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Submitted 31.03.2018
Mikhailova E.I. - Candidate of Pedagogics, Professor, Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sport State Autonomous Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Moscow City Pedagogical University", 117303, Russia, Moscow, Balaklavskiyavenue, House 32, Building 4, e— mail: elvira.i.mikhailova@gmail.com
Mikhailov H.G. - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sport State Autonomous Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Moscow City Pedagogical University", 117303, Russia, Moscow, Balaklavskiyavenue, House 32, Building 4 Derevleva E.B. - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sport State Autonomous Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Moscow City Pedagogical University", 117303, Russia, Moscow, Balaklavskiyavenue, House 32, Building 4 Kaimin M.A. - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sport State Autonomous Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Moscow City Pedagogical University", 117303, Russia, Moscow, Balaklavskiyavenue, House 32, Building 4 Kudryavtseva O.V. - Senior Lecturer, Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Spor State Autonomous Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Moscow City Pedagogical University", 117303, Russia, Moscow, Balaklavskiyavenue, House 32, Building 4
DOI 10.14526/02_2018_322
CONCEPTION OF SPORT MORAL BASIS STRENGTHENING, NOT COMPATIBLE
WITH DOPING
Nazarenko L.D.1, Kuznetsova Z.M.1, Meshcheryakov A. V.1
1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov " Russia, Ulyanovsk, ld_nazarenko@mail.ru, kzm_diss@mail.ru
Annotation. Expansive growth of athletes, who took doping and stimulating substances, had devastating diseases and died too soon, underlines the necessity to combine and coordinate the efforts of different countries in order to solve this difficult problem. The existing situation is also complicated by the fact, that the victims are the most active, intellectually and physically developed young people, who are to be useful for their country, be the example for new generations. It is inadmissible to make business, commerce interests, individual self-interest of the separate entrepreneurs more important than health and life of teen-agers and young people, who go in for sports. Materials. The article is about the conception of sport moral basis return, which is in harmony with the ideals of a well-known enlightener, humanist and educator Pierre de Coubertin, who is the founder of modern Olympic movement. Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis, summing up the heritage of Pierre de Coubertin, pedagogical experiment, conversations, questioning, discussions, questionnaire survey, statistical data handling. Results. The authors revealed the main reasons for doping taking; the stages of creation and mass distribution of synthesized man-made different kinds of doping and stimulants. The definite directions of struggle with doping are considered, the realization of which demands coordination and efforts consolidation of international sports organizations and committees, interested in this
problem solution. Conclusion. The results of the pedagogical experiment and a questionater survey showed that the main reason for loyal attitude to doping is the absence of deep knowledge concerning ruinous influence offorbidden preparations on athlete's organism; insufficient level of physical and technical readiness of athletes; unwillingness of many trainers to create individual effective methodologies and technologies of own students' sportsmanship improvement; the existing practice of admitting only a sportsman's guilt for using doping, at the same time, the doctor of the team and a trainer bear no responsibility for it; no penal sanction for doping use, keeping and distribution. A purposeful, organized propaganda of moral basis of sport will provide incompatibility understanding of doping taking and health preservation and improvement. Keywords: sport, doping, stimulating substances, the reasons for doping taking, educational activity organization.
For citations: Nazarenko L.D., Kuznetsova Z.M., Meshcheryakov A.V. Conception of sport moral basis strengthening, not compatible with doping. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports). 2018; 13(2): 136-143. DOI 10.14526/02_2018_322
INTRODUCTION
Sport, together with art, at all stages of social development was important for self-actualization, self-development and self-realization, norms and rules of interaction with people around mastering, own social status improvement. Staginess of competitions among the athletes with a high level of physical readiness, nice constitution, rational organized activity, highly-technical movements; their dramatic effect, unpredictability of a winner; dedication and courage in achieving the aim form spiritual values of sport, its great upbringing influence. One of the most vivid sports events are the Olympic Games, which appeared in ancient times. Their main feature is the connection with different kinds of art, poetry and literature, which underlined the desire of people to many-sided, harmonious development. During the Olympic Games wars stopped and it underlined their importance as the main cultural event, which helps to put beauty and health, physical development at the first place among other human values.
The participants of the ancient Olympic Games used different plant-based stimulating substances in a form of herbs, leaves, seeds, extracts of psychedelic mushrooms for high sports results achievement. Americans chewed leaves of coca bush in order to reduce tiredness and
optical illusions during religious rituals. The representatives of other nations used sesame seeds, amanita extracts and other things for this purpose. During that times there were no any methodologies of sports training and scientific research works concerning the influence of stimulating substances on an organism. After modern Olympic Games revival great amount of pharmacological substances (codeine, strychnine and others), the use of which was not forbidden by the rules of the competitions, however, it gave another orientation to the Olympic movement. The first person, who learned to synthesize natural plant substances was Lazar Edeleanu, discovering Benzedrine (amphetamine), at the end of the XIX century, which was included into cough remedies. Amphetamine was also used as painkiller.
