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Crime fiction provocations in contemporary legal culture
соединения низшего я личности и Высшего Я человеческой сущности. Долговременным следствием просветления является расширение сознания и усиление способности понимания.
Этот путь доступен современному городскому жителю, чтобы следовать ему, не нужно уединяться и уходить от жизни. Основа пути — концентрированное мышление в условиях профессиональной, творческой жизни в привычной среде. Это большое преимущество данного пути, так как практика может быть постоянной.
Озарение можно рассматривать также и с точки зрения самопознания: Высшее Я познает низшее, низшее сознание познает Высшее, в результате постепенно возникает целостное сознание.
Практика Озарения и Просветления — часть прямого пути к высшим состояниям сознания, распространение этой практики в западном мире расширит возможности сознания, что явится основой выработки нового мышления и сознания, необходимого для выживания и развития цивилизации третьего тысячелетия.
Список литературы:
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3. Вишну-Пурана, кн. 1. - СПб.: Издательство ОВК, - 1995. - 256 с.
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8. Упанишады. В 3-х книгах. Книга 2. Пер. с санскрита, предисловие и комментари А. Я. Сыркина. - М.: Наука, - 1991. - 336 с.
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Krapivnyk Ganna Alexandrovna, Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, post-doctorate student, Department of Philosophy E-mail: a_krapivnik@mail.ru
Crime fiction provocations in contemporary legal culture
Abstract: The crime fiction text nearly always includes the element ofprovocation, which challenges the stability of norms, appeals to the recipient’s reaction, encouraging the order restoration. This phenomenon, either external or internal is oriented on both the hero, and the text addressee. It is the provocation that shows existential nature of the crime fiction genre, and it assists in more comprehensive and deeper self-cognition.
Keywords: crime fiction, provocation, legal culture, mass culture, criminal, norm, order.
Introduction. The crime fiction genre is one of the most significant and popular genres of the contemporary mass culture. It describes actually existing facts of this culture, reflects on them, raises burning issues and studies their nature and causes, as well as suggests their possible solutions. It is to be noted that the detective fiction has its specific features. On the one hand, it provokes its hero and the text recipient to take prohibited actions, while on the other hand, this fiction genre itself is intended to strengthen the position of the social, cultural and legal system, as well as justify it, since any public system imposes restrictions on the individual. It
means that its functioning is, to an extent, violence on the person’s freedom. The issues, related to the personal responsibility, compliance with the established culture-specific norms, are becoming the subject of consideration and reasoning of the crime fiction addressors and addressees.
With the development of the post-industrial information society, with the processes of globalization and glocalization, the number of problems of moral norms, cultural values and legal rules is not decreasing but, on the contrary, it increases, they are becoming real challenges, requiring feedback and reflection, including those
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provided in fiction. The crime fiction genre perfectly suits the purpose of the above reflection as it implies reasoning as to the concepts of the norm and pathology, crime, as a challenge to laws and rules, and punishment. It also discusses the issue of restoring moral and legal justice for an individual and the whole society.
The aim of this research is to study crime fiction provocations in the legal culture from the philosophical and anthropological perspective.
The issues, related to the legal culture and personal freedom in the society, are interdisciplinary. A number of researchers in the humanities, including philology, literary science and philosophy raise and discuss the concept of provocation in the legal culture, training selfcontrol, self-observation and responsibility in a modern person in their fiction and non-fiction texts. Those, specializing in the contemporary science fields, engaged in the studies of norm and deviation (e. g. psychology, psychiatry and sociology), criminal investigation and law enforcement (e. g., criminology, victimology) also address detective stories to illustrate these problems. Moreover, at times it is these texts that provide useful clues and tips for the routine professional activities. The researchers who study the issue ofprovocation include, in particular, Т. Adorno, E. Anuschat, R. Barthes, V. Bachinin, U. Eco, V. Erofeev, A. Giddens, А. Gorelov, R. Holton, М. Hork-heimer, R. Murton, G. Pocheptsov, P. Sloterdijk, C. Wulf,
