CC BY
15
промислових забруднень, показниками оргашчних промислових забруднень, бюлопчними та бактерiологiчними показниками. Спостереження за яюстю поверхневих вод проводиться на основних рiчках Карпат.
Серед багатьох еколопчних проблем одшею з основних е забезпечення рацiонального використання водних ресурсiв, охорони 1х вiд виснаження i заб-руднення. Забезпеченiсть водою мюцевого стоку на одну людину по Укра1ш
3 * * *
припадае 0,96 тис. м . Поряд з тим в окремi перюди року в деяких районах ю-нуе напруження з водозабезпеченням. Водш ресурси використовуються вкрай нерацюнально, неекономно i крiм того, вщбуваеться значне 1х забруднення як промисловими, так i сiльськогосподарськими стоками та вщходами. Одними з найбiльших забруднювачiв поверхневих та пiдземних вод е населеш пункти, а також тваринницьк ферми i комплекси, оскiльки на них, як правило, вщсутт очисш споруди, каналiзацiя. Гранично допустимi концентрацй деяких забруд-нюючих речовин у водоймах нерщко перевищуються в десятки разiв.
Отже, розвиток виробництва i господарська дiяльнiсть, в ходi яких людина почала використовувати дедалi бшьшу кiлькiсть природних ресурсiв, зумовили порушення рiвноваги в навколишньому середовищi, що, в свою чергу, призвело до порушення економiчноl ситуаци. Це загострюе увагу до економiчних проблем ^ перш за все, до зменшення запасiв невiдновних сиро-винних та енергетичних ресурЫв, до забруднення довкшля i втрат чистих вод, родючих земель, багатьох видiв рослин i тварин, до збереження необхщ-но! якостi природного середовища, а головне, в кшцевому результатi, до впливу вЫх негативних екологiчних факторiв на здоров'я людини.
Лiтература
1. Перехрест С.М., Кочубей С.Г., Печковська О.М. Шюдлив1 стихшш явища в Ук-рашських Карпатах та засоби боротьби з ними. - К.: Наук. думка, 1971. - 199 с.
2. Розмащенко М.1., Савчук Д.П. Водш стихи. Карпатсью повет. Статистика, причини, регулювання/ За ред. М.1. Ромащенка. - К.: Аграрна наука, 2002. - 304 с., 79 ш.
3. Трегобчук В.М., Гуцуляк Г.Д., Гуцуляк Ю.Г. та 1н. Стан навколишнього середовища 1 його вплив на трудов! ресурси Чершвецько! обласп/ За ред. Г. Д. Гуцуляка. - Чершвщ: Прут, 1998. - 152 с. _
v r 1
Eng. Jin DVORAK, Czech University of Agriculture in Prague
DAMAGE ON FOREST STANDS IN THE ORE MTS. AFTER USE OF THE LOGGING MACHINERY
More and more progressive technologies for logging and hauling are most of all constantly used from ecological and economical point of view. These technologies can also operate in regions with environmentally sensitive forest management. The area of the Ore Mts. is a sample, due to its historical stress caused by the regional industrial production -pollution. Impacts of the up-to-dare logging systems on the forests during pre-commercial thinning has been analysed there (Harvester Timberjack 1070 and Forwarder Timberjack 810B). Results are talking in favour of the further usage of this technology. Damaged area of the injured trees range according to age classes between 1,50-2,38 %.
Keywords: harvester technology, damages on the forest stand
1 Fakulty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Department of Forest Harvesting, Kamycka 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol, 165 21, Phone: +420 2 2438 3748, e-mail: DvorakJ@fle.czu.cz
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Юрш ДВОРАК - Чеський ун-т стьського госп-ва у npa3i
Пошкодження дерев в лкових масивах ORE MTS. шсля використання л1созагот1вельних машин
Дедалi бiльш прогресивнi технологи з еколопчно'1' та eK0H0Mi4H0i точок зору використовуються для лiсозаготiвельних po6iT i транспортування лiсу. Цi технологи також можуть застосовуватися i в регiонах з вщчутно вразливим до люозагот1вельно1' дiяльностi довкiллям. Так територiя ORE MTS е прикладом забруднено'1' площi через дiяльнiсть мiсцевого промислового виробництва. Проаналiзовано вплив на довкiлля лiсових машин - харвестера TIMBERJACK 1070 i форвардера TIMBERJACK 810В в умовах рубань догляду. Зроблено висновок щодо доцшьносп подальшого викорис-тання цих машин.
