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29ФИЛОСОФСКИЕ НАУКИ
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF MASS MEDIA AND STUDY OF PUBLIC OPINION
Tursunova Sh.B.
Tursunova Shahnoza Bekchanovna - Independent Researcher, DEPARTMENT OF THE THEORY OF DEVELOPING DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY IN UZBEKISTAN, HISTORY
FACULTY, URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: it is well-known that in a democratic society, the press, radio and television must also have a significant impact on public policy and become part of the political process. However, we are witnessing that today the local media has a very small audience of readers (listeners, viewers) and have a significant impact on the social life of the country. It is time for a new understanding of the role of public opinion and its reflection in the media. A thorough analysis of the influences of its progressive forces is needed. This article deals with these issues. Keywords: internet, newspapers, magazines, television.
It is only through this approach that we learn how to influence the media by influencing public opinion, to learn how to use the factors and conditions that influence the political process, and to explore public opinion on specific issues.
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains a number of articles regulating the activities of the media. Legal regulation of mass media activity is carried out by the joint management of the Russian Federation and its subjects in accordance with Article 72 of the Russian Federation.
The 1996 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states that each person freely "seeks, receives, and disseminates information and ideas beyond the borders of the state." Also, the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 establishes the right of every person to receive and disseminate information and ideas without interference from
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public authorities and from the frontiers of the state. We should also take note of the 1989 European Convention on Transboundary Television and the Council of Europe Resolution No. 820 "On the Interaction of Parliaments of the States with the Media". Since 1994, the Court of Information Disputes under the President functions in the Russian Federation as a state body. Its main task is to assist the President of the Russian Federation in effectively exercising his constitutional powers in the field of media.
Article 5 of the German Constitution states that "Everyone has the right to express and disseminate his or her ideas in oral, written and visual images, and to freely acquire knowledge from publicly accessible sources. Freedom of the press and information is guaranteed by radio and cinema".
Article 13 of the Austrian Federation Act of December 21, 1967 (as amended by 1974, 1989) states: "Everyone has the right to express his / her opinion in oral, written, media and artistic expressions under the law".
The press can neither be censored nor subject to restrictions through the authorization system. Administrative mail prohibitions do not apply to printed domestic publications.
Article 50 of the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan states: "Every person has the right to seek, acquire, transfer, compile and disseminate information legally. Freedom of the media is guaranteed. Government censorship is prohibited in the media, including the press".
Article 19 of the Algerian Constitution says: "The right to freedom of speech and expression, as well as freedom of movement is provided".
The development of the legislation on citizens' access to information is currently a common standard of a democratic state. Demand of citizens for freedom of information, apart from constitutional rights of citizens, is directly related to the following results:
• openness of the government and transparency of political course;
• less probability of corruption offenses;
• the rise of administrative culture and the servants
• to report to society on its activities;
• increase of efficiency in public authorities;
• public recognition of open authority;
Today, more than 50 countries have passed a law on freedom of information. At present most of them were adopted in the following year, and more than 3O countries are about to pass a similar law.
The first group of countries includes:
Armenia (2003), Georgia (1999), Moldova (2000), Tajikistan (2002), Uzbekistan (2002), Ukraine (1992).
Europe: Austria (1987), Albania (1 999), Belgium (1994), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2000), United Kingdom (2000), Hungary (1992), Greece (1999), Denmark (1985), Ireland (1997) , Iceland (1 996), Spain (1992), Italy (1990), Latvia (1998), Lithuania (2000), Liechtenstein (1999), Netherlands (1978), Norway (1970), Poland (2001), Portugal (1993) ), Romania (2001), Serbia (2004), Slovakia (2000), Slovenia (2003), Finland (1 999), France (1978), Croatia (2003), Czech Republic (1999), Sweden (1 766,1 949) ), Estonia (2000).
North America: Canada (1983), USA (1966). Latin America: Colombia (1985), Mexico (2002), Panama (2002), Peru (2002), Trinidad and Tobago (1 999), Jamaica (2002).
Asia, Australia and Oceania: Australia (1982), Israel (1998), India (2003), New Zealand (1982), Pakistan (2002), Thailand (1 997), Turkey (2003), South Korea (1996), Japan (1 999). Africa: Belize (1 994), 3imbabwe (2002), South Africa (2000).
As for countries that are on the threshold of adopting the Freedom of Information Act, these countries are:
Central Asia: Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan
Europe: Germany, Macedonia, Switzerland Latin America: Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Paraguay, El Salvador, Uruguay, Ecuador.
Asia, Australia and Oceania: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Taiwan, Fiji, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka.
Africa: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia.
In summary, there is no state that does not put citizens' freedom of speech on the agenda today.
The international community has always emphasized the right to freedom of information, and has recognized that this right is one of the fundamental human and civil rights and needs special protection. This is because, while protecting the right to freely disseminate and obtain information, society protects its right to have objective information about the social relations that occur in the society, their changes, and the management of the society.
The international community has already elaborated on the fundamental principles of the dissemination of media, including television and radio broadcasting.
In Canada, the press operates independently of the authorities and does not allow censorship. Freedom of expression was established in 1982 by the adoption of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter defines the freedom of the press and other media to convey to everyone their views, opinions and ideas. The main legal act regulating Canada's broadcasting is the Canadian Broadcasting Policy Act of 1967-1968.
Many developed democracies have set up special state bodies that aim to regulate state broadcasters and protect the freedom of individuals and citizens to receive and disseminate information. They are the state guarantee of protection of the freedom of access and dissemination of information by the state. Such government bodies are free from any direct corporate interest and operate under special laws.
In this sense, these bodies respect not only the individual groups but also the society. The appointment of such bodies often relates to the executive, the government or the minister of profiles. Parliaments also in some cases have such powers, including Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Iceland, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey. In other cases, such authority relates to the executive branch, such as France, Romania and Poland.
In some cases, this right is shared between the two authorities. In some countries, such as Austria and Portugal, courts are also involved in the designation of such public authorities. At the same time, senior judges begin to perform such a function. For
example, Italy, according to the law, must be a member of the Constitutional Court or of the State Council. In Sweden, such an official should be an experienced judge.
References
1. "All the world's a game". The Economist. 10 December, 2011. Retrieved 28 June, 2013.
2. Thompson John, 1995. The Media and Modernity. Pp. 26-28, 74. ISBN 978-0-8047-2679-5.
