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Section 3. Preventive medicine
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ELBLS-17-1-87-90
Dezhkina Irina Vladimirovna, Chita State Academy of Medicine, Assistant, Department of Childhood Oral Health, E-mail: [email protected] Pisarevsky Yury Leonidovich, Chita State Academy of Medicine, Professor, Department of Dental Orthopedics, E-mail: [email protected] Fatyanova Lyudmila Afanasyevna, Chita State Academy of Medicine, Assistant, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
Zhilayeva Olga Andreevna, Chita State Academy of Medicine, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages,
E-mail: [email protected]
Dental status of children of Transbaikalia of RF
Abstract: The paper gives a comprehensive report on dental examination of different age groups of children inhabiting some areas of Transbaikalia. The comparative study reveals a variety of dental problems among the children inhabiting these areas, the main problem being the prevalence and intensity of caries and diseases of parodontium tissue.
Keywords: dentistry, prevalence and intensity of caries, dental survey, diseases of parodontium tissue.
The problem of caries and parodontium diseases sity index — 4.76, and in permanent teeth — 22%% at still proves to be urgent in dentistry due to a high prev- the intensity — 0,3. The 12-year-old children showed alence of these pathologies in different age groups [2, sharply increased index of prevalence of caries up to 78% 11-12; 5, 3-4; 6, 9, 368; 11, 40]. Furthermore consider- with its high intensity index — 2.9. This negative tenable varieties on frequency of their origin are marked in dency still remained high among the 15-year-old aged different countries, areas in countries, territories in adolescents who showed the increased level of caries — regions as well as in different social and ethnic groups 88% at the intensity index — 4.73 [7, 218-221]. [1, 9-10; 10, 117-118]. According to the data obtained by E. N. Ivanova
The same varieties are also registered among the (1996) the incidence of deciduous teeth caries in chil-population of Russian Federation. According to the re- dren inhabiting the Transbaikalia achieved 84, 5% at sults of the first epidemiological dental survey of children the intensity index of 4, 6. The incidence of permanent presented in the works of E. M. Kuzmina (1999) preva- teeth caries in 6-year-old children achieved 8% with lence and intensity of caries and diseases of parodontium the intensity index — 0.12; in 12-year-old children — tissue continued to remain at a high level. The following 68.5% and the intensity index -1.6; in 15-year-old adodata on such pathologies were registered in children of lescents — 87.5% and the intensity index — 2.9 [4, 6-8]. different age groups. The prevalence of deciduous teeth However the second epidemiological dental study caries in 6 year-old children equaled 73%, at the inten- (2009) revealed some positive dynamics. The incidence
and intensity of caries in 6-year-old children decreased to 13% at the intensity index — 0.23; in 12-year-old children — 73% at the intensity — 2.51. Positive results were also marked in the group of 15-year-olds where the incidence of caries amounted 82% at the intensity level of caries -3.81 [8, 216-223].
Similar positive changes were also registered by M. N. Bryanskaya (2009) in the Chita city. The incidence of caries in permanent teeth of the 6-year-old children reached 6.5% at the intensity parameter — 0.11, and in the group of 12-year-olds — 61.5% and the intensity index — 1, 4. The 15 year-old adolescents' group showed 74.75% at the intensity — 2, 7. The incidence and intensity of deciduous teeth caries decreased and amounted 81% at the intensity — 4.0 [3, 9-10].
However such a tendency was marked only in some cities of Transbaikalia, but a stabilization process was registered in the majority of areas [9, 368].
The Objective of the Study: To analyze the results of dental study of the child population of Transbaikalia.
The Tasks of the Study:
1. To analyze the incidence of dental diseases among the children inhabiting different Chita city areas varying in content of drinking water.
2. To study the incidence of dental diseases of children inhabiting the urban-type settlement Aginskoye.
Materials and methods
The complex epidemiological dental survey conducted as a preventive examination of the population of Transbaikalia (2015) included 534 subjects from different social groups divided into three key age groups of 6, 12, and 15-year-old inhabiting four districts of the Transbaikalia varying in mineral content of drinking
Table
water. The study of the oral health was assessed with the WHO standardized test (2013) evaluating the results of extra oral examination for the presence of ulcers, wounds, erosions, skin cracks, oral cancer, and enlarged lymph nodes. The incidence and intensity of caries and fluorosis of enamel, the state of dental hard tissues (caries, fillings, extractions, erosion of enamel, dentin erosion, and tooth injury), as well as the status of periodontal tissue (absence of lesions, bleeding, and tartar) have been studied. The status of the oral mucosa (stomatitis, candidiasis, abscess, etc.) was also assessed. The study was conducted in stationary dental and medical offices of kindergartens and schools in different areas of the Chita city and the urban-type settlement Aginskoye with the dental mirrors and periodontal probes. Survey data were filled in the dental registration cards (WHO, 2013).