Ключов1 слова: харвестерна технология, пошкодження дерев.
Introduction
The product costs are constantly growing entries of the logging and hauling activities ranged to the analytical priorities. This is a reason why a new search for new technologies or up-to-dating of those actually used ones have ever been taking place in order to decreasing costs. This is by definition the only issue seen by many foresters as a main care of logging. But a lot of them do not realize another issue, namely that more expensive one which may be cased by the logging and hauling operations for the futurity. Not only the possibilities of tree injuries with a danger of threading the trees by fungous-infections and that of spreading them in relation to their size and positioning of injury at the concrete tree species but also influence of increase size are concerned.
Consequences of the injuries arisen on the forest species and the tree injuries have been normally a doorway for infecting the damaged trees by wood-destroying funguses. Therefore the rot of standing trees becomes a normal concomitant circumstance of cut and of concentration in vegetation (Fanta 1958) and the wood quality declines. The trees with damaged roots and buttresses have been attacked by ligniperdous funguses mostly because of being wasted with the most of injuries (Douda 1986). The fungous-infection spreads trough the root rubs more slowly than through the root buttresses, probably thanks a different root and stem anatomy (Fanta 1958). A different impact is to be presumed also among the injuries of buttresses or roots and on the stem. At the damages of lower sections, the fungous-infection spreads in "one" stream only but on contrary, at the stem damage, the infection may be spread trough the stem in "two" streams and the damage of valuable stem section could be nearly doubled at the same interval.
Not too effective decontamination results are a cause why the damages have to be minimized because the tissue structure and physiological functions of the fungous parasite are very closed to host. This is a cause why many chemical substances do not destroy a parasite and its germs (spores and spawn) but are victimizing at the same time also the treated tree (Cerny 1976). The biggest and most dangerous tree injuries are those in down-to-earth section up to 60 cm made on the thin barked species (spruce), especially then on those with a superficial distribution of root anatomy, when concentrating wood (Ulrich 2001), whereby the danger of infection, most frequently with Stereum sanguinolentum increases.
Thereupon an increase decrease of injured trees also occurs, and thereby their removal of production process and the decrease of production and non-production capacity of forest occur (Douda 1986). The spruce is mostly suffering with rot and
2. Еколопчш проблеми лкогосподарськоТ дiяльностi
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damaging and therefore the biggest danger may threaten just in homogenous, extensive and to bad hauling access exposed growths, which have been included just in the region of the Ore Mountains, where the research to this report is realized.
Goal
The goal is to run the scattering analysis on the forest management plant Kraslice in the frame of a research intention "The Renewal of Ecosystem of the Ore Mountains", where the harvester technology - a Timberjack 1070 and an Tim-berjack 810B forwarder are used (see the parameters on the Table 1). The analysis of damage volume on the species in the forest growths where the technology is used, in relation on the age classes in consideration of individual sections of trees damaged by logging and hauling, i.e. by felling, handling the felled tree, shortened stems, by stocking the assortments onto hauling lines of their loading and last but not least influence of own forestry mechanization which is used on the area used at the hauling and logging activities. Even the analysis of damage occurrence of various area sizes is not left out of the consideration.
Table 1. Enginery parameters
Chosen parameters Timberjack 1070 Timberjack 810B
Weight [kg] 13800 1900
Length [mm] 6600 7960
Width [mm] 2780 2520
Height [mm] 3620 3720
Clearance [mm] 575 595
Power [kW] 123 kW/2200 ot./min. 80,5/2400 ot./min.
Front tyre 700 x 22,5 600 x 22,5
Rear tyre 600 x 30,5 600 x 22,5
Speed [km.h-1] 0 -25 0 - 25
Demonstration of a not too big damage rate of the harvester technologies on the species is in fine. Ratio of these technologies on loggings is ever increasing regarding to the tendency of reducing the growth of production costs, respectively o their partial items, especially then those of wages. A long developing trend of the harverstor technologies, as it is shown by independent researches, when competently used, could give upon the decreasing of post-cutting impacts against the forest ecosystems, it means no exposure to the destabilization of growths with spreading of wood-destroying funguses. Hereby the quality of wood which falls down into the inferior classes after have been infected with rot, would eroded minimally.