S. Zizek, G. Zorin etc.
Results. For the comprehensive consideration of the phenomenon of provocation in the crime fiction genre and contemporary legal culture, it is, first of all, necessary to provide its definition and demonstrate its interdisciplinary nature. Thus, provocation is understood as some act, or series of acts, done [or words spoken]... which would cause in any reasonable person, and actually causes in the accused, a sudden and temporary loss of self-control, rendering the accused so subject to passion as to make him or her for the moment not master of his mind [1]. Therefore, we may state that the hero in a crime fiction text is provoked by his or her victim or society so as to lose selfcontrol, on condition that the person had it prior to the provocation, and commit the crime. It is evident that provocative activity is closely related to manipulation and aggression (see also [2]). The modern philology considers the concept of speech provocation, defined as determined, motivated and mainly controlled communicative behaviour, aimed at (1) receiving information, which an interlocutor will not say voluntarily, or (2) destabilizing his or her emotional state [3]. In psychology
provocation is given the status of a research method. It is expected that it may promote and raise the level of objectivity of findings [4, 11]. Therewith, provocation, broadly, is understood as «an action oriented on receiving a foreseeable reaction»., and as the research method it is defined as the total of the ways and techniques, whose deliberate application causes changes of behavioural reactions in the object under consideration [4, 12]. The above processes also occur in the mind of the crime fiction recipient or recipients, when they are either tempted by the author’s provocation and overstep the bounds of norms, actually or virtually, or they are not tempted enough by the idea of impunity, discovery of the normally hidden forbidden knowledge, shadowy side of existence, keep self-control and consciously criticize the criminal’s actions in the text, thus, confirming the educational, enlightening function of crime fiction. The above provocation-related focus on the person, specifics of his or her mind, availability/un-availability of the system of cultural values, on the laws of his or her behaviour and psychological state show existential nature of the crime fiction genre.
In modern culture texts are also marked with diversity and, following David Hesmondhalgh, we understand a text as the optimal name for a cultural product of any type: programmes, films, records, comics, photos, magazines, newspapers etc., generated by cultural industries [5, 15]. In this broad meaning a text still performs the function of a medium of the legal culture not only in the form of books and films, but also comics, computer games and other mass forms. Thus, a person perceiving this message, being a part of the consumption society, is regularly assured that evil forces are defeated (at least in the imaginary fiction world), and the good ones and justice rule, when, ideally, the criminal is caught, his or her guilt is proven, and he or she is punished for trespassing the law. Since the detective text is based on a clear formula, its standard elements include well-outlined stereotypic images (related to archetypes), symbolizing Good and Evil.
Crime fiction texts conveyed via films or television are expressed not with the language of understanding, but with the language of affection, faith and love [6, 36]. At the same time television (more than cinema), despite all restrictions, due to its extreme mass nature [6, 39], finds highly effective techniques to affect human consciousness in the simplest routine images. These images seem absolutely trite, they do not involve any vivid background «picture» and seem to belong to our everyday life [6]. Most detective fiction stories
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base on these trite facts and images, forming and guiding the recipient’s perception. Unfortunately, it should be noted that besides the positive influence, the crime fiction genre also has adverse impact. In particular, this refers to children audience devouring various criminal stories. М. I. Zhabsky states that the globalized material often conveys socially unauthorized values, behavioural and life perception patterns. In other words, the addressee immerses into an alien cultural reality, identifies him or herself with it and its heroes, absorbs its values etc. [7]. These imposed character types and forms of public existence do not necessarily meet moral requirements of the modern national culture, the text addressee belongs to, thus creating a genuine challenge for the recipient society to save and keep its national and cultural identity.
Any society operates owing to the system of legal rules. Similarly to any other, the legal system establishes a range of rights and duties for its subjects in the specific society (culture, place, and time). These rights and duties govern person’s behaviour and relations with others. Therewith, it is important that the culture itself is somehow based on the structures of «collective unconscious» (the term introduced by К. G. Jung). If in high culture their meanings are individualised, personally experienced by the author, and then by the recipient, in the mass culture their function is completely opposite: they promote pre-programmed reactions [8, 56]. It can be suggested that it is this foreseeable reaction is also expected from different crime fiction text addressees. In addition, this genre may be used as the material for studying its function of an agent and a translator of the legal culture, since, as S. Eisenstein noted, the detective fiction is the strongest medicine, the most refine, accurate structure among the other literatures. This is the genre, where the means of influence are absolutely naked [9, 107].
