CC BY
11
DOI 10.23947/2414-1143-2022-32-4-63-69 UDC 323.1
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE BELARUSIANS OF THE CRIMEA AT THE END OF THE 19th-FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY *
© Dmitry I. Uznarodov
Federal Research Centre the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation uzn-dmitrij@yandex. ru
The article examines the specifics of demographic transformations of the Belarusian population of the Crimean Peninsula in the late 19th-first half of the 20th century. The choice of the topic of the work is due to the fact that studies on the demographic processes of the Belarusian population of the Crimean Peninsula are not yet reflected in scientific discourse in detail, despite the fact that Belarusians are the fourth largest ethnic minority of Crimea. The methodological basis of the study was made up of statistical analysis methods, in particular, a summary and grouping of the obtained statistical data, as well as correlation analysis of statistical data were used during the study. The dynamics of changes in the number of the Belarusian population in the context of the administrative-territorial Crimean Peninsula from 1897 to 1939 is analyzed. It is concluded that at the end of the 19th-first half of the 20th century, the maximum concentration of the Belarusian ethnic group was observed in the eastern and southeastern parts of the peninsula. The analysis also showed that if in the first two decades of the 20thcentury there was a sharp increase in the share of the Belarusian ethnic group in the western part of the peninsula, then in the period from 1926 to 1939 the number of Belarusians in the western part of the Crimea again significantly decreased.
Key words: Crimean Peninsula, Belarusian ethnic group, demographic processes, ethnic minorities.
[Д.И. Узнародов Демографические трансформации белорусов Крыма в конце XIX-первой половине XX века]
Рассматриваются специфика демографических трансформаций белорусского населения Крымского полуострова в конце XIX - первой половине XX в. Выбор тематики работы обусловлен тем, что исследования, посвященные демографическим процессам белорусского населения Крымского полуострова, еще не так подробно отражены в научном дискурсе, несмотря на то что белорусы являются четвертым по численности этническим меньшинством Крыма. Методологическую базу исследования составили методы статистического анализа, в частности, в ходе исследования применялись сводка и группировка полученных статистических данных, а также корреляционный анализ статистических данных. Анализируется динамика изменения численности белорусского населения в контексте административно-территориальных Крымского полуострова с 1897 по 1939 гг. Делается вывод, что в конце XIX - первой половине XX в. максимальная концентрация белорусского этноса наблюдается в восточной и юго-восточной части полуострова. Проведенный анализ также показал, что если в первые два десятилетия XX в. наблюдался резкий рост доли белорусского этноса в западной части полуострова, то в период с 1926 по 1939 численность белорусов в западной части Крыма вновь значительно сократилась.
Ключевые слова: Крымский полуостров, белорусский этнос, демографические процессы, этнические меньшинства.
Dmitry I. Uznarodov - Ph.D. in Political Science, Research Fellow, Federal Research Centre the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
Узнародов Дмитрий Игоревич - кандидат политических наук, научный сотрудник, Федеральный исследовательский центр Южный научный центр Российской академии наук, г. Ростов-на-Дону, Российская Федерация.
*Публикация подготовлена в рамках реализации ГЗ ЮНЦ РАН, № гр. проекта 122020100349-6.
Introduction
At present, a certain theoretical and methodological basis for studying the demographic processes of the Crimea, including their historical features, has already been formed. For example, the problems of the Crimean demographic processes are reflected in the works of such scientists as A.M. Bayburtsky [1], A.V. Baranov [2], [3], S.N. Kiselev [6], V.A. Kononirenko [7], R.K. Ovcharenko [8], O.V. Savinova [11] and others. But despite the rather high degree of development of the topic, a number of issues need additional study. In particular, we are talking about the demographic processes of the Belarusian population of the Crimean Peninsula, according to the results of the study of which, so far, not many works have been presented in the scientific discourse.
