CC BY
13
DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-1-39-47
Control and evaluation of competitive activity indices among female tennis players as the main condition for their sports training effectiveness increase
Albina R. MingalimovaIlsiyar Sh. MutaevaIgor E. Konovalov1
1 Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism
Kazan, Russia
ORCID: 0000-0003-4479-2794 [email protected]* ORCID: 0000-0003-2953-1975, [email protected]
2 Yelabuga Institute (branch) Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
Yelabuga, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-9387-7033, [email protected]
Abstract: The article considers the peculiarities of evaluation and control over the indices, which characterize competitive activity of female tennis players. We revealed the main objectives of an effective competitive activity owing to the tactics of the strike creation, means of training and the process of the game modeling. The main component of a successful training among female tennis players is their playing tactics estimation depending on advantageous tactical actions fulfillment in the system of striking the ball. We estimated the ball strikes distribution according to the kind and result of fulfillment. The main index of tennis players' striking actions evaluation became general amount of the ball strikes during the game, general amount of serves (received, won), wrong actions and general amount of the techniques (right side techniques and left side techniques). The ball strikes after the rebound were calculated separately. The shots on the volley, forehand, right (left) shots from the line were mentioned as the separate indices of a tennis player's technical-tactical actions. We defined the coefficient of effective and active actions of a tennis player within the game. During practical research works such estimation can be one of the variants of competitive activity control. The methodology of quantity and quality of a tennis player's technical-tactical actions appraisal by points helps to estimate different difficult competitive and simple game situations. Research methods and materials. Scientific sources analysis. We organized a pedagogical observation over the game of 15 year-old female tennis player by means of video analysis and registering the amount of the striking actions on the basis of the video. We calculated the coefficient of effective and active actions of a tennis player within a game. Results. Female tennis player's technical-tactical actions analysis showed the dependence of her performances effectiveness during the competitions on a great volume of technical-tactical striking actions. We defined the key striking indices of competitive activity. The indices of female tennis player's activity and playing effectiveness can change and depend on the stages of training. Their ratio in one season can change, but it is necessary to try to increase the effectiveness of each used technical action. Conclusion. The success of the players' competitive activity depends on the effectiveness of their striking actions. The main effectiveness criteria of the striking actions are the following indices: physical, technical and tactical readiness indices. The results of estimation and control over technical-tactical actions of tennis players help to create the mechanisms for studying the activity and effectiveness of their competitive activity. It is important to define strong and weak sides of a player's sports training level for further correction of the means and methods of the training effects.
Keywords: tennis players, control and evaluation of competitive activity, coefficient of effective and active actions of a tennis player within the game.
For citation: Albina R. Mingalimova*, Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva, Igor E. Konovalov. Control and evaluation of competitive activity indices among female tennis players as the main condition for their sports training effectiveness increase. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(1): 32-38. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-1-39-47.
Introduction
The main components of professional mastery of competitive activity among tennis players include the algorithm of control over the process of sports training, which includes the
strategy of the training effects and taking part in the competitions organization. The main components of the strategy of sports training process control among tennis players are the following: the conditions of competitions study; the training
lessons organization in different conditions of training and in terms of conditions, which are close to competitive ones; studying the tactics of the opponents and the level of their readiness; the main opponents revelation and the aims setting for each match; own abilities distribution during the match; the training regimen control including means and methods systematization.
All these components of the management strategy are formed form stage to stage of sports training among young tennis players.
V.E. Akhmerov, V.I. Batishchev and others in terms of competitive activity optimization and effectiveness among young tennis players in the situations of different critical level consider it reasonable to model the competition and its elements and realize mathematical modeling of the training process itself [1, p. 19-25; 4].
In the research works of other authors the process of teaching technical-tactical actions among tennis players using special exercises is presented. The stress in their works is on other indices. The specialists don't have the aim of training champions, but they give the athletes correct direction of the specificity and peculiarities of competitive activity understanding [3,4].
In the opinion of the specialists the inclusion into the training program of young tennis players studying the games of highly-qualified athletes helps to take into account and define advantages and disadvantages of the opponents, the peculiarities of matches organization and competitions judging. If there is a collective analysis of the players' motor actions in the structure of attack and defense during the games watching, it helps to specify the basic techniques of the leading athletes. In this connection the contour of a new strategy of sports training in kinds of sport demands constant control as the condition for sports training effectiveness increase [2,3,5,6].
