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11PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
CONTEMPORARY TURKISH THOUGHT IN THE WORKS OF AHMET HAMDI TANPINAR
Aliyeva B.
Baku State University
Abstract
In the 19th century Turkish literature, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar remained close to the native roots and literature of the Turks and presented his ideas to the society in the background of contemporary Turkish prose and poetry. Examples of this are the novels "Peace", "The Time Regulation Institute", the biography "Five Cities", allegorical stories that combine the requirements of modernism, and other works.
Keywords: Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar, modernization, contemporary thought, modernism, postmodernism.
After the First and Second World Wars, which destroyed humanity, society, humanity and culture, new ideas began to emerge in literature as in every field. Writers who wanted to move towards modern thought, innovation and modernization began to instill these ideas in people with their works. Such writers acted as representatives of modernism, and later postmodernism.
The modernism movement, derived from the word "modernism" - "modern", is represented in the literature by signatures such as Kafka, Proust, Joyce, Virginia, Platonov, Bulgakov, Camus. The movement is a movement that accompanies the end of the XIX century and the first half of the XX century in art and literature. What makes modernism stand out is modern thought and the period. This period is characterized by urbanization, industrialization and secularization contrary to ordinary society views. Traditional expression and structure are rejected in works based on modernism. Emphasis is placed on allegorical expression, and people are perceived as a complex entity with their feelings, thoughts and behaviors. It is believed that an individual's life is based on anxiety, depression and conflict with society.
In the 19th century Turkish literature, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar remained close to the native roots and literature of the Turks and presented his ideas to the society in the background of contemporary Turkish prose and poetry. Examples of this are the novels "Peace", "The Time Regulation Institute", the biography "Five Cities", allegorical stories combining the necessities of modernism and other works.
The period of editing and the following years were a struggle between the old and the new. A new Turkish style, language, prose and poetry began to take shape. Magazines and newspapers have already begun to publish works incorporating the motifs of contemporary thought. Tanpinar's early creative products based on pro-Western ideas and innovation were also published. It is no coincidence that Hayri irdal's ideas about new and old clothes are an important metamorphosis in the author's "Time Regulation Institute". Thus, according to Hayri irdal, when a person wears new clothes, his soul is renewed. Here, the author pointed out that modern Turkish thought serves to nourish people's lives and souls.
After the First and Second World Wars, which destroyed humanity, society, humanity and culture, new
ideas began to emerge in literature as in every field. Writers who wanted to move towards modern thought, innovation and modernization began to instill these ideas in people with their works. Such writers acted as representatives of modernism, and later postmodernism.
The modernism movement, derived from the word "modernism" - "modern", is represented in the literature by signatures such as Kafka, Proust, Joyce, Virginia, Platonov, Bulgakov, Camus. The movement is a movement that accompanies the end of the XIX century and the first half of the XX century in art and literature. What makes modernism stand out is modern thought and the period. This period is characterized by urbanization, industrialization and secularization contrary to ordinary society views. Traditional expression and structure are rejected in works based on modernism. Emphasis is placed on allegorical expression, and people are perceived as a complex entity with their feelings, thoughts and behaviors. It is believed that an individual's life is based on anxiety, depression, and conflict with society.
In the 19th century Turkish literature, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar remained close to the native roots and literature of the Turks and presented his ideas to the society in the background of contemporary Turkish prose and poetry. Examples of this are the novels "Peace", "The Time Regulation Institute", the biography "Five Cities", allegorical stories that combine the requirements of modernism, and other works.
The editing period and the following years were a struggle between the old and the new. A new Turkish style, language, prose and poetry began to take shape. Magazines and newspapers have already begun to publish works incorporating the motifs of contemporary thought. Tanpinar's early creative products based on pro-Western ideas and innovation were also published. It is no coincidence that Hayri irdal's ideas about new and old clothes are an important metamorphosis in the author's "Time Regulation Institute". Thus, according to Hayri irdal, when a person wears new clothes, his soul is renewed. Here, the author pointed out that modern Turkish thought serves to nourish people's lives and souls.
Introduction -Historical events in society have always had an impact on the passage of time. From ancient times to the present, great wars and their consequences, changes over time, innovations have
served as a means of shaping the way of thinking in the lives of society and the people who are a part of it. As part of time, human life is divided into three parts. As the name suggests, the past is a retrospective, momentary and hopeful future. This segment of time is actually the essence of human life. If we perceive this division as a society, the lingering moments, minutes, hours, days and years in society serve to change the way of thinking that has been going on for centuries. In this period of society, many innovations, inventions and ideas have emerged. The events that take place merge with the flow of time. This unity has affected the space and its subjects. Society's thinking, no matter how innovative it may be, has sometimes failed to keep up with it. This has always continued not only in the past but also in the wheel of time. Since each person has his own psychology, sometimes the opinion of the society cannot be compiled in the same direction..