In 1935 there was the beginning of a wide doping distribution, when the scientist, chemist Leopold Ruzicka from Yugoslavia separated and synthesized anabolic steroids. In 1958 John Ziegler (American doctor) for the first time used one of anabolic steroids (Dianabolum) for national weightlifting team of the USA. This preparation stimulated protein synthesis and provided quicker muscles regeneration after great training loads.
Under the influence of Dianabolum nervous tension increased, contraction of the working groups of muscles also increased. It
led to speed of running increase at sprint distances, quickness of motional reaction increase and its wide use in sports games and track and field. Then American pharmacists started to release anabolic steroids, which were very popular among athletes. When it turned out that these preparations had serious side effects, including death, athletes and their trainers were not able to give them up. Only during the period since 1960 till 1967 more than 30 deaths of athletes after taking these preparations were officially registered.
The aim of this research work is theoretical substantiation of the main directions of releasing sport from stimulants and doping.
Objectives: 1. To reveal the reasons for doping taking.
2. To create the ways of doping eradication from sport and check their effectiveness during the pedagogical experiment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Taking great efforts for modern Olympic movement renewal, French humanist, teacher and democrat Pierre de Coubertin underlined that Olympism, which combines sport, culture and education, tries to create the way of life, based on joy of muscular efforts, upbringing importance of a good example, social responsibility, and also on respect for common to all mankind ethic values [2, 3, 5].
Mass use of stimulating substances and doping in order to achieve the highest result placed athletes in a position of inequality. Ignoring the information about their ruinous influence on an organism transformed the Olympic Games into a business-show with a great number of seriously ill people and dead sportsmen, who were to be the example for oncoming generations. Anabolic steroids use gave the sportsmen from former German Democratic Republic an opportunity to win 384 Olympic medals during 5 Olympic Games: 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984 and 1988. However, awful consequences of doping influence on an organism made 160 champions of the
Olympics, from unified Germany, apply to court with a suit against pharmaceutical company, which produced anabolic steroids. But pharmacist just mentioned that they are not responsible for the ways of their preparations use by doctors, trainers and sportsmen. During the period of 2001-2003 70 football-players juniors at the age of 14-18 died in the countries of the European Union because of doping use.
In terms of doping and stimulants creation and systematic use people started to see their ruinous influence. Mental and physical working capacity increase, the absence of tiredness of an organism, its need for rest led to functional systems over-tension and very often to death [5. 6. 8. 9. 14].
Negative aftereffects of these preparations use led to the necessity realization to forbid them. However, in spite of International Convention of doping prohibition (1989), doping is still used and distributed.
Literature, the opinion of trainers and sportsmen analysis, the results of our research works helped to reveal the main reasons for a wide distribution of the forbidden substances:
- insufficient training level;
- self-doubt ;
-not formed skills of psycho-emotional state management in stress conditions of competitive activity;
- the absence of volitional potential realization skills, psychological orientation to the set aim achievement;
- the official permission to use then during the previous Olympic Games;
- not understanding the importance of spiritual values of sport for a athlete's moral development [1, 2, 10, 12 and others].
One of the main reasons why different kinds of doping are used is their application in therapeutic medicine, no clear differences between medicinal and doping preparations. For example, beta-mimetics, used in medicine, improve respiratory process, which is very important in cyclic kinds of sport for stayers, cyclists and others. National teams of
France and Norway use them officially, as they say it is for bronchial asthma treatment, and achieve outstanding results. American tennis-players sisters Williams are permitted to take meldonium for cardiac muscle strengthening, but Maria Sharapova was disqualified for taking meldonium for the same purpose. The following is not clear: Why athletes, who have bronchial asthma, are allowed to take part in the Olympic Games and other International competitions together with healthy athletes?
Stimulating substances and doping use level is not decreased for one more reason. Nowadays the list of forbidden preparations includes more than 300 items, which as structural components can be included into great number of different remedies. Moreover, stimulants and doping are added into food and biologically active additives (BAA), which can be bought in drugstores [4, 7, 11, 13].
If the participants of the ancient Olympic Games used leaves of coca bush, sesame seeds and other stimulating substances, without knowing about their influence on an organism, nowadays trainers and doctors of national teams know about ruinous influence of doping. Different groups of doping have specific influence on physiological systems. For example, anabolic steroids cause agenesia, new growth appearance and increase, psychic syndromes, decreased kidney function and hepatism. In case of a long-term use of erythropoietin appear thrombi, the structure of red bone marrow changes. The use of diuretics, somatotropin, amphetamines and other preparations leads to metabolism, hormonal metabolism, orientation in space and time disorder, loss of consciousness and death. Narcotic analgetics: cocaine, promedol, codeine, pentazocine and others repress hunger, need for sleep, they are diuretics, increase muscle tone, decrease tiredness. Endurance increase creates conditions for achieving higher results, which exceed functional abilities. The organism of any person has its own limits, which restrict
mental and physical working capacity. Exceeding these limits leads to pathological states.
