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DESCRIPTION OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY
OF HOMONYMS IN HINDI
Nurmatova Zubayda Dilshod qizi Master of the department ""Languages of South and Southeast Asia" at Tashkent state University of Oriental studies
Abstract: This article discusses homonyms in English and their classification reviewed by various scholars. Many well-known foreign linguists, such as Arakin, Kabanov I. N., Arnold, Lions, Skeet, Smirnitsky, and others, tried to define homonymy and classify homonyms in English. English homonyms have different grammatical forms and can also have the same sound or spelling.
Keywords: Homonymy, homonymous morphemes, terminology, English, full and partial homonyms, linguistic terms, parts of speech, graphic form, grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, classification of homonyms, historical meaning
HINDIY TILIDA OMONIMLARNING O'RGANILISHIGA DOIR NAZARIY QARASHLAR TAVSIFI
Nurmatova Zubayda Dilshod qizi "Janubiy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari" kafedrasi magistri Toshkent davlat sharqshunoslik universiteti
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada ingliz tilidagi omonimlar va ularning turli olimlar tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan tasnif muhokama qilinadi. Arakin, Kabanov I. N., Arnold, Lionlar, Skit, Smirnitskiy va boshqalar kabi ko'plab taniqli xorijiy tilshunoslar omonimiyani aniqlashga va ingliz tilida omonimlarni tasniflashga harakat qilishdi. Ingliz tilining omonimlari turli grammatik shakllarga ega, shuningdek, bir xil tovush yoki imloga ega bo'lishi mumkin.
Kalit so'zlar: Omonimiya, omonim morfemalar, terminologiya, ingliz tili, to'liq va qisman omonimlar, lingvistik atamalar, nutq qismlari, grafik shakli, grammatik ma'nosi, leksik ma'nosi, omonimlarning tasnif, tarixiy ma'no
Homonyms are words that are the same in pronunciation and spelling, but differ in meaning. The word is derived from the Greek words homos — same, onyma — noun.
The phenomenon of word formation is called homonymy. In homonyms, the following two aspects distinguish it sharply from other forms of formation.
Words that differ in meaning but have the same pronunciation and spelling are called complete homonyms.
INTRODUCTION
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, R VOLUME 1 | ISSUE 5
educational, natural and social sciences (~) ISSN 2181-1784
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If only words are spelled or pronounced the same, they are called incomplete homonyms.
Lexical homonyms - homonyms of words: ash, melody, stone, salt, pumpkin, hair, white, flour, toy, work, casting, melting, dust
Phraseological homonyms - homonyms of phrases:
1. To raise one's head (to respect, to provoke);
2. To turn a blind eye (to die, to be neglected);
3. Rest (rest, air, leave)
At first glance, homonyms and polysemantic words seem to have much in common.
In both cases the form is the same, the meaning is different. But there is a big difference between the two.
The point is that the meanings of polysemantic words are related to each other, because polysemantic words are formed from the expansion of the main meaning of a word, and even if they represent a concept other than the concept of the main meaning, what they mean and events there will always be commonalities between.
For example, the word page is a polysemantic word because it means a person's page, a street page, a book page. Apparently, there is a commonality between these meanings. Typically, polysemantic and homonymous words are represented in a diagram as follows:
The difference between polysemantic words and homonymous words:
Polysemantic words Homonymous words
1. No matter how many meanings polysemantic words have, there is a connection between them: the mouth is: the mouth of a man and the mouth of a cave; 1.There is no change between words
2. Polysemantic words are always within a group of words. 2. Homonym words may or may not be within the same phrase.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
As you know, homonyms are words that have the same phonetic and literal design, but different in meaning. Homonyms are full and partial.To complete full homonyms are words that coincide in sound and letter composition in all grammatical forms. Partial homonyms are not the same in all grammatical forms, but only in some of them.
Similar Homonyms- Identical synonyms are made up of four words-Shruti + Sum + Vari + Artha. Which means it looks the same but different. Words that sound
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similar but have different meanings are called homogeneous synonyms. They are also called homonyms, summers, contour and shrutisam divergences.