It is known that for the game registration it is necessary to have additional equipment, video, stenographing, special protocols writing. Gathering the results of technical-tactical actions statistics among the athletes helps to solve the problems of their effective realization estimation and control
[6,7].
The technology of control and the players' individual tactical actions estimation includes testing exercise use. The main for control indices revelation, which characterize competitive activity, helps to estimate the amount and effectiveness of motor actions, which is the base for the training effects on athletes' organisms control and correction [7,8,9,10]. All mentioned above conditions the aim of the work: the indices of control revelation and evaluation criteria of female tennis players' competitive activity creation.
Materials and methods
We analyzed scientific-methodical sources concerning studying the main tendencies of tennis players' competitive activity control and estimation. We studied the factors, which influence the effectiveness of sports training in tennis. The research work was held on the basis of municipal budgetary establishment of further education of Yelabuga municipal region of the Republic of Tatarstan sports school "Olympus" in Yelabuga (Russia). We organized the control and estimation of technical-tactical actions of a tennis player in the system of the striking actions within one match.
We analyzed and estimated the playing activity of a tennis player. We estimated general amount of a tennis player's striking actions and also the received, won and lost serves within a match. The research work was held by the example of the results of the championship of Russia among boys and girls till 17 year-old, which was held in Moscow National tennis court grounds since May, 22 till May,30 2021 and an anniversary 80th tennis championship of Russia (Kazan Tennis Academy court). We analyzed the playing activity of Polina Kudermetova. We also analyzed the results of Tennis Europe Kazan Cup 2021 for children till 15 year-old, which was held since October, 25 till October, 31, 2021. The results of the game of Polina Kudermetova are presented in online broadcast. Games, sets and matches results analysis showed that the match ended in 2:0 (6:2, 7:6). Most of all a female athlete has own serve won.
In the striking actions the female athlete has a perfect position selection and manoeuvring in a game. We analyzed different variants of technical-tactical actions distribution during the game, which
characterize the effectiveness of tennis players' competitive activity. Highly-qualified athletes' competitive activity analysis helps to create the model of tennis players' successful competitive activity, which provides the way of their effective sports training.
Results and discussion
It is known that the effectiveness of athletes' competitive activity in all kinds of sport is characterized by their results. Constant increase of competitive activity effectiveness demonstrates correct and effective training process. However, sometimes the results of competitions can't show advantages and disadvantages of the athletes' readiness, though the effectiveness of the performances is mainly influenced by the level of an athlete's readiness.
The effectiveness of the game of any athlete is the model of his activity. In order to estimate all points of training it is necessary to get additional information concerning not only during the game, but also before and after it.
Thorough analysis of different sides of competitive activity among female tennis players helps to create the mechanisms of control and the instruments of estimation of all parts of their competitive activity. Qualitative control and an objective evaluation of female tennis players' training level would help to increase the effectiveness of their training process, correcting and optimizing all its components.
The absence of quantitative and qualitative parameters of playing activity among female tennis players and their ratio depending on the level of a player's readiness and an active opponent's opposition decrease the quality of the training process.
Special attention paid to competitive activity control and estimation is connected with the range of factors. These factors include the following: the means and methods of training selection, quantitative estimation of the game, the ratio of technical-tactical actions during the game, the success of these or that technical-tactical actions realization. There are the moments when we can't estimate the contribution of a female tennis
player into the result, which prevents an objective estimation of her competitive activity. For example, psycho-emotional status of a female tennis player or the level of organism motor and functional systems inclusion. That is why different key indices revelation, which define the quality of competitive activity of female tennis players, in terms of knowing model characteristics, is the condition for the main aspects of success or failure revelation in each definite match.
For a full-rate control over competitive activity of female tennis players it is necessary to set and solve the following problems:
- to define general strategy of training taking into account the stage of training;
- to define the tactics of the strikes fulfillment;
- to master responsive strikes as the reaction to the strikes of an opponent;
- to give a quantitative estimation of the
actions;
- to organize the training conditions and competitions modeling in a form of improvisation;
- to create the means of special training;
- to create tactical plan of the game;
- to analyze the game.
Competitive activity control is offered to organize according to the following directions:
- receiving the results, which characterize competitive activity of tennis players;
- model characteristics of playing activity creation for each age group in order to choose the main parameters of trainings;
- studying the most important indices, which reflect the main components of control over sports training effectiveness among tennis players in dynamics.
