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3. Arhipova I.V. Vyskazyvanies predlozhnymideverbativami v sovremennom nemeckomyazyke: monografiya. Novosibirsk: Izdatel'stvo NGPU, 2012.
4. Arhipova I.V. Predlozhnye deverbativy v sovremennom nemeckom yazyke: monografiya. Novosibirsk: NGPU, 2013.
5. Arhipova I.V. Predlozhnyj deverbativ kak konstituent zavisimogo taksisa sovremennogo nemeckogo yazyka. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 2016; № 4: 135 - 142.
Статья поступила в редакцию 14.01.20
УДК 81
Ahmadova S.I., teacher, Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University (Baku, Azerbaijan), E-mail: [email protected]
CONCEPT "FAMILY" IN THE LEXICAL-SEMANTIC AND PHRASEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF ENGLISH AND AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGES. Concepts act as structural and substantive elements of the conceptual system of personality and provide a process for processing information that reflects subjective human experience in accordance with certain categories and classes that are formed in society. Concepts and a conceptual systemic problem, which is the main object of study of cognitive linguistics, is to study the conceptual system of linguistic units at the modern stage of linguistics, and to master a new area of linguistics. Concepts act as components of our awareness of the world and our knowledge of the environment. In linguistics, concepts are studied on the basis of lexical units and paremias, with less emphasis on phraseological units. Phraseological expressions more clearly reflect the main features of the concept.
Key words: concepts, notions, lexico-semantic system, phraseological system, heterogeneous systems, structural elements, informative elements, linguistics.
С.И. Ахмедова, преп., Азербайджанский государственный педагогический университет, г. Баку, E-mail: [email protected]
КОНЦЕПТ «СЕМЬЯ» В ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЙ И ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМАХ АНГЛИЙСКОГО И АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ
Концепты выступают в качестве структурных и содержательных элементов концептуальной системы личности и обеспечивают процесс обработки информации, отражающей субъективный человеческий опыт в соответствии с определенными категориями и классами, которые формируются в обществе. Концепты и концептуальная системная проблема, являющаяся основным объектом исследования когнитивной лингвистики, заключается в изучении концептуальной системы языковых единиц на современном этапе лингвистики, освоении новой области лингвистики. Концепты действуют как компоненты нашего осознания мира и наших знаний об окружающей среде. В лингвистике концепты изучаются на основе лексических единиц и паремий с меньшим акцентом на фразеологические единицы. Фразеологические выражения более четко отражают основные черты концепта.
Ключевые слова: концепты, понятия, лексико-семантическая система, фразеологическая система, разносистемные языки, структурные элементы, содержательные элементы, лингвистика.
The most important research object in cognitive linguistics is the concept. The main types of classification activities are conceptualization and categorization. The first involves combining the minimum content units in the experience and 4 knowledge structures, and the second combining these or other events into larger classes or categories based on similar characteristics. Specific levels of a particular culture are expressed at the level of cultural concepts that act as collective meaningful mental essences that represent the semantic features of cultural meanings that are always expressed by name or description in a specific language.
The conceptual motivation of the concepts is quite rich, and their selection as a research object is also conducive to that. Phraseological units act as compact national-cultural texts and use cultural symbols that are typical for different types of culture. When the discovery of these cultural meanings is based on specific concepts, it is also possible to explore several aspects.
But it is necessary to do so, because at a time when scientific knowledge is developing rapidly, it is not enough to see the results of science alone, but to understand the mechanism of knowledge formation. For this purpose, it is necessary to clarify the processes of thinking and how the knowledge is formed in the thinking. Therefore, the mechanisms and means of materialization of these processes and their consequences are to be studied at that angle and in the opposite direction of those mechanisms and means they will be able to gain insight into the processes themselves.
The modern cognitive paradigm in linguistics has updated several concepts, and the updating of traditional terms and concepts is often accompanied by their rethinking. Such a paradigmatic rethinking concerns, first of all, the term concept. This is perhaps the term most frequently encountered in modern research, which cannot be called new, but it is also quite difficult to perceive it unambiguously.