Historical overview - History of Ottoman victory, that began at the end of the 17th century, began with a period of decline, in other words, stagnation and hesitation. At the end of this century, European states and Russia formed various alliances and tried to distance the Ottoman state from Europe. At this stage, the European Union and Russia are already achieving certain results. For example, under the Treaty of Karlofche in 1699, the Ottomans lost Hungary and European countries did not pay taxes to the Ottomans. Although the Turks tried to avoid the failures of the early eighteenth century, their efforts have so far been ineffective due to the strength of the Russian-European Union. The XVIII century is best remembered for the Russian-Crimean wars. In 1783, the Russians occupied the Crimea. Population begins to migrate from Crimea to Anatolia. In 1787, a war broke out between the Russians and the Turks. This war ended with 1792 reeds. The nineteenth century is characterized as the most difficult period of the Ottoman state.
Russian, French and British alliances against the Turks were making plans to shake the entire Ottoman state. This unity accelerated and spread the expected uprisings by supporting the peoples who were waiting for the opportunity to revolt in Europe. At the same time, uprisings were observed in the Arab world. In 1839 Islahat was declared in Turkey and in 1856 Islahat Edict was declared. According to some articles of these reforms, the Ottoman Empire granted some privileges to the Christian population, enabled them to participate in the political life of the state as Muslims, and restored their right to take office. In fact, setting aside other aspects of these reforms, these articles meant the Ottoman state's withdrawal from its nationality. The Suez Canal was opened in 1869. One of the important steps towards the realization of the interests of the Christian states of Europe in the East is being taken.
Abdulhamid II came to the throne in 1876. Declares the first Ottoman Constitutional Monarchy. During this period, the Balkan peoples revolted massively. Although the Ottoman state could not come to terms with the real situation it faced, it could not get out of the situation it was in. It should be noted that in the 1912 Balkan War, the Ottoman state lost 33 provinces, including 158 districts. In 1914, the First
World War began. Political commentators and historians liken the situation in Turkey to that of a "sick man" in those years. Although Turkey entered into an alliance with Germany, it lost the war.
Anglo-French forces occupy Istanbul. In these years, the Turkish nation is going through the most difficult days. The nation and the state are in danger of being erased from history and from the map. Despite being defeated in the First World War, Enver Pasha's army, which showed great dexterity, had already laid down its weapons and dispersed. Those who thought about the fate of the nation and the nation put all their hopes on Mustafa Kemal Pasha. On the day that Izmir was occupied, he set out from Istanbul to Samsun. He came to Samsun on 19 May 1919 and started secret activities. He goes to Erzurum and Sivas. Army groups prepare. The Turkish volunteer forces of the Ottoman state, which had already lost all state rights in accordance with the Mudros and Sèvres agreements, started to participate in the struggle again. On April 23, 1920, the Grand National Assembly was opened in Ankara. Ataturk is elected as the chairman of the parliament and also appointed as the commander-inchief. A war is being waged against the invading British, French and Greeks, and the people are winning this war. A peace treaty was signed in Lausanne, acknowledging Turkey's current borders. The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed on 29 October 1923. Naturally, the Republic of Turkey, which was founded 80 years ago, has come a long way by adhering to the traditions of Turkism and is now considered one of the most democratic countries in the world. Turkey, with its political power and economic potential, has one of the highest places in the world at the cultural level.
After the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, with the new enthusiasm of the Salvation Army, literature began to develop as national literature and this resulted in victory. Until the 1940s, poets and writers discussed their individual feelings and thoughts extensively in their works from Anatolia, which looked like an unwritten epic, together with the setbacks in public life. Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar is one of the writers who followed his readers intensely in his works of that period.