Female tennis players' competitive activity estimation is a difficult process, where some indices are not always informative or don't always have stable statistical validity, for example, because many game episodes happen in the integration of physical powers and psycho-emotional state of the players, which can completely change depending on readiness of an opponent. The difficulty of the estimation is also caused by the necessity to take into account many game indices, which are important for
the effectiveness of female tennis players' activity.
During the competitive activity control and estimation we can consider two types of indices: the 1st type - technical-tactical actions; the 2nd typemotor movements of a female tennis player along the court. Technical-tactical actions of an athlete are characterized by the level of this or that technical action fulfillment in terms of the tactical plan for the game. Motor actions of a female tennis player on the court are characterized both by the level of general and special physical readiness.
An important component of tennis players' competitive activity control and estimation is the index of effectiveness, volume and the diversity of technical-tactical actions within a game. It is important to mention that the volume should reflect general amount of a tennis player's actions during the game. The effectiveness of actions (EA) should be defined by means of the ratio of the effective actions and general amount of technical-tactical actions (GATTA). Versatility we defined by means of different variants of technical actions (DVTA) revelation. The presented indices can be accepted as the main ones. We can also add density ofthe athletes' technical-tactical actions (DTTA) study. It is also necessary to include the control over the amount of effective actions (AEA) of a tennis player. An important index for the effectiveness of competitive activity determination is the effectiveness coefficient of a player's actions.
At the initial stage of competitive activity control and estimation we offered to organize a female tennis player's technical-tactical actions control, which forms the base for her performances effectiveness during the competitions. For this purpose we realized video analysis of the official game and on its basis filled specially created protocols.
Created by us protocol of observation includes the units of registration, quantity and effectiveness of DVTA estimation and also the following indices:
- general amount of the strikes within a
game;
- general amount of serves;
- serves (received, won, within the game);
- mistakes;
- general amount of the techniques during the game;
- right side techniques;
- left side techniques;
- strikes after the rebound;
- total number of right side strikes;
- right shots along the line;
- total number of left side strikes;
- cross on the left;
- left shots along the line;
- shot on the volley;
- smash;
- candle.
The disadvantage of this control method is in a long-term and hard work. In order to avoid mistakes during game video analysis, it is necessary to organize voice record with the help of dictating machine, uttering all actions of a female tennis player. For comfort and objectivity it is desirable to involve several researchers into the process of TTA control during the game.
In this direction of the research it is possible to use an automized program for a player's motor actions on the court control. It is an innovative method, which helps to realize both quantitative and qualitative analysis of female tennis player's TTA. But this approach is not widely spread in practice yet. The way out is to use pedagogical observation, dictating machine and a video of a game.
Control and protocols filling help to gather statistics concerning competitive activity effectiveness of a female tennis player and organize quantitative analysis of the indices.
Female tennis players' playing activity and competitive activity effectiveness depend on the age and qualification. A long-term pedagogical observation over the official games of female tennis players of different qualification showed that competitive activity effectiveness depends, first of all, on the amount of the fulfilled technical actions and on the effectiveness of the main technical-tactical actions fulfillment.
Activity and game effectiveness indices of a female tennis player can change and depend on the stages of training. Their ration in one season can change, but it is necessary to improve the effectiveness of each used technical action.
In this research work we analyzed and estimated the game of a female tennis player. We started the analysis from general amount of strikes during the match determination, the duration of which was 124 minutes. It helped to analyze qualitative content of the fulfilled strikes.
Table - Female tennis player's striking actions distribution during the game
The table presents different variants of a female tennis player's technical-tactical actions distribution during the game. TTA characterize the effectiveness of her competitive activity. In our example we chose the striking technique.
Indices Total during the game Received Won Lost
1. Total amount of strikes during the game 773 403 423 350
2. Total amount of serves 156 106 0 50
3. Serves 112 66 0 46
4. Amoun t of techniques 501 0 350 151
5. eft sid e strikes 57 43 0 14
6. wehands 40 34 2 4
7. Shol Ks on the vollev 5 0 5 0
8. Stri kes after the rebound 312 240 35 37
9. Cross on the eft 99 1 12
in.Accn racy of the strike 123 88 12 13
11.Cand e 1 0 1 0
Q. Smas h 1 0 0 0
10. Mistakes 11 0 0 11
11. Position selection and manoeuvring in a game 13 13 5 8
Different strikes revelation during the match among the female tennis players helps to define tactical orientation of the actions, as the direction of the strike choice depends on the made decision. The strikes can be both strong and soft and lead to playing out a point. During the strikes and their variants fulfillment it is important to teach female tennis players the definite techniques of ball rotation and trajectory.