Man, as a carrier of speech, synthesizes in himself and at the same time analyzes a huge amount of information received by his brain through verbal and non-verbal means and is also the main unit of culture. The future of all mankind depends on how information is perceived by homo sapiens, how it selects and systematizes what values it retains and which it brings to oblivion.
The purpose of cognitive linguistics is to understand how the world understands, categorizes, classifies and processes, gathers knowledge, and which systems provide different types of information.
"The family - the oldest institution of human society - has passed a difficult path of development. From tribal forms of dormitory, when a person "without clan, without tribe" could not exist at all, through a "large family", which housed several generations of close relatives living under the same roof, to a nuclear, "nuclear" family consisting of only spouses parents and children. The family now preserves the highest value, guarded by tribes and peoples, community structures and the state, laws and public
services, norms and customs of everyday life, myths, ancient taboos, religion, commandments and traditions. The vast majority of men and women both in Russia and in the West are oriented towards a strong, stable and happy family" [1].
Russian philosopher of the early XX century. S.A. Askoldov already at the very beginning of the article entitled "Concept and the word" writes: "The question of the nature of general concepts or concepts, according to medieval terminology of universals, is an old question that has long been on the line, but almost untouched at its central point" [2, p. 28].
From the very terminology used by S.A. Askoldov, it is clear that here we are talking about that intellectual phenomenon, which today is commonly called a concept. And not by a general concept, as in the given fragment, or by any other way, but simply by a concept as a logical category. In linguistics, this logical category corresponds to a signification or intensional. For example: "INTENSION Qualities or properties that make up the internal content of a word or term, its signification" [3, p. 179]. In the same place, signification is defined as "the value inherent in the word, as a unit of language, in contrast to the meaning that it acquires when used in specific situations of speech, i.e. unlike his nomination" [3, p. 403].
S.D. Katznelson said that the conceptual core of the lexical meaning of a word makes up the concept of an object. Therefore, the concept of a logical category in linguistics is denoted by such terms as a significaton or intensional. In all these cases, we are talking about the essential features of objects that combine them into a single class and allow us to call them the same word. S.D. Katznelson writes: "Lexical meanings, like concepts, are a kind of mental" concentrates ", clots of human knowledge about certain fragments and aspects of the surrounding reality. The meanings of words, like concepts, rest on a specific form of reflection of reality - generalization and abstraction" [4, p. 13].
Thus, the meaning of the word in the plane of the sign is identified with the concept as a logical, intellectual category. Further, trying to distinguish between meaning and concept, he writes the following: "The opinions of researchers on this issue diverge sharply. Some of them consider it possible to identify the lexical meaning or at least its conceptual "core" with the concept" [4, p. 16]. S.D. Katznelson points out that the former see the only difference between meaning and concept in that meaning is overgrown with emotionally expressive and stylistic shades. The latter, in principle, deny the legitimacy of identifying linguistic facts with logical ones.
The description of the content of ethnic pictures of the world of different peoples is possible through modeling the structure of images of linguistic consciousness. One way to identify the content of linguistic consciousness is associative fields, which are considered to be representations of unconscious layers of consciousness, formed from the reactions of native speakers in a free associative experiment, because they are
able to simulate verbal memory and linguistic consciousness of the "average" native speaker. A construct that combines linguistic structures and extra-linguistic realities in its content is a concept - a structurally meaningful unit of consciousness that reflects the totality of knowledge, ideas, opinions about the object of thought.
It is important for us that S.D. Katznelson uses such an expression as a conceptual core. And then the scientist uses terminological combinations of the conceptual content and the conceptual core, referring to the conceptual content, by virtue of which the same word is able to denote many different single things.
From the point of view of modern linguistic terminology, S.D. Katznelson's statement contains a well-known contradiction, since today the "conceptual core" is associated with the concept in our consciousness, and the conceptual content with the concept, signification, intensional. It follows that even with S.D. Katznelson the terms concept, conceptualization, conceptual were associated with ideas about the concept as a logical category. Therefore, speaking of the conceptual core of the lexical meaning of the word, he had in mind the totality of essential features of objects that combine them into a single logical class and form the basis for calling all of these objects the same word.