Methodology
The used methodology presents an experimental acquisition and assessment of the damages on the whole area of forest growths, using a following-up mathema-tic-statistic analysis of all of these negative issues. It is possible to assume that the most rate of damages on the species have been risen just by moving the engines (the harvester and the forwarder) along the hauling lines. Therefore the assessed damages are measured and recorded alongside the whole lengths of the hauling lines and all of other damages on the operating area are recorded at the same time. All injuries on the trees are divided by tree sections (roots, buttress, stem), integrated in area intervals (0-10 cm2, 11-50 cm2, 51-200 cm2, 201-500 cm2 a 501-1000 cm2). A registra-
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tion of other natural, technical and technological conditions and factors for detailed analyses based on the number code elaborated in the cooperation with the MZLU in Brno is an integral part of the realized experimental examination.
Results and discussion
The presented results are possible to be divided into two groups:
• The number of damages on the species (both separated according the specie section and according the area intervals).
• The number of damaged trees (Table 2).
Table 2. Quotients and Numbers of Damages on the Forest Stands
Interval Tree section Numbers of damages Share of damages
Root Buttress Trunk
Age vlase - 3
fcm2l [ks/hal [%l [ks/hal [%l [ks/hal [%l [ks/hal [%l
0-10 0,5 1,9 0,1 0,4 0,5 1,9 1,1 4,2
11-50 2,3 8,8 1,6 6,1 0,9 3,4 4,8 18,3
51-200 4,4 16,8 5,0 19,1 1,1 4,2 10,5 40,1
201-500 1,6 6,1 4,1 15,6 0,3 1,1 6,0 22,9
501-1000 0,3 1,1 3,2 12,2 0,3 1,1 3,8 14,5
Number of damages 9,1 34,7 14,0 53,4 3,0 11,8 26,2 100
Numbers of damages Share of injured trees
[ks/hal [%1
19,3 1.50
Age vlase - 4
[cm2l [ks/hal [%l [ks/hal [%l [ks/hal [%l [ks/hal [%l
0-10 0 0 0,2 0,6 0,3 1,0 0,5 1,6
11-50 2,8 9,0 2,7 8,7 1,0 3,2 6,5 20,8
51-200 5,4 17,3 7,4 23,7 1,0 3,2 13,8 44,2
201-500 1,3 4,2 5,6 17,9 0,6 1,9 7,5 24,0
501-1000 0,1 0,3 2,4 7,7 0,4 1,3 2,9 9,3
Number of damages 9,6 30,8 18,3 58,7 3,3 10,6 31,2 100
Numbers of damages Share of injured trees
[ks/hal [%1
23,7 2,38
Age vlase - 5
[cm2l [ks/hal [%l [ks/hal [%l [ks/hal [%l [ks/hal [%l
0-10 0 0 0,1 0,6 0,2 1,2 0,3 1,8
11-50 0,5 3,1 1,2 7,4 1,5 9,2 3,2 19,9
51-200 1,1 6,7 4,2 25,8 1,8 11,0 7,1 43,6
201-500 0,8 4,9 2,7 16,6 0,5 3,1 4,0 24,5
501-1000 0,1 0,6 1,3 8,0 0,3 1,8 1,7 10,4
Number of damages 2,5 15,3 9,5 58,3 4,3 26,4 16,3 100
Numbers of damages Share of injured trees
[ks/hal [%1
13,0 2,25
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The measuring of rubs has been realized for the age classes 3, 4 and 5 after have put on the above mentioned harvester assembly. Even though, regarding an insufficient number of measurements (44 growths), it was not possible to refute the zero hypothesis to difference of number of damages or injured trees in individual age classes (Table 3), let us look on the individual differences. A harvester technologies using Timberjack 1070 and Timberjack 810B enginery have damaged in odd age classes from 1,50 % to 2,38/ left standing trees in the growths (Figure 1). In a lower age class, 1,50 % of left standing trees have been damaged, it means that 19,3 trees/ha of forest growths are injured. In the age class IV, the share of injured trees is increasing by 0,83 percent points up to 2,38 % (23,7 trees.ha-1) and in the 5th age class, there is 2,25 % injured trees (13,0 pieces. ha-1) from the total amount on the area. The lowest share of injured trees in the 3rd class is given by not too much developed butters which are in the higher class 4th more damaged by a draught mechanism of forest technology when travelling along the hauling lines, and also by moving trees upon the soil surface at the clearance eventually by unsuitable putting of log to the trees or among the trees at the lines and by following damaging of buttresses with a hydraulic jib of a forwarder. In the lowest age class, a damage volume on the trunks is going decreased thanks to deeper branching, and therefore thanks to preventing to contact with a standing tree in the case of a non-guided fall-down. The damage ratio in the 5th age class, compared with that of 4th age class, decreases due to larger spacing of trees and a thicker bark.
