast to the name Khurasan, is a small mountain, opposite to the Sun, which receives less sunlight. The name Sariqtepa (hill, height, Dehkanabad, Kamashi, Chirakchi, etc.) in the region comes not only in the sense of height, but also in the sense of place in the north. Some oronyms are named after oykonims, i.e. Batoshtoqay (steppe, Kamashi d.) Is a place near the village of Batosh, Qamaytepa is a hill near the village of the same name, Kosontog is a mountain near the city of Kasan. Toponyms of this type determine their location in relation to settlements.
For the plains of the Kashkadarya region and the desert areas, the ruins of the fortress are a convex, visible shape for the relief of this area. Undoubtedly, the ruins of ancient castles in these areas serve as the main symbol. Such ruined hills as Qizqala (Kasbi d.), Kizkurgan (Kamashi, Dehkanabad, Chirakchi d.), Gushman (Shahrisabz d.) Represent the height of the fortress on the hill.
Sometimes toponyms formed by geographical location are also named according to their location relative to water bodies. For example, if Darvozakam (height, Kamashi, Chirakchi d.) got this name because of the height next to the water distribution point, Labisoy (pasture, Shahrisabz d.) oqim, soy yaqinidagi yaylov bo'lgani uchun shunday nomlangan.
Hydronyms of Kashkadarya region are diverse in terms of their distribution, lexical-semantic structure and morphological structure. Some of the regional hydronyms have a sense of ownership rather than their geographical location. In particular, the names of water bodies determine their microgeographic location as a result of the fact that the river is above or below the mountain, the place where the river flows or separates, its isolation, flowing past a plant, sometimes flowing near habitats. This situation also affected the naming of water bodies.
There are many hydronyms in the region, which means that they are located in relation to the hilly forms of a mountain, hill, peak, mountain slope or other relief. Examples include the following. Azizbulak (Chirakchi d.) is a spring on a high hill, Boshbulak (Dehkanabad, Kamashi, Chirakchi d.) is a spring at the head of springs, Kullisay (Kitab, Chirakchi d.) is a stream that starts from a height, a peak. The term "kulla" is also used in t he work of Boburnoma and is given in the sense of a "mountain kullasi" - a mountain peak. So, kulla - hill, mountain peak [2; 221-p]. The name Zevarbulak in Kitab district also indicates its geographical location. In Iranian, zivar - is the turning point of a river, a stream [3; 74-p]. The spring in such a place is Zavarbulak. The first component of the hydronyms Aksu (the left tributary of the Kashkadarya) and Akdahana (river basin, Kamashi d.), the term "ak" refers to the saturation of river water with snow, starting from the high part of the mountain. So Aksuv, Akdahana is a mountain river, a river that starts from the top of the mountain.
If Aygirkul (Dehkanabad, Kamashi, Yakkabog d.) means that the hill is near the height, it can be understood from its name that Gazakul (Dehkanabad d.) is a steep hill, a lake near the edge of the mountain. Gaza - is the top of the mountain, the tip of the mountain [4; 39-p]. The hydronyms Dashtarik (Kitab d.), Yovonarik (Kasbi d.) are known from the fact that the canal passes through the steppe and is a canal on the outskirts of the village. Yovon (yobon) -means steppe, plain [5; 58-p].
Some hydronyms determine their microgeographic position relative to other similar objects in terms of their location in the center, in the interval. While hydronyms such as Urtasay (well, Mubarak d.), Urtabulak (well, Mirishkor d.), Kindik (river basin, Dehkanabad d.), Kindiktepa (Shahrisabz d.), Urtakuduk (Mubarak d.) mean that they are located in the range of the same or other objects, other types of toponyms are named according to the location of some objects inside. For example, the toponyms Ichariq (Shakhrisabz d.), Inchiariq (Kasan d.), Davbulak (Chirakchi, Yakkabog, Kitab d.), Ichkaribulak (Kamashi d.) are so named within the objects of this type, in the mountain range or as a stream flowing into the castle, fortress.