In general 773 strikes were fulfilled during the game, 403 of them were received. The female tennis player's competitive activity analysis showed insignificant mistakes during the game, in general 11 mistakes. At the same time, she had more effective forehands, than left side strikes. Together with the quality of the strike we can define rhythmic structure of the strikes, which shows the effectiveness of competitive activity.
In order to calculate effectiveness coefficient we used generally adopted formula, where correct technical-tactical actions of female athletes are divided by general amount of technical-tactical actions within the game and are multiplied by 100%.
The formula, used for the game effectiveness coefficient determination, was the following:
CTAE - ^^-x 100% ,
hatta , where
CTAE - coefficient of a female tennis player's actions effectiveness;
CTTAT - correct technical-tactical actions of a female tennis player;
GATTAT - general amount of technical-tactical actions of a female tennis player.
CTAE in terms of the striking indices was the following: received - 28,89%; won - 67,23%; lost - 23,45%.
The technology of a female tennis player's activity estimation was the same. GATTAT was divided by the time of the game. The formula for this index was the following: CAA
, где
CAA- coefficient of active actions;
GATTA - general amount of technical-tactical actions of a female tennis player;
T - time of playing.
CAA in terms of the striking indices was the following: received - 10,22%, won - 11,27%, lost -7,71%.
This technology is very often used by other specialists. During the practical research works such evaluation technology can be one of the variants of competitive activity control. During the indices calculation it can be used separately for each index of tennis players' competitive activity. At the same time, point system methodology of TTA amount and quality estimation among female tennis players helps to estimate different difficult competitive and
game situations in a game.
For this purpose it is important to write the evaluation scale in points, taking into account the demonstrated playing actions, such as simple, complicated, difficult ones. It is possible to give additional points for the received, won and lost balls.
The received during the match indices handling is realized taking into account the time given to the serve, intensity and duration of the game. At the same time, we estimate playing out points with the duration less than 10 seconds. Within 10 seconds the athletes fulfill till 8 striking actions.
The important components of competitive activity are the following technical actions: techniques and speed of a serve; left side strikes; forehands, shots on the volley; reaction to the ball; accuracy of the strike and the striking actions; candle; bent shot [6, p. 366-371].
One of the informative indices of competitive activity is the index of the precise motor actions quantity. The higher this index is, the higher the effectiveness of the game is. Short and asymmetric final strikes after the rebound help to increase the effectiveness of the game.
The index of technical-tactical actions control and estimation can be used for an integral estimation of the female tennis players' readiness. At the same time, for general mark it is important to define the value of each definite technical-tactical technique. In general technical-tactical mastery can be defined according to the sum of the studied indices as a special level of TTA demonstration and a universal model level of technical-tactical actions demonstration, which is also characterized by the effectiveness and activity of a female tennis player at the competitions.
During the integral estimation it is necessary to use the following evaluating zones: very low, low, below the average, average, above the average, high and very high.
In further research works we would make an attempt to create the evaluating scales of the zones in a form of the points.
Thus, the component of a competitive activity is a playing activity of a female tennis player in all motor actions. However, activity doesn't mean
that it is necessary to move more on the court. Each movement and strike of a female tennis player should be directed by the tactics of the game and should be tactically conditioned.
In further research works it is necessary to organize time structure of the match analysis for competitive activity control and estimation. The amount of an effective game time or the amount of playing actions (strikes, serves, ball receiving).
It is especially interesting to study the uniformity, tempo and speed of a female tennis player's actions. Creating the scheme of tennis players' actions on the court is one of the methods for competitive activity effectiveness control and estimation. In order to improve the effectiveness of competitive activity it is necessary to create the specific training exercises. It is possible to do during the female tennis player's technical-tactical mastery control and estimation.
Competitive load control is necessary to consider as a separate stage of tennis players' competitive activity estimation. For this purpose it is sufficient to use a key index of heart activity - HR (heart rate). Pulsogram registration helps to estimate the degree of tension in the definite game moments and during the definite stages of the game.
