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8CREATION OF MICROREACTORS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL
ABILKASOVA SANDUGASH ORYNBAYEVNA
k.t.n, Almaty Technological University, Kazakhstan
BUGUBAEVA GULNAR OSPANAKUNOVNA
k.h.n., Almaty Technological University, Kazakhstan
ZHALEL DIDAR SAKENULY
1st year undergraduate student, Almaty Technological University, Kazakhstan
Annotation: In the modern context of the pharmaceutical industry and medical science, the constant search for new and effective methods of drug synthesis is an integral part of rapid development. One of the promising directions in this field is the development of microreactor synthesis based on chloramphenicol, a widely used antibiotic in medical practice.
Keywords: microreactor synthesis, chloramphenicol, antibiotic, process optimization, efficiency, economic benefit.
The relevance of the topic:
The development of microreactor synthesis based on chloramphenicol is relevant because of the potential to increase efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and improve safety. Technological progress and medical needs emphasize the importance of research in this area.
Microreactors: application and structure
Microreactors are miniature devices designed to perform chemical reactions on a microscopic scale. These devices provide more efficient, accurate and controlled chemical processes[1].
They are used in chemistry, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals to improve the efficiency, accuracy and control of synthesis processes, which leads to minimization of waste and more efficient use of reagents. Microreactors are also used in catalysis research, energy and other fields.
Automated microreactor systems include microreactors, micro-mixers, heat exchangers with thermostats and chillers, pumps, flow and pressure regulators, online analytics and a centralized control operating system[2].
Schematic representation of the microreactor
Figure 1.
Basic principles of microreactor synthesis based on chloramphenicol:
1. Small volumes of the reaction medium: the use of microreactors involves working with small volumes of reaction mixtures. This reduces the reaction time, provides better heat transfer and increases the safety of the process.
2. Improved heat transfer: microreactors allow more efficient control of heat release during the reaction due to the increased contact surface of the reagents. This is especially important in reactions involving the release or absorption of heat.
3. Precise parameter control: microreactors provide more precise control of temperature, pressure and other reaction parameters. This makes it possible to achieve optimal conditions for the synthesis of chloramphenicol and avoid adverse reactions.
4. Fast reaction rates: Due to the increased reaction surface and more intensive mixing, microreactors often provide higher reaction rates, which can shorten the synthesis process time[1].
The choice of chloramphenicol for microreactor synthesis:
The selection of a suitable chloramphenicol for microreactor synthesis is a key step in ensuring the success of the process. It is important to take into account not only the chemical properties of the compound, but also its stability, safety, solubility, as well as compatibility with equipment and economic factors. A thorough analysis of these aspects will help ensure the effectiveness, safety and reliability of the microreactor synthesis of chloramphenicol. At the same time, it is important to focus on the documented characteristics and requirements of a particular process, which contributes to achieving optimal results in pharmaceutical production[3].
Chemical properties of chloramphenicol:
The structure of chloramphenicol:
Chloramphenicol, also known as levomycetin, is an antimicrobial drug with a wide spectrum of action. This bacteriostatic antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis in bacterial cells, which makes it an effective tool for fighting various bacterial infections. The stability, solubility and mechanism of action of chloramphenicol make it an important tool in the fight against bacterial infections, despite its limited use due to potential risks.
Chloramphenicol, whose chemical formula is C11H12Cl2N2O5, is an antimicrobial drug with interesting chemical properties:
- physical form: chloramphenicol can be presented in the form of colorless or slightly yellowish crystals, powder or crystalline mass.
- Melting point: about 149-153 °C.
- solubility: chloramphenicol is highly soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone. Solubility in water is limited.
- molecular weight: approximately 323.13 g/mol.
- the mechanism of action: this antibiotic inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins by blocking the activity of the enzyme peptidyltransferase.
- Stability: Chloramphenicol is sensitive to heat and light, and its stability may be affected under certain storage conditions.
OH
CI
о
2,2HjicMoro-jV-((li2,2A)-l,3-dihydroxy-l-(4-mtrophenyl)propan-2-yl)acetamide Chemical Formula: C , ■ H, ,C '] .N;0., Exact Mass: 322,01 Molecular Weight: 323,13 mfe 322.01 (100.0%), 324.01 (64.0%), 323.02 (12.2%), 326.01 (10.9%), 325.01 (8.2%), 324.02 (1.7%),
327.01 (1.3%)
Elemental Analysis: C, 40.89; H, 3.74; CI, 21.94; N, 8.67; O, 24.76
- Pharmaceutical application: Chloramphenicol is widely used in medical practice to treat various bacterial infections.
Knowledge of these chemical properties allows for a more complete understanding of the characteristics and use of chloramphenicol in medical and pharmaceutical applications[4].
The method of obtaining chloramphenicol derivatives in a microreactor
1. Preparation of reagents: clean and measure the necessary reagents.
2. Setting up the microreactor: set the microreactor and parameters (temperature, pressure).
3. Reagent loading: Place the reagents into the feed system and adjust the dosing.
4. Optimization of conditions: adjust the optimal temperature, pressure and flow rate.
5. Conducting the reaction: start the process, monitor in real time.
6. Product collection and cleaning: assemble the product, perform the initial cleaning.
7. Product analysis: analyze the product for structure and purity.
8. Optimization and repetition: if necessary, optimize the parameters and repeat the process.
The reaction of formation of iron (III) hydroxamate.
Reduction of the substance to a hydroxylamine derivative (heating with zinc powder in the presence of calcium chloride) followed by acylation with benzoyl chloride and salt formation with a solution of iron (III) chloride in the presence of chloroform.
The water layer should be colored from light purple-red to purple.
CI
Conclusion:
The development of microreactor synthesis based on chloramphenicol is a promising direction in the field of pharmaceutical research. This technological innovation promises to improve production efficiency by providing more precise control over reaction conditions and minimizing reagent losses. Microreactors can reduce the environmental impact by using smaller volumes of reaction mixtures.
LIST OF LITERATURE:
1. "Microreactors: technologies and applications" - authors A.S. Voronov, M.V. Galushko, A.M. Martynov.
2. "Microreactors and their application in the chemical industry" - authors V.V. Sorokin, A.V. Rubets.
3. Basu B., Mukhopadhyay S. (2020). Microreactor Technology for the Synthesis of Chloramphenicol and Its Analogs. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 95(3), 786796.
4. REBSTOCK, M. C., CROOKS, H. M., CONTROLS, J., AND BARATZ, Q. R. 1949 19611 47 Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin). IV. Chemical studies. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71, 2458-2462.
5. Sharma A., Yadav G. (2020). Microreactor Technology for the Synthesis of Chloramphenicol: A Review. Synthetic Communications, 50(19), 2916-2929.