Some hydronyms also occur as a result of the addition or separation of a body of water. It is possible to understand from the study of the name of Sarvand (river basin, Kitab d.) that it is the main dam, the river starting from the upper dam, the stream, the spring along the Beshterak (spring, Kamashi d.) dam. While the toponyms Beshkul and Sarigupchak (river valley, Dehkanabad d.) are called by the same name because they start or flow from the confluence of the river, hydronyms such as Joyatak and Qayirma (channel, Shahrisabz d.) are named because they are located on the banks of a water body
The Oftobroy river in Kitab district and the Kunkormas river in Shahrisabz district are named after the Sun, while the toponyms Tersokar (river valley, Kamashi d.), Tersak (channel, Kitab d.), Chappaarik (Chirakchi d.), Chappasuv (river valley, Shahrisabz d.) are named in the opposite direction to other similar water bodies near the stream.
The names are also formed depending on where they are located at the bottom, at the foot, at the end of the mountain peak, the features starting from the height pass to the hydronyms. Such names in the region as Ohirgisay (Kamashi d.), Ohirgikishlaksay (Yakkabag d.), Kultakkuyi (well, Mirishkor d.) are such names. Also, some hydronyms express their individuality, solitude, solitude, based on their name. For example, names such as Bulakarik (Kasan d.), Yakkayolgon (well, Mirishkor d.), Yetimarik (Chirikchi d.), Gadoytopmas (well, Mubarak d.) form a separate group according to their geographical location.
Typically, most water bodies flow past settlements, but not all of them are built on the basis of the names of these settlements. The hydronyms in the region, such as Bakhrinshoh, Bakhrinarik (stream, Kamashi d.), Darkhankul (Yakkabag d.), Haramjuy (neighborhood, Karshi sity), Kelinkuyisi (well, Mubarak d.), belong to this type.
Plants grow where rivers, lakes, springs and other bodies of water are present. Sometimes these plants are also the basis for naming water bodies and indicate their geographical location relative to that plant. We can understand from the name that Chashmaimiron (spring, Dahkanabad, Chirakchi d.), Ulonbulak (Dahkanabad, d.) is a meadow, a spring in the pasture.
Many names of large irrigation facilities in Kashkada (northern) collector (Kasan, Mubarak, Mirishkor d.), Shimoliy (northern) network (collector, Mirishkor d.), Janubiy (southern) collector (Nishan, Mirishkor, Kasbi d.), Ungsohil (right-bank) and Chapsohil (left-bank) channel (Guzar and Yakkabag d.), Chap Magistral (left main) (channel, Kason d.) and the names of large hydraulic structures also differ from each other according to their geographical location. The geographical location of the water body is also reflected in the names of large rivers such as West Aksu, East Aksu, Chapsohil (left-bank) Aksu.
Conclusions. Some of the toponyms of Kashkadarya region are toponyms related to geographical location. The study of this type of toponyms allows to determine the microgeographic location of the object, as well as to observe the phenomenon of general naming of such places.
Based on the results of the research, the following main conclusions can be
made:
- the study of names related to geographical location allows to determine the general geographical features of the area;
- names related to the geographical location of a place often mean its microgeographic location;
- most of the oronyms and hydronyms, depending on the existing geographical location in the region, are named in relation to such objects and in relation to a particular landform.
References:
[1]. Nafasov T. Kashkadarya Uzbek folk words. -Tashkent, Muharrir, 2011. - 468 p.
[2]. Ishakov F. A concise glossary for "Baburnama". -Andijan, 2008. - 236 p.
[3]. Nafasov T., Nafasova V. Annotated dictionary of toponyms of the Uzbek language. -Tashkent, Yangi asr avlodi, 2007. - 82 p.
[4]. Dusimov Z., Egamov X. A concise glossary of place names. -Tashkent, Ukituvchi, 1977. - 174 p.
[5]. Karaev S. Do you know the meaning of geographical names? -Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 1970. - 191 p.