Statistical processing of the data was carried out taking into account the requirements of evidence-based medicine based on the statistical analysis package Stat Soft Statistica 10 Advanced (License № AXAR507G-794202FA-B) (Statsoftlns, USA). Descriptive statistical data of the groups were represented in the following format: Mean ± SEM values (M ± m).
Results and discussion
According to the data obtained during the epidemiological dental survey of the Transbaikalia the incidence of caries equaled 75.3% at the intensity index — 2.83±0.12. The incidence of caries among the Railway Area inhabitants amounted 73.0% at the intensity of 2.48±0.24, in the Central Area — 73.3% at the intensity — 3.15±0.27, in the Chernovsky Area — 73.4% and 2.52±0.22, and in the urban-type settlement Aginskoye — 80.7% at the intensity — 3,04±0.22.
Area The prevalence of caries (%) The intensity of caries
Railroad 73,0 2,48 ±0,24
Central 73,3 3,15±0,27
Chernovsky 73,4 2,52±0,22
Aginskoye 80,7 3,04±0,22
The prevalence of dental caries in 6-year-old subjects equaled 67%, while the intensity index reached 3.6±0.2. The prevalence of dental caries of deciduous teeth reached 82.9% at the intensity — 3.54±0.49 among the 35 school children of the Railway Area, however the permanent teeth caries was not revealed. 53 children of the Central Area showed 75.5%, the intensity index—4.40 ± 0.59 and 3.6%, 0.05±0.03 respectively. 54 subjects ofthe Chernovsky Area were also examined for the presence of caries and the prevalence ofcaries was revealed in 70.4% at the intensity of
2.87±0, 41, and 1.7% at the intensity of0.03 ± 0. 01 respectively. The group of45 children ofthe urban-type settlement Aginskoye showed 77% at 4.02 ± 0.42, in permanent teeth caries was not revealed either, probably due to later eruption of the first permanent molars. Thus, the sixth teeth in 6-year-olds of the group under study from the urban-type settlement Aginskoye were observed only in 15% subjects. The later eruption ofpermanent teeth was obviously due to the prevalence of protein food and vitamin C deficiency in the subjects of the groups under study.
The prevalence of caries in 12-year-olds was 56%, while the intensity of caries equaled 1.4±0.2. Among 33 schoolchildren of Railway Area enrolled in the survey the prevalence of dental caries number was 60.6% at an intensity of 1.48±0, 27. The group of 46 subjects from the Central Area showed 63, 0% at the intensity of 1.93±0,31. The 46 children of the Chernovsky Area were also examined and showed 84.8% at 2.13 ± 0.24 respectively. Among the group of 53 schoolchildren from the urban-type settlement Aginskoye the prevalence of caries equaled 69.8% at the intensity of 1, 83±0,23. The
The incidence of fluorosis in 6-year-olds was registered only in the subjects of the Chernovsky Area and amounted 46%. The incidence of fluorosis in 12-year-olds in the Railway Area amounted 21%, in the Central Area — 19%, in the Chernovsky Area — 43%, and in the urban-type settlement Aginskoye — 2.1%.
The incidence of fluorosis in 15-year-olds in the Railway Area amounted 21%, in the Central Area — 15%, in the Chernovsky Area — 64%, and in the urban-type settlement Aginskoye it was not ever registered.
Symptoms of periodontal tissue lesions (bleeding and tartar) were registered in the groups of 6, 12 and 15-year-olds and amounted 3.8% in the 6-year-olds in the Central Area, 42.4% — in the 12-year-olds of the Railway Area, 41.3% — in the Central Area, 19.6% — in the Chernovsky Area, and 7.5% in the urban-type settlement Aginskoe.
In the group of 15-year-old subjects the following data were marked: in the Railway Area — 31.3%, in the Central Area — 66.7%, in the Chernovsky Area — 5.1%, in the urban-type settlement Aginskoye — 10.6%.