For example, all the nuts existing in the world are "a part with a hole having a screw thread for screwing onto a bolt" [5, 1, 297]. Thus, the "hole" and "screw thread" are essential features of all existing nuts, regardless of size and material of manufacture. The concept of nuts and compiled a sign of the lexical meaning of the Russian word nut. Or, according to S.D. Katznelson, the conceptual core of lexical meaning.
The ethnocultural content of the concept of ails/marriage, determined by ethnic stereotypes of consciousness, value orientations, is expressed in the linguistic and associative relationship of this concept with the concepts of family (among Azerbaijanis) and divorce (among the British). A family in the Azerbaijani linguistic consciousness acts as a semantic doublet of the token nigah. In the English linguistic consciousness, tendencies to distinguish between these two phenomena are revealed: the family concept is fixed as a set of relatives based on common family activity, connected by a common tradition and values, implementing continuity of family generations, and socialization of children.
In modern cognitive linguistics, the term concept is not equivalent to the term notion. If a concept has not changed its content, even today in terminological sense it means a combination of essential features that apply to the entire class of objects, then the concept has become associated with the cultural, historical and cultural ideas of the people about a particular phenomenon. That is why the concept is an essential fragment of the national mentality. It is believed that concepts (conceptual content) cannot be realized without a trace, be presented in the language. Some residual conceptual content remains unexpressed. It unites native speakers and representatives of the same culture at the level of emotions, a deep perception of things, attitude to the world.
If you try to summarize everything that is known about the concept today, you can argue that the concept differs from the concept (as a logical category) by the peculiarity of national-cultural ideas about the phenomenon indicated by the word. A word, a lexical sign, in this case is not adequate to the concept and does not represent its content, it only calls it, replaces it as a sign, signals about it. For example, the lexical meaning of the word guest in English is adequate to the lexical meaning of the word guest in Russian, and the lexical meanings of both words are identical to the meaning of the word qonaq in Azerbaijani. In all three cases, we are talking about the concept of "guest", the definition of which is equal to the following thesis: "he who visits, visits smb." [5, 1, p. 339].As already noted, the core of the lexical meaning of words makes up the concept of the subject. The concept, being a logical and universal category, does not change from language to language. Therefore, these words are equivalents and mean the same thing. For all this, the words guest, guest and qonaq have different conceptual content. More precisely, they act as semiotic signals, the keys to the concept of "guest", relevant in the collective consciousness of the British, Russians and Azerbaijanis.
Along with universal ideas about the family, there are historical and cultural representations of individual peoples. These ideas are scattered on various lexical and phraseological means, proverbs and sayings, works of folklore. The basis of the concept (as well as lexemes), a fragment of the linguistic picture of the world and national mentality is a system of essential features, but the conceptual content is fundamentally different in nature, it is a system of associations that are updated or activated by a lexical sign or situation (as a consonant speech environment) . According to researchers, the system of phenomena affected by activation includes both verbal and nonverbal means [6, p. 11]. This includes a representative level of activation when linguistic signals excite linguistic structures, a reference level when verbal signals activate non-verbal structures, and vice versa. Finally, the associative level is when a word is associated with both verbal and non-verbal images.
Thus, the concept, being a mental unit and characterizing the collective consciousness of an ethnos, only verbalizes in linguistic units, but at the same time there remains some spiritual remnant uniting native speakers and members of an ethnopsy-chological collective at a spiritual level. Consequently, the study of the concept at the language levels is mandatory, but not exhaustive. The most important material for the analysis of a concept is proverbs.