"There are three kinds of homonyms: those that sound and look alike (bank a slope, bank a place for money, and bank a bench or row of switches); homophones, that sound alike but do not look alike (coarse, course); and homographs, that look alike but do not sound alike (the verb lead, the metal lead). . . . There are over 3,000 homographs in the Concise Oxford Dictionary (8th edition, 1990)." (Tom McArthur, Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992)
Linguistics say that, a homonym is one of a group of similar words that have different meanings, depending on when they're used. A more restrictive definition sees homonyms as words that are simultaneously homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of their pronunciation) and homophones (words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of their spelling) - that is to say they have same pronunciation and spelling, but different meanings. The relationship between a set of homonyms is called homonymy. Examples of homonyms are the pair stalk (part of a plant) and stalk (follow/harass a person) and the pair left (past tense of leave) and left (opposite of right). A distinction is sometimes made between "true" homonyms, which are unrelated in origin, such as skate (glide on ice) and skate (the fish), and polysemous homonyms, or polysemes, which have a shared origin, such as mouth (of a river) and mouth (of an animal). Modern English language, the phenomenon of homonymy is widely developed. This phenomenon attracts many linguists to study its problems and attempt to classify homonyms in the English language. But, despite the fact that the study of homonymy has been conducted for a long time, there is still neither generally accepted definition of homonyms, nor established terminology in this area. The study of homonymy is especially important for understanding a foreign language, since in it different grammatical forms may have the same sound or spelling.
In Russian language, this is usually not paid attention. Also, the knowing of homonyms is simply necessary in the practice of the English language, in which their number is much higher than in the Russian language. Homonymy presents itself a certain hindrance in the process of communication, when it is necessary to determine what exactly the meaning of the word corresponds to the context of speech. Also, words-homonyms are a problem for the speaker, who is forced to choose words in order to unambiguously understand his statements. The study of homonyms is extremely interesting in terms of tracking the historical meaning of the word and its changes in the process of language development. Modern English is characterized by a fairly significant number of homonyms, compared to other languages.
In different languages, homonyms are always specific and no analogy between homonymous groups due to their random nature does not happen and cannot be. An
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important place in the linguistic description of homonyms is occupied by the problem of their classification.
Materials and methods
Many famous linguists, such as Arakin, Arnold, Lyons, Skeet, Smirnitsky, have tried to define and classify homonyms in English language. Each of them had their own individual view of this concept.
W. Arnold divides all homonyms on exactly homonyms, homophones and homographs, but, for more full classifications exactly homonyms, offers dividing them on the next 12 classes:
1. Partial homonyms having the same initial form but different paradigms (light, n., a flame -light, adj., easy);
2. Partial homonyms, which have the same individual word forms, but not the original (might- n. potency, power; might - Past Tense from may);
3. Words belonging to the same part of speech, different in their original form, but coinciding in some other form. This case is quite rare. (Axe - axes, axis — axes);
4. Different lexical meaning at the same original form, same grammatical meaning at different paradigms. (lay — lain and lie — lied— lied);
5. Words that differ in lexical and grammatical meaning, but not in paradigm, as they are immutable service words (for - prep. for - conj.)
6. The most typical type of full homonymy is a different lexical meaning, but homonyms belong to the same part of speech (spring - jump, spring - source, spring - season);
7. The presence of a common component in the lexical meaning of homonyms (before-prep.,before - adv., before - conj.);
8. Word pairs that have maximum identity. Can be considered as variants of one polysemantic word.
9. Homonyms, obtained by conversion of (eye - noun, eye - verb). About the meaning of a derived word can be guessed if the meaning of the original word is known.
10. Words belonging to different parts of speech and coinciding in one of their forms. Their similarity is based on a common root (thought - noun, thought - verb);
11. Similarity of both lexical and grammatical meaning in combination with difference in form.
12. A small group of words, consisting mainly of nouns having double plural, slightly different in meaning (brother — brothers, brother - brethren).[1] In the classification of I. V. Arnold, all aspects of the classification, as well as all kinds of cases of homonymy, even quite rare, are considered in detail.