Some countries make attempts to struggle against doping. In the USA committee is created in order to create "zero doping tolerance" program and a lot of money was given. However, the number of sportsmen, who take doping, doesn't decrease. Russia also makes great attempts to get rid of forbidden preparations in sport. It is obvious, that this problem solution demands considered, coordinated cooperation of many countries, the content of which should include the following directions:
- depoliticized international organizations creation with the representatives of all developed countries, which control admission of sportsmen to the Olympic Games and other international competitions, taking into account their health state (not demanding any drug preparations use);
- sharing responsibility among pharmaceutic firms and companies, commercial organizations and federations of different kinds of sport for doping and stimulants production and distribution;
- strict borders establishing between therapeutic agents, doping and stimulants, which are forbidden by International Olympic Committee (IOC);
- carrying on a thorough investigation concerning each case of doing use without political bias;
- a purposeful explanatory work organization concerning ruinous influence of doping on an organism;
- moral bases of sport, their importance popularization for a harmonious development of a personality;
- equal conditions for all sportsmen;
- punishing not only a sportsman, but also a team doctor and a trainer for forbidden preparations use;
- increasing moral-ethical and aesthetic component of the Olympic movement and sport in general.
Immorality of doping use in sport is in unequal conditions of competitive struggle.
All nations of the world had the rules of an honest sports struggle:
- "don't hit a man when he's down";
- " two can fight, but three's a riot ";
- " don't hit below the belt " and
others.
If the level of an athlete's physical, psychological, technical-tactical readiness depends on a trainer and a sportsman, their creative, volitional and intellectual potential and the ways of its realization, doping use helps an athlete with a lower training level and sportsmanship have advantage over more trained sportsman. Moreover, imperfect mechanism of doping-control leads to punishment of not guilty sportsman, as for his organism it can be typical to have the increased level of hemoglobin or have the reaction to a neutral preparation, which is not doping or a stimulant. It is also necessary to take into account that in different countries there are differences in juridical norms concerning doping and stimulants use and it places athletes on not equal footing of sports combat conduct. One more fact, which prevents effective struggle against doping, is the following: in special literature it is underlined that doping is a drug, however, there is no criminal responsibility for doping creation, distribution and use. This juridical collision should be eliminated, which will help to change the situation.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
In order to reveal the attitude of trainers and athletes to stimulants and doping use we created the questionnaire survey and held a written questionnaire.
140 trainers and qualified athletes of different age, pedagogical and competitive activity experience, level of mastery took part in the questionnaire; 74 athletes and 66 trainers in different kinds of sport. The received answers analysis showed, that 81% of trainers think that without pharmacological preparations it is impossible to show high sports result. 83% sports teachers mentioned that all athletes take stimulating substances and doping. 91% of trainers are sure that it is impossible to get rid of doping in sport; 92% of the respondents mentioned that doping, as well as remedies, have different side effects, but in case of their correct use it is possible to avoid these side effects; 29% of respondents are sure that a rival can plant the drugs on an athlete; 77% of respondents are sure that only healthy athletes, who don't need remedies, especially doping should be allowed to take part in competitions and especially the Olympic Games; 96% of respondents consider IOC and WADA activity not objective and not effective enough.
QUESTIONNAIRE Aim: revelation of trainers' and athlete's attitude to doping use
№ Content of questions Variants of answer
Yes No Don't know
1 Is doping use a personal responsibility of an athlete?
2 Is it necessary to permit officially doping use in sport?
3 Do you consider IOC struggle against doping effective?
4 Is it possible, in your opinion, to get rid of doping in sport?
5 Do sportsmen, who use stimulating substances or doping, have an advantage over their opponents? (in your opinion)
6 Is it necessary to punish not only an athlete for doping use, but also a team doctor and a trainer?
7 Should athletes, who have bronchial asthma and use doping included into the content of a remedy, be allowed to take part in competitions?
8 Do you know the reasons for doping use?
9 Do you know who, when and for what purpose created doping?
10 Do you know about ruinous influence of doping on an organism?
11 Do you know how many athletes died because of doping?
12 Should criminal responsibility, in your opinion, be introduced for doping and stimulants use, keeping and distribution?