A.H.Tanpinar and his innovation . Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar, one of the leading representatives of twentieth century Turkish literature, instilled innovations in his society in his works. Traces of contemporary Turkish thought are clearly seen in the works of the author. However, it should be noted that the author does not artificially invite the Turkish people to go back to the past. If we take a closer look at Tanpinar's works, we can understand the author's deep philosophy, psychology and modernism by staying true to his own cultural roots. Tanpinar is both an emotional and a cultural poet. Cultural accumulation is one of the important elements that make up the cell of his poetry. His work is felt as a pervasive synthesis of Eastern and Western cultures. It is a well-known feature for bodler poets such as Cahid Sidki Taranci, including Tanpinar, to emphasize the joy of living against the tragedy of death. But Tanpinar's view of the joy of life is a little different. It has nothing to do with physical life or
death. It accepts these as a reality, much more... There is also an immortality provided by the continuity of life, love and nature. The thought of death was the cornerstone of his interpretation of life. The idea of eternal life after death is not very clear in his poems. In fact, behind his devotion to the world and the beauties of the world, there may be an effect of his hesitation towards the hereafter. Tanpinar's approach to existence is close to idealist thought. He perceives the outside world, being, matter and thing as a product of mind, spirit, thought and meeting, as a dream. Meaning comes before matter, subject comes before object. It is not the concrete entity that guides, but the poet's way of hearing, seeing, thinking, imagining and envisioning. An object gains meaning and definition through our perceptual prism. The outer world is a world of symbols that can express our inner world. We can interpret the outside world with our thoughts, feelings, perceptions and dreams.
Modernization or renewal, the development of change is the main line of modern Turkish thought. The human mind is open and closed to innovations according to the individual. The perception of the new concept in human psychology is an event that takes place over time. As mentioned, a person cannot accept the new at once, depending on the individual. Strictly speaking, he is a modern person who can think and understand the subject in all its aspects. Before accepting the new, it finds its place in the human mind by comparing the old and discussing the difference between the old and the new. That is, it takes time for modern thought to adapt to society, as if modernization were struggling to prove itself. In fact, innovation does not want to show that what happened in the past is bad. It does not completely separate the past from man. Innovation is a word that is the antonym of the past but can unite the human mind. Sometimes modern thinking, lifestyle is more comfortable for a person. It finds useful ways by calling people to the future and modernity. Judging by the fact that in modern times, we are in a technological age, it is an integral part of our life, a convenient way for the events necessary for man to occur faster. Modernization, the formation of modern thought, has come a long way to date. Modernization manifested itself at different times in geographical distribution.
In the works of A.H.Tanpinar, time and the effort to be modern is the leader. Tanpinar described the multifaceted social change that took place in Turkish society especially after the Tanzimat, as a great break from the whole, a great split between "tradition" and modernity, and expressed this thought in all his works with an impressive style. According to Tanpinar, the socio-cultural and political-economic integrity of the society, and the mental-spiritual integrity of the human being, is only possible when the idea that he conceptualizes as continuing, changing, and continuing with change, is revived in the society (Tanpinar, 2011, p. 24). Tanpinar described the multifaceted social change that took place in Turkish society especially after the Tanzimat, as a great break from the whole, a great split between "tradition" and modernity, and expressed this thought in all his works with an
impressive style. According to Tanpinar, both the socio-cultural and the political-economic, and the mental-spiritual integrity of the human being are only possible when the thought that he conceptualizes as continuing, changing, and continuing, is revived in the society. In addition to the social, cultural, political and economic conditions in which Tanpinar was born, his teacher Yahya Kemal Beyatli is one of the leading thinkers who penetrated the climate of mind and spirit. The source of Tanpinar's thoughts on the axis of social change, T.S. Eliot, Marcel Proust, James Joyce, as well as philosophers and sociologists such as Henri Bergson, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim. Social change is a concept that has a wide range of connotations related to the social structure, culture, function and functioning of the institutions of that society. For this reason, it is especially important to know the meaning of the concept of social change in order to properly understand Tanpinar's conceptualizations of continuing by changing, changing by continuing, and civilizational change. Because to understand social change, in a way, means to grasp the flow of the time we live in and to make sense of the dynamics that shape the society. (Turkish Journal of Social Studies 2018, 460-481).
A.H.Tanpinar begins the chapter in which he examines the development of literary genres in the history of Turkish literature in the 19th century with the newspaper. The newspaper is a center where the foundations of new literature, new ideas and movements that started to take shape after the second half of the 19th century were laid, matured and spread to the whole society. Thus, a real human being is formed around the concepts such as homeland, nation, humanity, freedom, right and justice. The first examples of western-style stories, novels, essays and mekale genres, especially poetry and theatre, are published in the newspaper. In addition, the newspaper has an important role in the development of its language and in making ideas and literature public. Undoubtedly, the biggest gain of the Tanzimat was the newspaper (Erdogan M, 2018).
