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Section 6. History and archaeology
Section 6. History and archaeology
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-38-39
Rasulov Bakhtiyor Mahmudjanovich, Andijan State University, Candidate of historical sciences, associate professor "History of Uzbekistan"" E-mail: [email protected]
Depriving of elective rights of wealthy farmers in Uzbek SSR (in 1920-30 years)
Abstract: The article is devoted to deprivation of Dehkan (farmers) in the total collectivization of Uzbek villages in 20-30e years of the twentieth century. This kind of repression of the Bolsheviks was disclosed on the basis of archival documents and materials. It is stated that the main factor in determining the scope and extent of disfranchisement Dehkan are the Bolsheviks and the Soviet government.
Keywords: Shouro (Soviet), collectivization, "kulak", election, rights, kulak families, political, government.
Depriving of elective rights is considered to be the most general political limiting method of the Soviet Union in 20-30s of the 20th century. People, who were deprived of elective rights, were mentioned as "the non-rights to the Shouro (Soviet)", "the deprived of right", "the non-rights" in official documents, juridical literatures and various press materials. In the constitution of whole Russian Council, adopted on V congress, on 10 July 1918, it was pointed out that people who use hired labor in order to make profit, who live on account of income without labor (on account of the percentage of money, income made by trading enterprises, in come made by property), merchants, religious officials, former policemen and people of other classes were deprived of elective rights by the law. Rights on electing and being elected were determined in articles 92-93. Chapter 13, part 6 of the Constitution of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic adopted in, 1927 [1]. And the characteristics of people who had no right elect, were given in "Instructions on elections for the Shouro" of the Central Executive Committee of Uzbek SSR, adopted on 12 December 1927. They are:
a) Farmers who use seasonal and permanent hider-labor beyond the house-keeping made on grounds of labor.
None: In this case the main mark of the housekeeping made on grounds of labor is the participation of the family members capable for labor in house-keeping and hired-labor is additional to this.
b) Farmers who own shoemaking and industry establishment and enterprises (mill, oil-press and so on) and rule them by seasonal or permanent hired labor.
c) People who rent out household machines working animals and others and make people slaves or who make people slaves by lending money or other things) [2].
On the legal basis of Soviet elections paid a great attention to derive of social origin of the population in the 1920 s. According to its, the family members of Bukhara amire and Khiva government and its amirs, the governors of governments as: leaders of remainders, foreman, head of writers, doublehead leader, jevachi, head of guards, stablemen, toksabo, beks, biy dadhah, inak, parvanachi, di-vanbegi, biy kushbegi, educator of princes, ogalik, the oga of door, the chiefjudge, kushbegi, qupobon, the chiefkalon, policeman, tax
picker, udaychi, judge, head commandant of castle, doctor (hakim) treasurer, night guard, head of hundreds, commander, leader of inner castle guards, military leader, hangman, jailer, amlakdor, kulli kushbegi, tax collector, chief gater of ark, chief of horseman, head of koris, leader solider, millennial, assignment by emir, aksakals, khans and their family members, bek hujas who managed the government, ministry of water, divanbeg, the oga of door and also the family members who directed the government, policemen, and chief policemen, devoted servants of sultan's, vassals, mirabs were fixed by sultan, the head judgements of sultan's government, the heads of writers, aksakals of sultan's, volostnoys, the medresse mutavallies and others were pointed to deprive the right of election [3].
Later considering the political situation in the country, some changes and comments were adds to the instructions in order to finish people who were discontent with the actions being carried on by the Soviet Government. In 1929 the number of electors, who were at the age of 18, was 86, 98). 8772 of them were deprived of elective rights. It's 11.2% of total voters, 471 of them were businessmen, 419 were considered to live on account of income without labor. 621 were imams and other religious officials of tsarist government and Amir [4].
At the end of 1929, collectivization of agriculture quickened in the Soviet Union. On 5 January 1930 the decree of Supreme Communist Party "on Collectivization rate and State Support for forming collective farm" was adopted [5]. During the collectivization, administrative-ordering reached to the highest point. There were very many requirements like "Set up the rights", "abolish the list of none-right", "re-elect for shouro", in the demonstrations against agrarian policy and activity of the Soviets Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Turkmenistan [6]. It was the expression of discontent towards compulsory collectivization policy and limitation of citizenship and political rights of the Soviets. Because, "kulak policy" was a component of mass collectivization. This meant depriving people of citizenship, constitutional and elective rights [7].