The concept of "family" is disclosed as follows: "FAMILY A group of people consisting of a husband, wife, children and other close relatives living together" [5, 4, p. 76]. The above definition from the so-called Small Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language is the main nominative meaning of the word family. All other values are
derived from this. In the given definition, we can distinguish such factors as "parents", "children" and "cohabitation". As for the "close relatives", this feature is quite amorphous in nature and does not make it possible to focus on the image of someone specifically. So, you might think that by these "close relatives" we mean the parents of the parents, i.e. grandparents, but it can also be brothers and sisters of parents. On the other hand, the official status of people living together is not emphasized here.
The Oxford English Dictionary distinguishes several meanings of the word family, all of which are related to the main nominative, i.e. we are talking about relatives living together. So, the first value is defined as "a group consisting of one or two parents and their children" [7, p. 455]. As you can see, the difference is that there is no indication of close relatives, as well as grandparents and grandchildren. That is, only two generations are indicated - parents and children. Another difference is that the parent can be one, the compilers of the Dictionary considered it necessary to note this difference, although it is important that the family scheme includes only parents (one or two) and children.
The second meaning of the word family is defined as "a group consisting of one or two parents, their children and close relations" [7, p. 455]. As you can see, the inclusion of close relatives is so significant that the drafters delimit two independent seeds.
The third meaning of this word is defined as follows: "all the people who are related to each other, including those who are now dead" [7, p. 455]. In Russian, the word family also occurs in this sense, although dictionaries do not indicate this. Most often, the meaning "descent from a common ancestor" is conveyed by the word genus [5, 3, p. 723] (cf. there were no such people in our genus yet).
The fourth meaning of the word family in the Oxford Dictionary is defined as "a couple's or a person's children, especially young children: They have a large family. I addressed it toMr and Mrs Jones and family" [7, 455]. Such a usage is reminiscent of Azerbaijani kulfst, for example, Onun boyuk kulfsti var. Onu kulfst basib. For the Russian ear, a phrase will sound somewhat strange: I am addressing this to Mr. Ivanov and Mrs. Ivanova, as well as to the family, referring to the family of children. Although in the Russian language phrases like Your family are big? - and keep in mind children, i.e. "Do you have many children?" It is characteristic that, answering this question, a person will speak not only about children, but about all households in general. So, for the British, family is parents and children.
This is how the basic nominative meaning of the word family is defined. In other words, here we are not dealing with differences of a lexicographic nature, but with an attitude to a fact that is conceptual in nature.
The expression family tree corresponds to the familiar concept of "family tree", and in the Azerbaijani concept of ails.
English family man means a man for whom the greatest pleasure is to stay in the circle of his own family. Moreover, the Oxford Dictionary emphasizes that a woman with whom (and her children) loves to be a man can be both a legal wife, married to him, and just a friend. In the corresponding article we read: "family man noun a man who has a wife or partner and children; a man who enjoys being at home with his wife or partner and children" [7, p. 455]. As we see the first corresponds to the Russian family man, the second does not find a match. It is also important that in both cases it is emphasized that this woman can be both a wife and a partner.
The expression happy family is ironic in character and means "heterogeneous animals and birds living in the same cage" [8, 1, p. 309].
The US Presidential Administration is associated with the family in the minds of Americans. In our minds, when they say "family" in connection with the president, they mean the relatives of the head of state who are allowed to speak. As you can see, in the American mind the "family of the president" of the President's official family is "members of the cabinet" [8, 1, p. 309].
The concept of "family" in English is verbalized in a stable phrase of a historical and cultural nature. Thus, the expression in and out family means members of the same family who are regulars at the workhouse [8, 1, p. 309].
In the phraseology run in the family, a reference is made to the expression run in the blood: "run in the blood (or run in the family) to be hereditary, to enter the flesh and blood" [8, 2, p. 782]. In the structure of phraseologism, such a feature of the concept of "family" as "heredity" is realized.