The comparative analysis of the results obtained revealed a lower incidence of dental caries in children living in the Chernovsky Area, but at the same time a higher percentage of children with fluorosis were registered in this area obviously due to the excess of fluoride in drinking water (1.5 mg/l). Significantly higher
prevalence of caries in 15-year-olds equaled 83.75% at the intensity of 2.8±0.16. The Railway Area group under study included 32 children with the prevalence of dental caries 75.0% at the intensity — 2.34±0,36. In 51 subjects of the Central Area group under study caries occurred in 80, 4% at the intensity of 2.96±0.36. The Chernovsky Area group included 39 children and showed — 64.1%, 2.49±0,46 respectively.
The urban-type settlement Aginskoye group of 15-year-olds consisted of47 subjects with the prevalence of caries — 91.5% and 3.47±0.36 respectively.
prevalence and intensity of caries (especially in the group of 15-year-olds) was registered among the subjects of the Central Area and the Aginskoye obviously due to the fluoride and calcium deficiency in drinking water (total hardness of boiled water 1.3 mg mEq/L, calcium cations — 18.8 mg/L, magnesium cations — 3.6 mg/L, and fluoride anions — 0.23 mg/L). Total prevalence and intensity of caries in the Railway Area in the groups under study turned to be a bit lower than in other areas of the Chita city, obviously due to higher levels of salinity of drinking water (total hardness of boiled water — 2.5 mg mEq/L, calcium cations — 37.7 mg/L, magnesium cations — 18 mg/L, and fluoride anions — 0.3 mg/L).
Conclusion:
1. Thus, the prevalence and intensity of deciduous teeth caries in 6 year-old children of the Railway Area of the Chita city reached 82.9% at the intensity index — 3, 54±0.49, whereas in constant teeth it was not revealed. In subjects of the Central Area these figures changed as follows: deciduous teeth caries — 75.5% and the intensity index — 4.40 ± 0.59, constant teeth caries — 3.6% and 0.05 ± 0.03. In the Chernovsky Area these parameters in deciduous teeth equaled 70.4% at the intensity index 2.87±0.41, in constant teeth — 1.7% at the intensity — 0.03±0.01, fluorosis incidence reached 46%. The prevalence and intensity of caries in 12-year-old subjects of the Railway Area equaled 60.6% at the intensity — 1, 48
Table 2.
Area Prevalence Constant Teeth Caries
Age Age
6 years old% 12 years old% 15 years old% 6 years old 12 years old 15 years old
Railway - 60,6 75,0 - 1,48±0,27 2,34±0,36
Central 3,6 63,0 80,4 0,05±0,03 1,93±0,31 2,96±0,36
Chernovsky 1,7 84,8 64,1 0,03±0,01 2,13±0,24 2,49±0,46
Aginskoye - 69,8 91,5 - 1,83±0,23 3,47±0,36
±0.27; fluorosis incidence — 21%. In 15-year-old ones the prevalence and intensity of caries reached 75.0% at the intensity — 2.34 ± 0.36; fluorosis incidence — 21%. In the group of12 year-old subjects of the Central Area the incidence of tooth decay was 63.0% at the intensity — 1.93 ± 0.31; fluorosis incidence — 19%. In the group of 15 year-olds the results were as follows: 80.4% at the intensity — 2.96 ± 0.36, and fluorosis incidence — 15% respectively. In the Chernovsky Area the prevalence and intensity of caries in the 12-year-olds was registered as 84.8% at the intensity index — 2.13±0,24; fluorosis incidence — 43%; in the 15-year-old ones — 64,1% at the intensity — 2,49 ± 0,46, and fluorosis incidence — 64%.
2. The signs of periodontal tissue lesions were registered in the 6-year-old subjects from the Central Area and
reached 3.8%. In the 12-year-old ones in the Railway Area these lesions were registered in 42.4% of subjects, in the Central Area — 41.3%, in the Chernovsky Area — 19.6%. In the group of 15-year-old subjects from the Railway Area this parameter reached 31.3%, in the Central Area — 67.6%, in the Chernovsky Area — 5.1%.
3. In 6 year-old subjects of the urban-type settlement Aginskoye the prevalence of temporary teeth caries reached 77% at the intensity — 4.02±0.42, however the permanent teeth caries was not registered at all. In the group of 12-year-olds these figures were as follows: 69.8% and 1.83±0.23, the fluorosis incidence — 2.1%; in the 15 year-olds — 91.5%, 3.47±0.36; the fluorosis was not registered either. The symptoms of periodontal tissue lesions in the 12-year-olds were marked in 7.5%, and in 15-year-olds — in 10.6%.
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