Belarusians are historically among the largest ethnic minorities in Crimea. According to the results of the 2014 census, Belarusians are the fourth largest ethnic minority of the Crimean Peninsula, second only to Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars and Tatars [10]. The first Belarusian settlements in the Crimea date back to the last decades of the 18th century and were territorially located within the Taurida province. They consisted of people from the free military class who were equated in rights with the Little-Russian Cossacks [11].
The next waves of Belarusian settlers date back to the middle of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. In the middle of the 19th century, a significant part of the Belarusian settlers was from among the retired soldiers who remained on the territory of the Crimea after the end of the Crimean War, as well as from among the former serfs who moved to the territory of the Crimean Peninsula after 1861 [11]. By 1897, 2,058 Belarusians lived in Crimea [9].
Research methods
The research tools were compiled by methods of statistical analysis, in particular, during the study, a summary and grouping of the obtained statistical data were used, as well as a correlation analysis of statistical data.
Results and discussion
According to the First All-Russian Population Census of 1897, the population of the Crimean Peninsula reached 546,592 people, and the number of the Belarusian ethnic group was 2,058 people, or 0.38% of the total population [9]. The Crimean Peninsula was part of the Tauride province and included 5 counties and 2 townships. At the end of the 19th century, the maximum share of the Belarusian ethnos was recorded in the central and southeastern parts of the peninsula (Simferopol and Feodosiya districts), the minimum one in the west and southwest (Evpatoriya and Yalta districts), as well as in the Kerch-Yenikalsky town administration (practically corresponds to the current borders of the city district of Kerch). Mostly, at the end of the 19th century, Belarusians of Crimea lived in rural areas - 72.93%. The share of Belarusians living in cities was 27.07%.
Administrative-territorial units All population, pers including Belarusians, pers. share of the Belarusian ethnic group in the population structure of the region, %
Yevpatoria district 63 211 165 0,26
Kerch-Yenikalsk city 43 698 93 0,21
administration
Perekop county 51 393 199 0,39
Sevastopol city administration 57 455 195 0,34
Simferopol district 141 717 611 0,43
Feodosia district 115 858 586 0,51
Yalta district 73 260 209 0,29
Total in the city administrations and counties of Crimea 546 592 2058 0,38
Table 1. Settlement of the Belarusian population of Crimea, according to the 1897 census [9]
In the 20th century there were two waves of migration from the territory of Belarusian lands: the first wave dates back to the 20-30s of the 20th century and included immigrants from the Vitebsk, Minsk and Gomel provinces, and the second dates back to the 40-50s, the basis of which were immigrants from the Gomel, Grodno and Mogilev regions.
In 1926, the largest concentration of the Belarusian ethnos was observed in the western part of the peninsula: in comparison with the results of the 1897 census, the share of the Belarusian ethnos in the Evpatoria region of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic increased five times (within the borders it practically coincided with the territory of the former Evpatoria district of the Russian Empire), from 0, 26 to 1.28% [4]. The share of Belarusians living in the central part of Crimea, in the Simferopol region (in 1926 it included all the lands of central Crimea) remained unchanged - 0.43%. The share of the Belarusian ethnic group in the southeastern part of the peninsula (the territory of the former Feodosia district of the Russian Empire) was approximately identical - 0.48% (0.51% in 1897). The share of Belarusians in the northern part of Crimea, on the territory of the Dzhankoy district (in 1926 it included all the lands of the north of Crimea, including the former Perekop district of the Russian Empire), decreased from 0.39 to 0.22%. At the same time, in the period from 1897 to 1926. the share of Belarusians living in cities increased significantly - from 27.07 to 58.22%, which was due to the processes of urbanization actively taking place in the country at that time.
