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FOOD HYGIENE
CONFECTIONERY GOODS FOR HEALTHY DIET G. A. Dorna*, T. V. Savenkovab, O. S. Sidorovac, O.V. Golubd
a State Agricultural University of Northern Zauralie, Republic Street 7, Tyumen, 625003 Russia *e-mail: tovar-kemtipp@mail.ru
b The State Scientific Universe Scientific Research Institute of the Confectionery Industry, Elektrozavodskaya Street 20, Moscow, 107023 Russia
c Russian State University of Trade and Economics, Kemerovo Institute (branch), pr. Kuznetskiy 39, Kemerovo, 650992 Russia
d Siberian University of Consumer Cooperation, pr. K. Marx 26, Novosibirsk, 630087 Russia
(Received January 15, 2015; Accepted in revised form April 6, 2015)
Abstract: Confectionery goods are in great demand with different population groups, especially children both in Russia and other countries. This group of products can be considered as a convenient carrier of vital nutrients, the lack of which in the diet of the population in Russia, including preschoolers and school children is a serious problem. The market research of enriched confectionery goods has been carried out in the study. The relevance and demand of the development of given kinds of confectionery goods have been presented; their selection and recipe composition have been proved. The dynamics of the market development is carried out due to imported goods, which indicates the need for the production of domestic products. A group of specialized confectionery goods with various functional orientations was investigated. They are yogurt powder-based candies "Talantiki", enriched with vitamins and minerals; panned sweets "Dr. Konfetkin", sponge cakes and semi-finished goods with local herbs and vitamins. Their recipe composition was scientifically determined, taking into account the characteristics of the active ingredients and their synergistic effects on metabolic processes. The research of consumer properties of specialized goods has been made, which allowed to determine regulated quality indices, including the nutritional value and functional orientation. The testing has been put into practice in the conditions of commercial production. The developed products may be important for the correction of the nutrition and health of both children and adults with impaired nutritional status.
Keywords: Specialized confectionery goods, recipe composition, nutritional value, functional orientation
UDC 664.149 DOI 10.12737/11240
INTRODUCTION
Confectionery goods represent a large group of high-calorie foods that are in great demand with different population groups, especially children. However, the physiological value of confectionery, as a source of essential nutrients is small. They contain large amounts of fat (from 5 to 35%), carbohydrates (47 to 100%), the main part of which is sucrose (39.6-100%), starch (34.7-66%) and small amounts of protein (from 3.2 to 10.4%). Energy value ranges from 350 to 528 Kcal, and depends mainly on the set of recipe ingredients (flour, egg and milk products, various additives - nuts, soybeans and others.)
Excessive consumption of these products disturbs the balance of the diet in terms of nutrients as well as energy value. A significant drawback of confectionery is the virtual absence of these important biologically active substances, like vitamins, carotenoids, macro-and microelements. Available scientific studies show
that 100 grams of flour confectionery goods provide about 4-5% of the daily requirement of vitamins B1, B2, and PP. Also it is noted a slight mineral content. At the same time, their contribution to the total dietary energy intake at this level may reach 18-20%. A similar pattern is typical for other groups of confectionery goods [6-8].
The frequency of confectionery consumption by children and adult population in Russia is currently quite high. This is confirmed by the results of an epidemiological study conducted by the Research Laboratory of the structure and nutrition planning of RAMS led by Ph.D. A.K. Baturina.
It was found that 20-25% of children and 6-13% of adults regularly consumed commercial flour confectionary goods, 5-12% - sugar products. Among flour confectionery goods the preference is given to butter cookies (2.5-9.3% of respondents), cakes (3.8-6.4%), wafers and crackers (1.3-3.1%). Children
and teenagers prefer chocolates (more than 6% of respondents), older people - hard sugar sweets [6-7].
The transformations in the confectionery market that have occurred in recent years largely changed the traditional approaches to this group of products. Confectionery goods from high-calorie desserts are gradually becoming important and popular part in the diet of all age groups. They are increasingly being used in the school lunch assortment list. The demand for confectionery of dietary and prophylactic purposes is increasing [1-5].
The presented data strongly suggest that confectionery goods require substantial change of their chemical composition towards increasing the content of vitamins and minerals, dietary fiber and other essential nutrients, while reducing the energy value. This group of products can be considered as a convenient carrier of vital nutrients, the lack of which in the diet of the population, including preschoolers and school children is a serious problem.