Law-breaking in elections increased during mass collectivization of agriculture. During the collectivization free will inclination was broken and law-breaking, violence reached to the highest point.
Depriving of elective rights of wealthy farmers in Uzbek SSR (in 1920-30 years)
Actions as limiting tax and credit policy, depriving of water carried out to country-people, who were business leaders, active in policy, against the collectivization and didn't want to lose their land and property. They were deprived of elective rights, their properties were confiscated and whole family transferring policy carried out to them.
Though the economic characteristics depriving farmers of elective right were described in the "Instructions on elections for shouro", those characteristics were more important to determine "kulak" farms in collectivization areas. In the decree of UzSSR's Peoples' Commission Councils on "Characteristics of kulak farms where the Labor Code must be used and order of registering such farms adopted on 6 April 1930 the characteristics of kulak farms were shown. But the norms of the decree carried out wrongly. Middle class farmers and poor farmers also deprived of elective right and were submitted to the list of kulaks.
People deprived of elective rights weren't only deprived of political rights but also citizenship rights. They became unemployed, they weren't admitted to the Trade Union and collective farms. They weren't given cards for goods and feod products. They couldn't be appointed to? any position and couldn't get higher and general special education [8].
At the result of demonstrations and rebellion of country-people in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan and Turkmenistan in 1930 against agrarian policy and action of Soviets the political situation became more strained. According to information of OGPU, there were slogans against forming collective farm and there were a lot of requirements as "Set up the rights", "Abolish the list of the none-right, "Re-elect for Shouro" People even committed suicide as a sign of discontent depriving unfairly of social life in public, a citizen in Tandir village, Kokand tried to knife himself as he wasn't as he wasn't admitted to the collective farm.
Central Executive Committee of Uz SSR adopted a decree "On correcting mistakes made during depriving citizens of elective rights" on 9 April 1930. At the result of control of the commission, organized at the base of the decree a lot of law-breaking situations were determined in making the "list of the none-right", and some of these lists were cancelled. But disobedience continued at some places, at the result of private enmity an intensive mechanism to abolish limiting action of citizenship and political rights wasn't made [9].
In august, 1931 "kulak families" in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan began to be exiled to the Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, later to Northern Kazakhstan. For example, 708 families were exiled from Kyrgyzstan: 130 from Alammiddin, 133 from Karakul, 30 from Jeti-oguz, 39 from Issiqkul, 34 from Stalin District, 72 from Chuy, 105 from Balikchi, 124 from Kalinin district [10]. And 700 families, including 3680 the young and the old, from Samarqand were exiled to Prikumsk, Northern Caucasus, Ars-ghir, Budyonniy, Apanasenkov and the regions. Most of the "kulak's were "the none-right for shouro", and they lived tragic life [11]. The requirements on resetting up elective rights of people who were discontent with law breaking, became popular in the Union scale.
Tlje Supreme Communist Party and Soviet Government had to discuss this matter again. According to article 135 of the Constitution of the USSR adopted on November 25, 1936 elective rights were reset up [12]. But "kulaks, the exiled people, was not allowed to leave special regions. The young were in exception of it.
If they entered to a general-special or higher education institutions, they were allowed to leave those working regions. Within 1918-1936 the Soviet government managed to limit politically active part of people by law, who were against the collectivization policy by depriving of elective rights according to political, social and economic reasons.
Referenes:
1. The collection of law in use of the Uzbek Social Shouro Republic. - Samarkand-Tashkent, "Uzdavnashr", - 1930, - P. 27-28.
2. "Instructions on Elections for Shouro." The collection of laws and decrees of the workers government of UzSSR. - December 12, -1927, - No 38.
3. "Instructions on Elections for Shouro." The collection of laws and decrees of the workers government of UzSSR. - 1/11, - 1926. - No 26.
4. The Central state archive of R. Uz. Fund 86, list ^ affair - 6167, - P. 115.
5. The tragedy of Central Asian kishlaks: collectivization, kulak policy, exile./R. T. Shamsutdinov, B. M. Rasulov. red. D. Alimova/ T.,"Sharq", - 2006, - P. 53.