Conclusion
Thus, for a successful competitive activity of female tennis players it is necessary to increase the effectiveness of the striking actions. At the same time, the main effectiveness criterion of the striking actions fulfillment is the female tennis player's high level of physical, technical and tactical readiness. The results of technical-tactical actions control and estimation among female tennis players help to create the main mechanisms for activity and effectiveness of their competitive activity study. There appears an opportunity to define advantages and disadvantages of an athlete's sports training for further training means and methods correction. All mentioned above underlines the necessity to reveal the indices of competitive activity control and evaluation criteria creation for the process and content of their sports training optimization.
References
1. Akhmerov V.E. Effectiveness analysis of young tennis players' actions in the situations of different criticality. Uchenye zapiski Universiteta imeniP.F. Lesgafta. 2013; 3 (97): 19-25 [In Russ.].
2. Balsevich V.K. Contours of a new strategy of the Olympic class athletes training // Teoriya I praktika fizicheskoj kul'tury = Theory and practice of physical culture. 2001; 4: 9-10 [In Russ., In Engl.].
3. Balsevich V.K., Pyanzin A.I. Constant control organization over motor functions of an athlete's organism. Teoriya I praktika fizicheskoj kul'tury = Theory and practice of physical culture. 2004; 5: 32-38 [In Russ., In Engl.].
4. Batishchev V.I., Razumov D.V. Mathematical modeling and computer graphics in the teaching process of young tennis players. Stimulirovanie motivacii tvorcheskogo razvitiya kichnosti: psihologo-pedagogicheskie aspekty: sbornik statej I tezisov Vtoroj Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii [Stimulating motivation of a personality's creative development: psychological-pedagogical aspects: collection of the articles and theses of the Second All-Russian scientific-practical conference]. Naberezhnye Chelny. 2004: 42 [In Russ.]
5. Vasina E.V. Competitive activity of tennis players. Teoriya I praktika fizicheskoj kul'tury = Theory and practice of physical culture. 2008; 5: 45 [In Russ., In Engl.].
6. Mingalimova A.R., Mutaeva I.Sh., Konovalov I.E. Studying the conditions of effectiveness increase of the main elements
formation of a tennis player's movements on the court. Problemy I perspektivy fizicheskogo vospitaniya, sportivnoj trenirovki I adaptivnoj fizicheskoj kul'tury [Problems and prospects of physical upbringing, sports training and adaptive physical culture]. 2021: 366-371 [In Russ.].
7. Naumov R.O. The peculiarities of technical readiness of young 6-8 year-old tennis players. Vestnik Adygejskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 3: Pedagogika I psihologiya [Bulletin of Adygea State University. Series 3: Pedagogics and psychology]. 2008; 7: 232-233 [In Russ.].
8. Skorodumova A.P., Kuznetsova O.V., Baranov I.S., Toshovich S.D. Tests for physical readiness estimation among 6-14 year-old tennis players. Sbornik statej "Aktual'nye problem sportivnoj nauki" [Collection of the articles "Urgent problems of sports science"]. Moscow. 2017: 172183 [In Russ.].
9. Khalikov G.Z., Konovalov I.E., Mutaeva I.Sh. The training process management and control among the average distance and long distance runners on the basis of the functional and psycho-emotional state indices study. Fizicheskaya kul'tura I zdorov'e [Physical culture and health]. 2013; 1(43):63-65 [In Russ.].
10. Kuznetsova Z., Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I., Khalikov G., Zakharova A., 2015. Athletes preparation based on a complex assessment of functional state. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology support. SCITEPRESS. P. 156-160.
Submitted: 13.02.2022 Author's information:
Albina R. Mingalimova - Postgraduate, Volga region State University of Physical Culture, Sport, and Tourism, 420010, Russia, Kazan, Universiade village, House 35, e-mail: [email protected] Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Professor, Yelabuga Institute (branch) of Kazan Federal University, 423600, Russia, Yelabuga, Kazanskaya str., House 89, e-mail: mutaeva-i@ mail.ru
Igor E. Konovalov - Doctor of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Volga region State University of Physical Culture, Sport, and Tourism, 420010, Russia, Kazan, Universiade village, House 35, e-mail: [email protected]