Administrative-territorial units All population, pers including Belarusians, pers. share of the Belarusian ethnic group in the population structure of the region, %
Crimean ASSR 706 757 3842 0,54
Bakhchisaray district 36 615 22 0,06
Dzhankoi district 59 322 130 0,22
Yevpatoria district 49 346 634 1,28
Karasubazar district 25 925 8 0,03
Kerch district 39 961 343 0,86
Sevastopol region 18 833 57 0,3
Sudak region 15 757 68 0,43
Feodosia district 52 666 88 0,17
Yalta region 36 225 131 0,36
Table 2. Settlement of the Belarusian population of Crimea, according to the 1926 census [4]
According to the results of the 1939 census, the maximum concentration of the Belarusian ethnic group was recorded in the eastern and southeastern parts of Crimea (Ichkinsky, Kirovske, Kolai, Lenine districts) [5]. In the period from 1926 to 1939 the share of the Belarusian ethnic group in the Yalta region increased (almost three times), as well as in the northeastern part of Crimea, in the Dzhankoi region. Of all the cities of Crimea, the largest share of the Belarusian ethnic group in 1939 was recorded in Yalta - 1.01%. In comparison with 1926, the share of the Belarusian ethnos in the western part of the peninsula (Yevpatoria, as well as Ak-Mechetsky, Ak-Sheikh, Saky and Freidorf districts, which were previously part of the Yevpatoria region), has significantly decreased. A certain decrease in the share of Belarusians in the structure of the population in the period from 1926 to 1939. was also observed in the central part of the Crimea. The percentage of Belarusians living in cities increased slightly: from 58.22 to 61.45%.
Administrative-territorial units All population, pers including Belarusians, pers. share of the Belarusian ethnic group in the population structure of the region, %
Crimean ASSR 1 126 429 6726 0,6
C ty of Kerch 104 443 699 0,67
C ty of Sevastopol 111 938 615 0,55
C ty of Simferopol 142 634 1047 0,73
C ty of Feodosia 45 032 400 0,89
C ty of Yalta 36 683 370 1,01
Ak-Mechetsky district 15 941 50 0,31
Ak-Sheikh district 14 725 35 0,24
Alushta district 25 996 73 0,28
Balaklava District 23 400 60 0,26
Bakhchysarai district 46 888 133 0,28
Biyuk-Onlar district 18 542 31 0,17
Dzhankoi district 46 626 407 0,87
Yevpatoria district 58 294 258 0,44
Zeysky District 16 324 46 0,28
Ichkinsky district 20 748 208 1
Karasubazar district 33 034 53 0,16
Kirovske district 21 321 175 0,82
Kolai district 16 767 201 1,2
Krasnoperekopsk district 23 529 42 0,18
Kuybyshevsky District 17 759 27 0,15
Larindorfsky district 14 341 90 0,63
Lenine district 23 656 219 0,93
Mayak-Salynsky district 28 415 202 0,71
Saky district 27 800 143 0,51
Seitlersky district 24 984 153 0,61
Simferopol district 41 321 136 0,33
Staro-Krymsky district 20 643 99 0,48
Sudak district 20 081 52 0,26
Telman district 23 535 170 0,72
Freidorf district 14 366 38 0,26
Yalta district 46 693 494 1,06
Table 3. Settlement of the Belarusian population of Crimea, according to the 1939 census [5]
66
By 1940, the number of the Belarusian ethnic group in the structure of the Crimean population had almost tripled and reached 6,726 people. Since the beginning of the 20th century, settlements with the largest number of Belarusian ethnic groups have been the settlements of Voinka and Ishun, Krasnoperekopsky district, the village of Maryanovka, Krasnogvardeisky district, the village of Shirokoye, Simferopol district, as well as several settlements of the Yalta City Council [11]. Conclusion
It should be noted that at the end of the 19th-first half of the 20th century, the maximum concentration of the Belarusian ethnic group was observed in the eastern and southeastern parts of the peninsula. If at the end of the 19th century one of the maximum values of the share of the Belarusian ethnic group in the structure of the population was also recorded in the central part of the Crimea, then after 1926 the number of the Belarusian ethnic group in this part of the Crimea decreased. In addition, if in the first two decades of the 20th century there was a sharp increase in the share of the Belarusian ethnic group in the western part of the peninsula, then in the period from 1926 to 1939 the number of Belarusians in the western part of Crimea again significantly decreased.
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15 October, 2022