Kabanov I. N. on degree of identity, allocates three types of coincidence of a sound and letter form of different words-complete homonyms and incomplete
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homonyms (homophones and homographs). Complete homonyms are words that coincide in both their sound and written forms, but differ in meaning. Such words are, for example, back: n "part of the body"; back: adv "away from the front"; back: v "go back"; ball: n "a round object used in games"; ball: n "a gathering of people for dancing"; bark: n "the noise made by a dog"; bark: v " to utter sharp explosive cries"; bark: n "the skin of a tree"; bark: n "a sailing ship"; base: n "bottom"; base: v "build a place upon"; base: a "mean"; bay: n "part of the sea or lake filling wide-mouth opening of land"; bay: n "recess in a house or a room"; bay: v "bark"; bay: n "the European laurel".
We have seen some of the Homonyms ft^fe (in Hindi in our first post. Lets revise the topic once again with some more Homonyms.
Pay attention variation in vowels and consonants in the given Homonyms words ft^fe .(Romanized spelling are provided in first brackets and
English meanings in second.
Common Homonyms or Pair of Similar Distinguished Words in Hindi
First Word
Second Word
^ÎÏÏ^"
^ïï^) Avlamb)(Support)
)Avilamb)(Immediate)
Kul)(Family) w) Kath)(Wood)
Kul)(Shore) ^t:) Kaat)(to cut) otr) Prnaam)(Salutation) ^h) Aasaan)(Easy) Kut)(False) Badan) (Body) ïïiftr) Paadni)(Hand) ^ïïïï (Bhuvan) (World) to) Mady)(Alcohol) rtïï) Maatr)(Mother)
Laksy)(Aim) fèrn) Disha)(Direction)
srw) Prmaan)(Proof) ^ïï^h) Avsaan)(Climax)
(Kuti)(House) ïï^ïï) Vadan)(Face) ïïTïït) Paani)(Water)
^ïïïï) Bhavan)(Building)
rs) Mad)(Passion) rtw) Maatr)(Only)
Laksh)(ten thousand) ^rn) Dasha)(Condition)
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w^) Prasaad)(Kindness) wc) Prakaar)(Type)
Kram)(Sequence) ^tïï) Tarang)(Wave) Nirvaarn)(Death)
tw) Pakka)(Strong) 33) Drav)(Liquid) Prany)(Love) ^h) Khaan)(Mine) W^) Kadhai)(Strictness) ^rëte) Taarif)(Praise) ^fat) Sona)(to sleep) ^tR") Kaam)(Work)
Varn)(Complexion) sh) Dhaan)(Paddy)
Vahan)(to afford) ^tfïï) Kaanti)(Water)
mrc) Praasaad)(Palace) mc) Praakar)(Fort) Karm)(Action) ïïCïï) Turang)(Horse)
)Nirmaan)(Construction) w) Pakaa)(Ripe)
Dravy)(Money) TfCw3) Pariny)(Marriage) w) Khan)(Pathan) ^st^) Kadhai)(Embroidery) m^) Taraf)(Toward) *kt) Sona)(Gold) ^r) Kaam)(Sex) Van)(Forest) ^R") Dhan)(Money) 3^h) Vahaan)(Vehicle) ^fïï) Kraanti)(Revolution)
CONCLUSION
Sometime you may encounter some similar sounding words in Hindi. These words are like "weak" or "week" in English. There are plenty of such words in Hindi. Most of these similar words in Hindi are the products of different vowels.
In writing this article, the scientific and theoretical views on homonyms in Uzbek, Russian, English and Hindi linguistics have been studied in detail and their views have been analyzed.
According to him, some Russian linguists believe that the formation of homonyms enriches the vocabulary of the language, while others call homonymy a "severe, fatal wound" of the language.
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A.A. Reformatsky, A.N. Gvozdev and a number of other linguists consider homonymy as a negative phenomenon, a misunderstanding, a defect in language.
Scholars such as L.A. Bulakhovsky, O.S. Akhmanova, R.A. Budagov, although they believe that homonymy sometimes interferes with the understanding of speech and text, are against calling it a "pathology" of language.
Some scholars of the English language agree with homonyms. Scholars such as O. Emerson, J. Kennedy, J. Jegger view homonyms as words of different origins, denying that homonyms can be derived from polysemantic words. they believe that diachrony can be caused by not being able to distinguish.
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5. Yn^bi^epoB O.r.Essays in lexicology word formation and phraseology modern literary language Hindi. M. rog.BO «MrKMO-YHHBecpcHTeT».2007. P. 15.
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