OBJECTS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The objects of the study are the raw ingredients, semi-finished products, test and manufactured samples of confectionery goods; representative groups of the population.
The general and specific test methods of quality and safety of specialized products were used. To identify consumer preferences the questionnaires were applied. The studies were conducted in 5-7 multiple replicates and the obtained data were processed statistically using computer programs.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To determine the assortment of products and the ways of usage the market research of flour and sugar confectionery goods has been conducted in Kemerovo.
Figure 1 shows the proportion of flour and sugar confectionery goods in the assortment of the investigated products. Flour confectionery is the largest share - 20 items, sugar - 8 items.
Figure 2 shows the prevalence of foreign manufactured goods - 56.6% compared with domestic products - 44.4%.
Fig. 1. Proportion of Hour and sugar confectionery goods in the assortment.
Insufficient assortment of sugar confectionery goods of functional orientation was marked. They are hard sugar sweets and toffee candies as a rule. Such group of confectionery goods as panned sweets with high demand in the consumer market is virtually absent in the assortment.
Analysis of functional foods has shown that the enriching additives (%) are used such as iron - 7.25; calcium - 8.7; phosphorus - 2.9; magnesium - 1.44; iodine - 2.9; dietary fiber - 4.35; vitamin C - 15.94; B vitamins - 14.49; vitamin E - 14.49; vitamin A -13.04; dietary bran - 1.45; folic acid - 1.45; inulin -1.45; vitamin H - 1.45; pectin - 1.45; probiotics - 7.25.
It demonstrates the need for expanding the assortment of enriched confectionery goods from the point of view of modern Nutrition Science and demand for these products with the population.
A group of specialized confectionery goods with various functional orientations was investigated e.g. yogurt powder-based candies "Talantiki", enriched with vitamins and minerals.
The recipe composition of a candy in mg for one item is the following: premix of B vitamins 44-05 - 20, including: vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - 5, vitamin A (retinol acetate) - 0.0715, vitamin E (tocopherol) -0.788, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) - 0.00036, vitamin B1 (thiamine) - 0.125, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - 0.143, vitamin B3 (nicotinate) - 1.264, vitamin B5 (pantothenate) - 0.325, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) -0.144, vitamin B7 (biotin) - 0.0036, vitamin B9 (folic acid) - 0.0286, vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) -0.0002; mineral premix - 87, including: iron - 1.45, zinc - 0.95, copper - 0.12, potassium iodide - 0.027 (20mkg); yoghurt powder "Jogufres S" - 340.973; maltodextrin "C" Dry MD 01915-250; Jerusalem artichokes dried - 70; crystalline fructose - 90; orange juice concentrate - 30; natural dyes "Beta carotene" - 2; natural flavoring "Orange essential oil" - 4; refined coconut oil - 100; gum - arabic "Fibregam" - 6.
Organoleptic, physicochemical, microbiological indices of quality and safety were investigated. Regulated indices of nutritional value were determined. The organoleptic quality indices are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Organoleptic quality indices of yoghurt enriched candies "Talantiki with orange juice"
Fig. 2. Proportion of domestic and foreign manufactures.
№ Index Characteristic
1 Flavor and aroma Clearly defined, characterized for given item, without off -flavor and odor. The flavor of enriching component is allowed.
2 Color Candies "Talantiki with orange juice" vary from light orange to orange. The presence of inclusions is allowed.
3 Outer appearance The surface is smooth. Slight damage of the surface due to automatic packing is allowed.
4 Shape Round, biconvex, film-coated
5 Amount of items, having defects in appearance and color % (by weight), but no more than 2.0
The nutritional value (Table 2), indicating functional orientation of specialized products was determined. Recommended consumption portion is two candies a day for children aged from 3 to 7 years; three candies per day for children over 7 years.