The number of total damages is higher than that of own injured trees. The ratio of injured trees to the total number of rubbings makes respectively 75,6 %, 81 % and 85,4 % in accordance to the individual age classes 3, 4 and 5. Hereby a representation of two or more injuries on one tree (Figure 2) is possible to be approved in accordance with the individual classes. The multiplicity of injuries is given by the growth coverage. With an impact on the more injured specie, the risk of its infecting with rot decreases, and that eventuates in secondary commercial losses.
The damages have been recorded in accordance to their distribution on the tree sections:
• Root to the 1m distance from the tree,
• Buttress
• Trunk with no regarding height of the rubbing position.
Table 3. Scattering Analysis of the Damaged Trees and Rubbing of Bark on 1 ha
without Concern to the Forest Age Classe
Source Sum of squares Degrese of freedom Mean square F-ratio p-value
Scattering analysis of the damaged trees
Age class 159,38 2 79,69 0,1685 0,8455
Within groups 19391,3 41 472,96
Total 19550,7 43 - - -
Scattering analysis of the damages
Age class 631,94 2 315,97 0,3635 0,6978
Within groups 35632,0 41 869,22
Total 36269,9 43 - - -
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Figure 1. Ratio of the Damaged Tress
Age class
Figure 2. Ratio of damaged trees with two and more injuries
The tree sections are not possible to be specified with single valued specific units because their metrical span is changing with the age, natural conditions and with the specie type. The damage is always on the tree and its context with the tree section has been assessed specifically to each of injured specie.
The distribution of damages on the tree sections is not possible to be included into the characteristics of quantitative damages. A different risk of infecting and following-up spreading velocity of rot trough the specie is possible to be taken into consideration in accordance with positioning on the root, buttress or tree stem. This is given first of all by wood volume mass, the spreading of fungous infection with varied velocity is to be considered with the volume mass variability.
Source Sum of squares Degrees of freedom Mean square F-ratio p-value
Tree section 4060,42 2 2030,21 11,82 0,00002
Within groups 22162,94 129 171,81
Total 26223,36 131 - - -
Considerable differences among the damage numbers on odd tree sections are evident from the Figure 3. This is approved also by scattering analysis - a hypothesis of mean value equality is overruled with high reliability (Table 4). A detailed assessment of the odd sections has been realized by the Scheffe's method for multiple comparing (Table 5). Differences between the roots and butters and between stems and butters appear as statistically confident (on the confidence level 0,05). On the contrary, the difference between the roots and stems has not been approved.
Figure 3. Ratio of damages on tree parts according to the size of bark rubbing
5
5
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The root butters are most damaged onto 18,9 damages/ ha-1, namely without having regarded the age class, the root system includes 9,0 damages.ha-1. The minimal number of injuries is declared on the stems by value 5,8 piece.ha-1' A minimum damages on stems is given by the minimization of interaction enginery -tree, namely always, if the skidding lines are traced by the width 3,5-4 m and led trough the growth in places with a minimal share of obstacles which are increasing the risk of skewing the machine and damaging of stem by uprights, cabs or other components. Another danger for stem injury is a non-guided way of downfall in a case of lack of operator's experiences or of cutting the overgrown trees, which are not possible to be transferred by a logging head.