The most distinctive feature of the Tanzimat and post-Tanzimat years is the old-new conflict. The struggle of the old and the new generations, who grew up in the state administration from the western-style education boards, spread to all segments of the society with the publication of the newspaper. Political and intellectual tensions no longer remain in government institutions and behind closed doors and are carried into people's daily lives. In fact, the aim of the parties in the old-new conflict is to save the country from the difficult-bad situation it is in and to raise it above the level of contemporary civilization. However, searches and polarizations weaken the already fragmented power of the state, making internal and external problems inextricable. Literature, which is at the center of the debates engendered by liberation ideologies such as old-new, east-west, traditional-contemporary, reactionary-retreatism, turns to the west in terms of genre, language, style, theme and function, and catches new opportunities for opening by entering the orbit of the innovative side. Thus, the 19th century has been a century shaped by the search and struggle for renewal
from politics to literature for Turkish history. For this reason, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar, while starting to write the history of literature, first starts by evaluating three great writers who gave their color to the innovation movements of the period and each of them had a different feature. These are Ahmet Cevdet Pasha, Munif Pasha and ibrahim §inasi. Ahmet Cevdet Pasha is the ideologist of the Tanzimat, Munif Pasha is the first initiator of philosophical and scientific movement, ibrahim §inasiy Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar's work is based on the struggle between the East and the West, whose roots are based on ancient ideas, seeking innovation and calling people to modern thought. In this approach of the author, the thought based on the postmodernism movement is felt.
Postmodernism . Postmodernism, which has a postmodern meaning as a concept, emerged in the second half of the twentieth century. Experts believe that postmodernism as a philosophical way of thinking was fueled by a liberalism movement based on the Spencer formula, in which society owes money to the individual, not society. Expressing the word freedom, liberalism, in a sense, preferred individual freedom above all else and was compatible with postmodernism in the artistic creation process. As a political movement, liberalism in science means acting according to one's own will, regardless of the traditions, customs, teachings and certain norms that have been formed in society for many years. Liberalism as a political movement is opposed to conservatism. Cosmopolitan B is helpful, as liberalism is against conservatism. Approaching this ideological context, this belief is certainly true: "Postmodernism is a tendency, sometimes towards art, literature, cinema or television. Postmodernism is mainly characterized by these terms; Unlike the 2-reflex event events of REACTION A, these are many states of emotions, 3-a summarized, tight enhancement of relativity. lack of accuracy of the objective standard of feeling, 4 non-acceptance of classical working methods, 5 inconsistency of certain norms, inappropriate reference to them, 6 worthless property of the author . Especially postmodernism is the product of European civilization, a European way of thinking. Postmodern society is a society made up of semi-gaps in Western culture. Postmodernism is a dispersed material system born from a semi-common worldview. (A. Gashamoghlu)( Shamsizade 2012, 401)
Having similar features, modernism and postmodernism actually have different concepts. So if
modernism replaces old concepts with new ones and remembers new trends, postmodernism does not pursue this goal. Here, the masses are equated with elite concepts, combined and put in the middle of the game categories. There is a transition from the systematic to the chaotic. Long and difficult categories are given in their simplest form. Science, philosophy, art and other fields belong to all people, not just professionals. The boundaries between them are erased, syncretic concepts emerge. Here, as in modernism, traditions are not completely rejected, but partially reversed.
In Tanpinar's novels and stories, the idea of innovation, a call for innovation, modernization, being modern without rejecting the old is the idea that the reader encounters. Tanpinar has always tried to break the veil of ignorance in his works. In the novels of Huzur, Mahur Beste, East and West, the struggle of the old and the new manifests itself. In his novel Huzur, it is sometimes referred to as the novel of Istanbul, as the author comprehensively describes Istanbul and its interiors. For Mumtaz, the protagonist of the novel, Istanbul is a whole world. The basis of his love for Nurana is his devotion to Istanbul. Nuran Mumtaza is reminiscent of Istanbul. The comparison of East and West in all of the author's works, the desire for innovation finds a wide place in the novel Huzur. Mumtaz, ihsan and Nuran characters instill the positive aspects of the East and the West and develop their cultures based on these characteristics. At the same time, as we mentioned earlier, these aspects are the renewed, modernized thinking of the old. For this reason, the images mentioned in the work are not lost in the East or the West. They preserve the positive qualities of the East and modernize them against the background of the West. They tend to be modern. Mahur Beste, which made an impact with Tanpinar's novel Huzur, was presented to the reader after being fictionalized, based on the idea of change and renewal that reflects all aspects of society.
References
1. Erdogan M. Kopernik book (2018). Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar as a critic. Istanbul
2. Shamsizade N. Baku-progress (2012). Theory of Literature. Baku
3. Demir Z, Shahin Cem.(2018). Social Change in Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar Novels. Turkish social studies journal, 460-481
4. Quliyev E. Conatant Empary (2011). Turkish literature. Baku