The recipe of panned confectionery "Dr. Konfetkin" was scientifically determined. The recipe of developed product "Dr. Konfetkin" includes the following components, g/100 g of panned sweets: blueberry extract - 0.8; ascorbic acid - 0.29; vitamin A acetate (500ME/mg) - 0.024; cretaceous-toffee - 12.0;
cocoa butter - 4.8; sugar - 9.6; dry milk substitute -44.33; MCC - 8.0; flavor "Blueberry" - 0.16; sugar -14.8; Gum Arabic "Quick Gum" - 0.48; cocoa powder-4.7; bee wax - 0.016 (average weight of covered panned sweets is 1250 mg).
Organoleptic and physicochemical indices of specialized product were determined (Table 3).
Regulated indices of nutritional value of panned confectionery, the information about consumption rates and the adequacy to the percentage of consumer demand are presented in Tables 4 and 5.
Table 2. Nutritional value of yogurt enriched candies "Talantiki"
Nutritional value 100g of candies % of normal physiological needs for children in a candy
3-7 years 7-11 years 11 years and older
Fats, g 10.00 - - -
Protein, g 11.59 - - -
Carbohydrates, g 51.00 - - -
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), mg 500.00 10.0 8.3 7.7
Vitamin A (retinol), mg ER 7.15 14.3 10.2 7.9
Vitamin E (tocopherol) current. equiv., mg 78.80 11.3 7.9 6.6
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), mg 0.036 3.6 3.6 3.6
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) mg 12.50 13.8 11.3 9.6
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) mg 14.30 14.3 11.9 9.5
Vitamin B3 (nicotinate), mg 126.40 11.5 8.4 7.0
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) mg 32.50 10.8 10.8 9.3
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), mg 14.40 12.0 9.6 8.7
Vitamin B7 (biotin), mg 0.36 23.7 17.8 14.2
Vitamin B9 (folic acid), mg 2.86 14.3 14.3 9.5
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), mg 0.02 13.3 10.0 6.7
Iron, mg 145.00 14.5 12.1 12.1
Zinc, mg 95.00 11.9 9.5 7.9
Copper, mg 12.00 19.6 16.8 14.7
Iodine, mg 2.00 20.0 16.7 14.3
Energy value, kcal 340.36
Table 3. Organoleptic and physicochemical indices of panned sweet "Dr. Konfetkin"
Index Characteristic
Taste and aroma Clearly defined, characterized for this item, with cocoa flavor, without off-flavor and odor. The taste of enriching component is allowed.
Color Color is from light brown to dark brown. The color of the body is in accordance with the recipe composition. The presence of inclusions in the shell and body is allowed.
Outer appearance The surface is smooth, shiny.
Shape Round, biconvex, sugar-coated with cocoa powder, pelleted body.
Amount of agglomerated and wrought items,% (by weight) of no more than 2.0
The average weight of a panned sweet, g 1.25 ± 15%
Moisture content,%, no more than 6.5
Indices 100 g Nutritional value
Mass fraction of ascorbic acid, mg 288.0
Mass fraction of vitamin A, retinol mg 3.6
Carbohydrates, g 63.2
Fat, g 18.9
Energy value, kcal 428.0
Table 4. Regulated indices of nutritional value of panned sweets "Dr. Konfetkin"
Table 5. Consumption rates and the adequacy to the satisfying percentage of physiological needs of children and adults
Name of vitamin Age group Consumption rates, mg 30-50% from the standard In a panned sweet, mg Amount ofpanned sweets Range of application, mg
Vitamin C from 3 to7 years 50 15-25 3.6 4-5 14.4-18.0
from 7 to 11 years 60 18-30 5-7 18.0-25.2
from 11 to14 years 60-70 18-35 6-9 21.6-32.4
from14to18 years 70-90 21-45 21.6-32.4
adults 90 27-45 6-10 21.6-45.0
Name of Vitamin Age group Consumption rates, mkg/ret.eq 30-50% from the standard mkg/ret.eq. In a panned sweet, mkg, retinol Amount ofpanned sweets Range of retinol application, mkg
Vitamin A from 3 to 7 years 500 150-250 45 4-5 180-225
from 7 to 11 years 700 210-350 5-7 225-315
from 11 to 14 years 800-1000 240-500 6-9 270-405
from 14 to 18 years
adults 900 270-450 6-10 270-450
As shown in the table the consumption of the recommended amount of confectionery provides the intake of at least 30-50% of the daily needs of children and adults in vitamins A and C.