Provocation of the audience, challenge for the Modern European philosophy may be observed even at the early stages of the crime fiction genre evolution. For instance, in short story “My friend the Murderer" by A. Conan Doyle (1882), one can find significant diversion from the classical detective formula. The emphasis is made not on the detective, but on the “confession” made by the criminal, on the revelation of his philosophy, his world outlook, and also the public and author’s perception of him. This story raises a burning issue of the ambiguity of the criteria for defining the concept of justice and its understanding as one of the basic values in human society. Apparently, the state needs to enforce
the law, trace down criminals and punish them. In the depicted case, the main character was actually caught with the whole gang by the police. Then he was interrogated and testified against his accomplices. On the one hand, Wolf Tone Maloney (“forger, convict, ranger, murderer, and government peach” [10]) assisted the investigation in punishing the other criminals, whereas on the other, he committed a moral crime, a betrayal. As a result, he was not fairly punished by the state, but was subject to amnesty. The (anti)-hero himself was confident in his rightness, provided clear evidence, justification of his deeds, thus provoking the reader to feel sympathy or at least understanding of this person. Later, people from the public sought to use lynch law and be Maloney’s vigilantes thus restoring the lost, to their mind, balance of justice. At the same time, the legal norm was for the «betrayer», he considered himself to be the person, who had done a great favour to the society and state. After a long period of time, he was even thought to be a decent person and an active member of the society, when he settled in a new place, new social surrounding and opened his gambling saloon.
Thus, it is possible to single out and actualize the existence of public double standards, drawbacks of the legal system, its non-conformity with unwritten, moral laws and norms. Over the past decades researchers even began to develop the basics of the dissident law as the right of those who actively challenge an established doctrine, policy, or institution to create new laws and new moral principles. Precedents of the conception of the dissident law are in the New Testament, in the humanistic movements of the Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment. In the Russian philosophical thought this idea appears in N. V. Gogol’s defence of the personal right to search for the individual path to God.
Discussion. The crime fiction text nearly always includes the element of provocation. This phenomenon, either external (coming from the public or the victim) or internal (psychological and moral) is oriented on both the hero, and the text addressee. Conscious choice of both subjects reveals personal features of these individuals, their will and their system of values. It is the provocation that shows existential nature of the crime fiction genre, and it assists in more comprehensive and deeper self-cognition. Provocation challenges the stability of norms, appeals to the recipient’s reaction, encouraging the order restoration. In crime fiction the provoked chaos is usually replaced by the relative order, which demonstrates positive effect of this genre on its addressees.
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Mazur Olha Aleksandrovna, Institute of management and educational economy, Dragomanov National Pedagogical University, senior teacher
Е-mail: alfabett.olga@gmail.com
Determinations of cosmopolitanism: main directions
Abstract: modern definitions of the concept “Cosmopolitanism” are analyzed in the article, main directions, levels and spheres of realization of a studied phenomenon are allocated, characteristic features are formulated. Cosmopolitanism is presented as a worldview, ideology and the principle.
Keywords: Cosmopolitanism, cosmopolite, human, citizenship, state.
Мазур Ольга Александровна, Институт управления и экономики образования, Национальный педагогический университет им. М. П. Драгоманова, старший преподаватель Е-mail: alfabett.olga@gmail.com
Определение космополитизма: основные направления
Аннотация: в статье анализируются современные определения понятия «космополитизм», выделены основные напрaвления, уровни и сферы реализации исследуемого феномена, сформулированы его характерные черты. Космополитизм представлен как мировоззрение, идеология и принцип.
Ключевые слова: Космополитизм, космополит, человек, гражданство, государство.
Понимание и отношение к космополтизиму раз- во взаимосвязи с уровнем либерализации, актуаль-вивалось и менялось согласно историческим услови- ным политическим режимом, проблемами и т. д. Вме-
ям, в зависимости от личных предпочтений авторов, сте с развитием общества развивалось и понимание
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