Table 5. Multiple Comparing of Damages on Tree Parts
Section Count Mean Homogeneous group
Trunk 5,91 X
Root 44 8,95 X
Buttress 18,89 X
The last analysis is realized among the selection of five intervals specifying the area damage on odd tree sections (0-10 cm2, 11-50 cm2, 51-200 cm2, 201-500 cm2 a 501-1000 cm2). The hypotheses of equality of mean values of the number of damages on partial area intervals (Table 6) have been overruled in frame of sections among the selections. Then the differences between all interval pairs have been assessed with the Scheffee's method for multiple comparing (Table 7) on the significance level 0,05.
Table 6. Scattering Analysis of the Damages According to Size within the Tree Part
Source Sum of squares Degrese of freedom | Mean square F-ratio p-value
Scattering analysis of root damages
Area interval 541,32 4 135,33 13,30 0
Within groups 2187,35 215 10,17
Total 2728,67 219 - - -
Scattering analysis of butter damages
Area interval 1316,64 4 329,15 13,11 0
Within groups 5399,67 215 25,11
Total 6716,31 219 - - -
Scattering analysis of trunk damages
Area interval 136,55 4 34,13 6,22 0,0001
Within groups 1180,52 215 5,49
Total 1317,07 219
The smallest numbers of damages appeared on the root sections in the area injury intervals 501-1000 cm2, 0-10 cm , 201-500 cm2, and 11-50 cm2. The odd intervals in the frame of this group are statistically indistinguishable (they make a so called homogenous group). The interval of area injury 51-200 cm2 of this group differentiates statistically from all of the intervals by a significant way - the damage rate here is higher.
The smallest damage number on the sections of buttress appear at the interval group 0-10 cm2 and 11-50 cm2, the biggest damage number at the interval
201-500 cm2 and 51-200 cm2. The smallest damage number on the stem sections
2 2 2 2 appear at the interval group 201-500 cm , 501-1000 cm , 0-10 cm and 11- 50 cm ,
the biggest damage number at the interval 11-50 cm2 and 51-200 cm2.
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Table 7. Multiple Comparing of Damages of Size Damages
S. Interval Count Mean Homogeneous group
501-1000 cm2 0,19 X
-M 0-10 cm2 0,38 X
o o (4 201-500 cm2 11-50 cm2 44 1,65 2,18 X X
51-200 cm2 4,54 X
0-10 cm2 0,16 X
K (U £ 11-50 cm2 2,42 XX
501-1000 cm2 44 3,50 X
m 201-500 cm2 5,68 XX
51-200 cm2 7,13 X
201-500 cm2 0,53 X
M 501-1000 cm2 0,55 X
Ö 12 0-10 cm2 44 0,80 X
H 11-50 cm2 1,40 XX
51-200 cm2 2,62 X
The damage ratio on the tree sections in the interval in accordance to the rubbing size is elaborated clearly in the Figure 3. The smallest rubs up to 10 cm have the lowest occurrence - by the tree sections. Their number here is 1,4 piece.ha-1. This is given by a quick rolled down injuries as well as by a minimum of probability of condition for the rise of these injuries on the species with thicker bark, where it occurs to its superficial damage only without having infracted the wood fibre, which is not registered as damage. A mean damage number
_1 2
6,0 piece.ha (without having regarded the age class) is at the size 11-50 cm . But
a risk of infecting by rot is growing here up to 12-44 % (Grammel 1988). A big-
2 _1
gest occurrence of damages is in the interval 51-200 cm _ 14,2 damage.ha . The highest significance is approved at the damages of this interval. In addition, from this interval up to the higher ones, the probability of infecting the specie with rot is already 100 %o. The interval 201-500 cm includes 7,9 rubs on ha. The damage in the mentioned interval and in the following interval (501-1000 cm , i.e. 4,3 damage.ha-1) may be caused with an intensive overtravell on a skidding line and with a multiple overtravell over the same buttress or root, which is not protected with slashing cover. The damages of these intervals are not exceptional neither at the exits from the analysed growths or on the truck landing border and growth where the damages are caused most times by a hydraulic jib or by handling with cut-outs.