The content of blueberries in confectionery recipes enhances its functional orientation towards the correction of visual function. Sponge cake for special purposes was developed; it was associated with the problem of carbohydrate metabolic disturbance due to excessive consumption of sugar. The latter is a risk factor for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, atherosclerosis, overweight and obesity.
There is a need to prevent these diseases through the development and use of nutritional goods with sugar substitutes, one of them is sorbitol. Taking into account the objectives, consumer motivations and preferences when choosing products specialized confectionery goods were investigated. People with impaired carbohydrate metabolism were involved in the survey.
The results show that 72% of respondents acquire specialized confectionery goods. The most popular items are sweets (22%) - of sugar confectionery goods and biscuits (25%) - of flour confectionery goods (Figure 3). As for the other types of specialized confectionery either their assortment is limited, or they are not available due to the relatively high price.
Low popularity of cakes is due to the fact that they are relatively new and they are insufficiently presented in stores.
Fig. 3. Preferences to types of confectionery goods, % of respondents.
Figure 4 shows that 37% of respondents consume goods with sugar substitutes more than once a week, 28% - once a week, 25% - at least once a month.
Fig. 4. Consumption of goods with sugar substitutes.
The criteria that are important to customers buying specialized confectionery goods are shown in Figure 5.
palatability
Fig. 5. Selection criteria when buying confectionery goods.
According to the data in Figure 5 it can be concluded that the main criterion when buying specialized confectionery goods is organoleptic qualities. The fact is that the trade organizations still present a small assortment of goods so the second criterion is its variety. The next criterion is the reasonable price of confectionery goods whereas the trade mark and the manufacturer are at the low position.
The greatest amount of respondents (55%) intakes from 100 to 250 g of goods containing sugar substitutes on a daily basis, 19% - from 250 to 500 g, 5% - more than 500 g. Consumers prefer to buy sponge confectionery goods with the sweeteners which were indicated in Figure 6.
xylitol; 5.41
Fig. 6. Preferences to sweeteners.
sponge confectio ii cry goods
H cakes H shortcakes El l olled cakes El others
Fig. 7. Preferences to sponge confectionery goods.
Figure 7 shows 73% of respondents are ready to buy sponge confectionery goods with sweeteners, the most popular types of them are cakes (36.5%) and shortcakes (30%).
On the basis of market research we can conclude that the majority of respondents are ready to consume the sponge goods on sorbitol (cakes), as for decorating semi-finished products - fruits and berries; the most
important criterion when choosing specialized flour confectionery goods is their organoleptic quality indices. Consumers are able to pay from 20 to 30 rubles for 100 g of this product.
Semi-finished sponge cakes and shortcakes were developed. "Weak" wheat flour, sorbitol, eggs, lecithin, whey, "paste for churning", vanilla were selected as the main raw materials.
In sponge goods intended for persons with impaired carbohydrate metabolism and tended to diabetes, sugar is replaced by sorbitol. The recipe composition has been developed taking into account the diet for diabetics, for them it is not recommended to eat more than seven units of bread per meal. The content of sweetener in the laboratory samples was taken as a percentage of the flour.
When selecting the amount of sorbitol the sweetness coefficient of 0.5-0.6 towards sucrose was taken into account.
Sorbitol having the characteristics and properties distinctive from sugar cannot fully ensure good egg whipping, so to improve the quality of the finished product the emulsifiers - 'the paste for churning" and lecithin are further included in the recipe composition. It is taken into account that the recommended amount of "the paste for churning" should not exceed 3%. Adding the paste not only improves the churning process and the distribution of the components in the recipe mixture, but also reduces the consumption of eggs with partial replacement for whey, thereby reducing the cost price of the finished products. Adding "the paste for churning'' allows you to get products with high volume and uniformly porous structure, slows the staling and improves the quality of confectionery goods by increasing porosity. The use of lecithin reduces the viscosity of the dough, replaces sugar in the developed sponge product without decreasing quality indices of dough and finished products. It is considered that the permissible amount of soybean lecithin should not exceed 1%. Adding to the recipe "the paste for churning", whey and lecithin enables to reduce the amount of eggs by 25%.