6. Shamsutdinov R. Tragedy of kishlak: collectivization, dispossession of kulaks, exile (example of Central Asian republics). T.,"Sharq", -2003. - P. 162-163.
7. Shamsutdinov R., Mamajonov A. Life of the people exiled to the North Caucasus. T., "Sharq", - 2005. - P. 76.
8. Krasilnikov S. A. Destruction of social structures: marginally in postrevolutional Russian society (1917-1930). URL: http://zaimka. ru/sovet/kraslin 1.shtm 1: Tatiana Slavko. The deprived in farming judicial materials, people deprived of elective right in - 1918-1936. Nizhniy Taghil, - 2001.
9. The state archive of Andijan Region. Fund - 186, list I, - affair 439, - P. 484.
10. Shamsutdinov R., Yusupov E. About social tragedy of classes and Soviet autodaphe. "Science, education and techniques" - 2006, - No 1. - P. 56.
11. Sad pages of history. - T.: "Sharq", - 2006, - P. 127.
12. The Constitution of the USSR. - 1936. URL: http://cccD.narod.ru/work/book/konst 1936.html
Sectiion 7. Materials Science
Sectiion 7. Materials Science
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-40-42
Rasulov Alisher Khakimovich, Tashkent State Technical University, Senior Lecturer of the Department "Materials Science ", the Faculty of Engineering technology E-mail: [email protected] Abdulaziz Yusupov Abdullazhanovich, Tashkent State Technical University, Assistant of the Department "Metal Forming", the Faculty of Mechanics and Machine building E-mail: [email protected] Bakhadirov Kudratkhon Gayratovich, Tashkent State Technical University, Senior Lecturer of the Department "Materials Science ", the Faculty of Engineering technology E-mail: [email protected] Koraboeva Maksuda Saidovna, Tashkent State Technical University, Undergraduate of the Department "Metal Forming", the Faculty of Engineering technology
Manufacturing technology carbide roller inlet box crate № 25 using refractory metal powders
Abstract: The article presents the results of a study of the obtained sintered molybdenum alloy, comprising: 60-62% TiC, 20-22% Ni, 4% W, 4% Fe and the balance molybdenum Mo, for the production of roller introductory box stand № 25 and increase their longevity by selecting the optimum combination of strength and ductility. One of the main objectives of this work was the development of composition and technology of sintered powder molybdenum alloy. Beyond the basic components of TiC and Mo present in the composition administered in order to improve process performance and Ni, W, and Fe. The working part of the matrix is also used new sintered powder molybdenum alloy.
Keywords: refractory metal carbide, molybdenum alloy, the composition, the roller matrix, mold, a mixture powder, sintering, molybdenum, titanium, steel composition, heat treatment, strength, ductility.
Create materials based on highly dispersed powders of refractory metals refers to the key issues of the modern economy. At present, the industries the task of getting carbide tools with special mechanical, technological and physical properties on the basis of refractory metal powders.
In addressing the complex to improve performance, reliability and durability of the tool, improving the quality of products is an important development of new materials or improving physical and mechanical properties of existing.
Development and improvement of production processes [1] is inseparably associated with the use of hard alloys, which contributes to a significant increase in operational tool performance and productivity.
One of the promising ways to improve hard alloys is the development of technologies [2], which provides simultaneous improvement in properties such as toughness and wear resistance, strength and ductility compared to standard. It is the combination of these properties provides a tool life.
The desired combination of properties will have an alloy with high polydisperse component. It is expected that the major phase grains provide plasticity, and small grains — increased wear resistance of the alloy. Yield strength and hardness of the compressive strength with the increase of the fine grains in the alloy structure increases. Flexural strength is practically independent of changing the ratio of large and small grains and in a mixture of the alloy and decreases only slightly at the highest content of fine grains. Reserve plastic deformation with the increase of the proportion of fine fraction in the grain mixture of titanium carbide and 40% remains practically unchanged, while increasing to 60% is reduced slightly (10%). Analysis of the data shows that the most advantageous combination of wear resistance and ductility alloys have a ratio of coarse and fine fractions 60:40.
Objects and methods of research. Completed development of the composition of the system Mo-TiC-Ni-W-Fe alloy molybdenum sintered powder for the production of roller mill inlet box № 25. One of the main objectives of this work was the development of