13 Can a athlete use doping without informing his trainer?
14 Is it possible, in your opinion, to have sports results improvement without forbidden preparations use?
15 Can doping get into an athlete's organism by accident or behind his back?
16 Is athlete always guilty in having doping in his organism?
17 Is punishment by IOC and WADA of all athletes, accused in doping use, always fair?
18 Is IOC activity in getting rid of doping in sport effective, in your opinion?
Thank you! You can leave the questionnaire unsigned!
74% of athletes are sure that all outstanding results in sport are achieved with the help of stimulants and doping; 79% of athletes think that doping is taken by all highly-qualified athletes; 63% of athletes mentioned that in modern sport it is impossible to avoid doping; 88% of athletes have a cursory view of physiological influence of doping on an organism; 97% of respondents mentioned that sportsmen, who have bronchial asthma, shouldn't be allowed to take part in competitions; 17% of respondents think that it is necessary to have criminal responsibility for doping taking, keeping and distribution; 96% of respondents are sure that IOC and WADA attitude to Russian sportsmen is unfair.
Athletes-respondents were divided into two groups: control group (CG) and experimental group (EG), each group included 37 people. In CG training lessons were held in accordance with yearly program of sports training. In EG special course "Stimulants and doping in life and sport" was held in order to form knowledge concerning their origin, history of application, mechanisms of influence of different stimulating substances and doping on physiological systems. Athletes mastered the following notions: "stimulating substances", "doping", "drug", regularities of
physiological functions changes under the influence of different stimulating substances. In EG the content of WADA and IOC activity in getting rid of doping in sport was studied; the work of anti-dote departments and laboratories was studied; their connection with remedies was revealed, differences in the character of influence was studied.
Students from EG got acquainted with the content of Convention against doping use, the peculiarities of different forbidden preparations influence on an organism. During the discussions the reasons for doping use, moral aspect of its use were revealed. Great attention was paid to the questions of doping origin, the indications of its use and the consequences of doping ruinous influence, the principles of influence on functional systems. During practical lessons the following things were considered: kinds of psycho-stimulating preparations, their side effects; anabolic steroids and doping of nonsteroid structure; the peculiarities of influence of ephedrine, caffeine and other stimulants on an organism. The following discussions were held: "Moral aspects of doping use"; "The heritage of Pierre de Coubertin, his conception of modern Olympic Games revival"; "Moral ideals in sport and their interrelations with doping".
Athletes from EG were offered to create own program of struggle with doping. After the pedagogical experiment one more questionnaire survey was held. Comparative analysis of the received results showed that the character of answers changed. However, in CG changes were insignificant: from 1,0 to 3,0%, but in EG considerable difference in questions (showing the urgency of the doping use problem by athletes of different countries) perception, understanding and estimation was revealed. 63,0% of respondents from EG initially considered that high results achievement is impossible without stimulants and doping, after the pedagogical experiment the number of students, who had the same point of view decreased to 37,0%.
Before the pedagogical experiment 88,0% of athletes didn't have a clear idea of doping side effects on physiological systems, after the special course study, active participation in discussions only 11,7% of respondents had the same level of knowledge. Athletes from EG changed their attitude to the following question: "Should athletes, who have bronchial asthma and use doping included into the content of a remedy, be allowed to take part in competitions?" 100% of respondents said "No". The same dynamics of answers change in EG was revealed according to other positions.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment showed, that the attitude of athletes to doping and stimulants can be controlled with the help of special knowledge system formation using active forms and methods of teaching, creative atmosphere creation, which helps an athlete not only discuss interesting for him questions, but express own point of view concerning the considered problem. Such kind of an approach to educational activity organization, directed at negative, hidden sides of doping use led to the following ideas realization: moral bases of sport are incompatible with the forbidden preparations use, importance of sport for a person's spiritual-moral, harmonious development.
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Author's information:
Nazarenko L.D. - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov", 432700, Russia, Ulyanovsk, The 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4, e-mail: ld nazarenkoamail. ru
Kuznetsova Z.M. - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov", 432700, Russia, Ulyanovsk, The 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4, e-mail: kzm dissamail.ru
Meshcheryakov A.V. - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov", 432700, Russia, Ulyanovsk, The 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4
DOI 10.14526/02_2018_323
THE PECULIARITIES OF SWIMMERS-VETERANS' ATTITIUDE TO TRAINING AND
COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY
Raspopova E.A.1, Khorosheva O.A.2
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism", Russia, Moscow, raspopova48@mail.ru 2State Autonomous Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Moscow Municipal
Pedagogical University", Russia, Moscow, rcchinamar@rambler.ru
Annotation. Sportsmen in "Masters" category join veteran movement for different reasons. Some swimmers earlier took part in competitions of high level, some went for other kinds of sport, some people started to go in for swimming during adulthood as a hobby. As a result, the attitude of swimmers-veterans' to own training and competitive activity would be different. Materials. The article is about the attitude of swimmers-veterans to veteran movement and the peculiarities of the