The samples of sponge semi-finished goods with sorbitol content from 60 to 90% by weight of the flour and lecithin content of 0.1 to 1% were examined. To evaluate the organoleptic quality indices such as taste, color, smell, shape, appearance and crumb texture we developed a 30-point scale. The results obtained during the research of the organoleptic indices of the samples with different contents of sorbitol were processed using least - square method. The regression model is the following:
K = -0.0152 c +2.1701c-48.121, (1)
where K - tasting assessment, c - percentage of added sorbitol.
The quality of the created model is proved by the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.93, i.e. the change variation of the organoleptic indices depends on the change variation of the percentage of added sorbitol. The average approximation error Aaverage = 10%,
flour. The practical research is confirmed by mathematical calculations.
It is shown that the organoleptic sample with 75% of sorbitol has the best characteristics. The sample containing the least amount of sorbitol (60%) is characterized by insufficient sweetness. Samples containing more than 80% of sorbitol have a very sweet taste. Furthermore, the amount of sorbitol consumed by a man should not exceed 30 grams per day.
The samples of semi-finished sponge goods with different content of lecithin in the recipe were investigated. Analysis of the data obtained during the tasting assessment of samples using the least - square method allowed to determine the functional dependence of the organoleptic index of K on the percentage of added lecithin l (R2 = 0.93):
K= -7.2765 12 + 12.66121 + 16.21536. (4)
To find the extremum points of created function the differential of organoleptic indices by the percentage of added lecithin was found and it was equated to zero:
-14.5531-1 + 12.6612, (5)
- 14.5531-1+ 12.6612 = 0, (6)
Imax = 0.97.
The maximum value of organoleptic indices (in points) is achieved with 0.97% of lecithin. The commodity assessment of developed goods was given and the indices of their nutritional value were identified (Tables 6-8).
Table 6. Physicochemical indices of semi-finished sponge product
Index Index value
With sugar With sorbitol IS 10-060-95
Humidity, % 24 ± 1 22 ± 1 25 ± 3
Mass fraction of total sugar (sucrose on) in terms of dry matter,% no more than 22.0 ± 1 8.0 ± 1 In accordance to the calculated content of the recipe with permissible deviations + 2.5%
Table 7. Indices of absorptivity and porosity
Index Index value
With sugar With sorbitol According to TC 9134-133-02068315-10, no less
absorptivity, % 382 ± 3 352 ± 3 340
porosity, % 64 ± 3 73 ± 3 65
Table 8. Nutritional value of sponge semi-finished goods and shortcakes, g / 100g
Item Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Energy value, kcal/100g Amount of bread units, g
Sponge semi-finished cake with sorbitol 5.0 3.5 39.2 208.0 3.3
Sponge semi-finished cake with sugar (test) 10.42 7.0 59.5 349.0 5.0
Sponge shortcake (with sugar) with a layer of black currant jam (with sugar) 4.6 7.3 64.7 343.0 9.2
Sponge shortcake (with sorbitol) with a layer of black currant jam (fructose) 5.2 3.5 61.1 293.0 5.0
indicating that the prediction accuracy for the created model is 90%.
The impact of the amount of sorbitol on organoleptic quality indices of sponge product is shown in Figure 8.
Fig. 8. Impact of the amount of sorbitol on the organoleptic quality indices of sponge product.
The optimum percentage of added sorbitol will correspond to the best organoleptic indices, i.e., Kopt = Kmax. The differential of organoleptic indices on the percentage of added sorbitol:
P = -0.0304 c+2.1701.
dc
(2)
Extremum point, in this case is the maximum point:
■0.0304 c+ 2.1701 = 0, c = 71.38.
(3)
The confidence interval with the reliability of 0.95: F(t) = 0.95/2 = 0.475, we find t = 1.96. Optimal percentage of added sorbitol is 75% by weight of the
The sponge shortcake (with sorbitol) with a layer of blackcurrant jam (not less 30% by weight of the product) possesses an energy value of 15% lower than the sponge shortcake (with sugar) with the same layer, the amount of bread units is 5g per 100g of a product. It is acceptable when feeding of persons suffering from diabetes, as for them it is recommended to consume not more than 7 bread units per meal.
The recipes and technology of confectionery goods were tested at enterprises NGO "SOUTH" (Biysk), they were certified under the requirements of international standards ISO 9000.
The developed confectionery goods may be important in ensuring a healthy diet of certain population groups taking into account the nutritional status.
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