Conclusion
It exists a lot of series of logging and hauling technologies and their modifications for operational cutting. But none of them is possible to be regarded as such a perfect one that no damages stay in the forest growths when realizing that. By the same way, we can choose neither such ones where the damage volume is the smallest one because they may not be usable under concrete conditions because of disproportional high production costs or a deficient technical company background (vehicle fleet etc.). In spite of that the future perspective for the harvester technologies remains because the lower damages, based on the research, have been approved when this assortment method compared with the trunk methods _ MP, horse, LKT _ 22 % (Ulrich) _ and it is possible to regard these technologies as thrifty ones.
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An analysis of possible technologies with goal-directed optimising its logging and technological parameters or optimising technical parameters of engaged enginery can be of remarkable signification for minimization of damages.
Getting a minimum of damages in the forest growths at the production process does not consist only in selection of the enginery and logging technologies but it is also necessary to follow with responsibility the every times repeated fundamentals related to engaging the TDS in the production process, i.e.:
• Consistent section of the growths;
• Marking the trees for cutting;
• Following of production techniques.
The economical production has been often trumping the ecological point of view. But some few appreciate that both direct labour costs on decontamination and first of all losses for the future because a danger of contamination of the trees with fungous infections rises with escalating of damages, and therefore rises damaging and depreciation of wood material and decreasing of growth.
References
1. Cerny, A. (1976): Fytopatologie [Phytopathology], SZN Praha.
2. Douda, V. (1986): Nepriznivy vliv techniky na lesy v ruznych etapach vyvoje (Unsuitable Impact of Forest Technology on Forest Stands in Different Development Stages]. VSZ Praha.
3. Fanta, J. (1958): Vyznam a ekonomicke zhodnoceni skod pnblizovanim na stojicich stromech. Praha [Importance and Economic Assessment of Injuries Caused by Hauling Activities on Standing Trees], Sbornik Ceskoslovenske akademie zemedelskych ved, c. 12/1958, S. 1053 -1063.
4. Grammel, R. (1988): Holzernte und Holztransport [Harvesting and timber transport, Tezba a transport dreva], Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat.
5. Horek, P. (1991): Nasledky poskozeni probirkovych porostu tezebni a dopravni techni-kou [Consequences at Damaged Forest Stands after Pre-commercial Thinning Made by the Logging and Hauling Systems], Lesnicka prace 11/91, Praha.
6. Ulrlch, R. (2001): Kontrolni metody po probirkach provedenych harvesterovou techno-logii, ktere jsou vhodne pro lesnickou praxi. Vyjadreni skod na pude a porostu [Contro1 Methods after Pre-commercial Thinning Made by the Logging and Hauling Systems], MZLU Brno.
Tetsuhiko YOSHIMURA1; Oleg STYRANIVSKY2; Igor POTOCNIK3;
Nestor BYBLJUK4; Yurij STYRANIVSKY5
MOUNTAIN TOURISM PLANNING WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL PEOPLE IN THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS
The Ukrainian Carpathians located in southwestern Ukraine attract many tourists not only from inside Ukraine but from abroad by providing them with an opportunity of skiing and other outdoor activities. A canvass survey was conducted in Rozhanka village on the
1 Dr, Assistant Professor - Kyoto University. Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, Phone: +81 75 753 3131, Fax: +81 75 753 3133, E-mail: yoshimu@bre.soc.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp
2 Dr, Associate Professor - USUFWT. General Tchuprynka str. 103, 79057 Lviv Ukraine, Phone: +380 322 39 06 69, Fax: +380 322 37 89 05, E-mail: styran@forest.lviv.ua
3 Dr, Associate Professor - University of Ljubljana. Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 SI Ljubljana, Slovenia, Phone: + 386 1 423 11 61, Fax: + 386 1 257 11 69, E-mail: igor.potocnik@Uni-Lj.si
4 Dr, Professor - USUFWT. General Tchuprynka str. 103, 79057 Lviv Ukraine, Phone: +380 322 39 06 69, Fax: +380 322 37 89 05
5 Undergraduate Student - USUFWT. General Tchuprynka str. 103, 79057 Lviv Ukraine, Phone: +380 322 39 06 69, Fax: +380 322 37 89 05
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