In the "Russian-English Dictionary of Proverbs and Sayings" by A. Margulis and A. Kholodnaya, four proverbs with the family component are recorded. This is Every family has a black sheep [9, p. 39]; There's a black sheep in every family [9, p. 39]; Men with the smallest income have the largest families [9, p.23]; You may choose your friends; your family is thrust upon you [9, p. 194]. The first two correspond to the Russian proverb. The family is not without a freak. The meaning of the third comes down to the assertion that poor families are usually large. The fourth states that we choose friends, family - no. Thus, the first two proverbs, being identical, realize such a sign of the concept of "family" as "flaw", "spot". The third establishes some equality, an association of poverty and large families. Fourth - such signs as "submission", "lack of choice", "dominance", "supremacy".
G.G. Shpet noting that "a simple word is the full blossoming flower of the tongue" [10, p.19] prompted us to look at this unit not in one plane, but as one that has its own "opening up" semantic paradigm during speech implementation
At the same time, the concept has goals with a number of special properties, among which the closest inextricable link with the word, which is manifested in the ability to materialize within the conceptual paradigm of the concept, as well as the availability of opportunities for the constant production of individual, personal, can be
considered the most interesting for this study. for each native Russian speaker, as well as national images, associations.
Cognitive linguistics and traditional structural-semantic linguistics are not different alternatives of scientific thought, but rather different aspects of linguistic reality.
In cognitive linguistics, the researcher focuses on clarifying the role of language as a condition and instrument of cognition. When each language expresses something in the world, it creates a world view for those who speak it. It is the language that enables a complete and adequate understanding of the human mind and mind.
The analysis showed that in the semantic structure of the word family, as well as in the structure of stable syntagmas, phraseological units, proverbs and sayings, a fragment of the concept of "family" is reflected. These fragments are significant for national mentality in a cognitive sense. In other words, the system of such signs makes up the content of any concept in the collective consciousness of the people, including the concept of "family". Of course, a complete understanding of concepts as mental phenomena can only be obtained through a systematic and systematic analysis of language and speech material, including folklore and fiction.
Библиографический список
1. Бутто О.Л. Репрезентация концептов «семья», «брак», «жена» в итальянской лингвокультуре. Available at:http://cheloveknauka.com/reprezentatsiya-kontseptov-semya-brak-zhena-v-italyanskoy-lingvokulture
2. Аскольдов С.А. Концепт и слово. Русская речь. Сборники под редакцией Л.В. Щербы. Новая серия. II. Ленинград: ACADEM1A, 1928: 28 - 44.
3. Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1966.
4. Кацнельсон С.Д. Общее и типологическое языкознание. Ленинград: Наука, 1986.
5. Словарь русского языка: в 4-х томах. АН СССР Москва: Русский язык, 1981 - 1984.
6. Кубрякова Е.С., Демьянков В.3., Панрац Ю.Г., Лузина Л.Г Краткий словарь когнитивных терминов. Москва: Филологический факультет МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, 1996.
7. Oxford advanced learner's dictionary. Oxford university press, 2005.
8. Кунин А.В. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь: в 2 томах. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1967.
9. Маргулис А., Холодная А. Русско-английский словарь пословиц и поговорок. Jefferson: McFarland&Company, 2000.
10. Шпет Г. Г Внутренняя форма слова. Москва, 1927.
References
1. Butto O.L. Reprezentaciya konceptov «sem'ya», «brak», «zhena» v ital'yanskoj lingvokul'ture. Available at:http://cheloveknauka.com/reprezentatsiya-kontseptov-semya-brak-zhena-v-italyanskoy-lingvokulture
2. Askol'dov S.A. Koncept i slovo. Russkaya rech'. Sborniki pod redakciej L.V. Scherby. Novaya seriya. II. Leningrad: ACADEM1A, 1928: 28 - 44.
3. Ahmanova O.S. Slovar'lingvisticheskih terminov. Moskva: Sovetskaya 'enciklopediya, 1966.
4. Kacnel'son S.D. Obschee itipologicheskoeyazykoznanie. Leningrad: Nauka, 1986.
5. Slovar'russkogo yazyka: v 4-h tomah. AN SSSR. Moskva: Russkij yazyk, 1981 - 1984.
6. Kubryakova E.S., Dem'yankov V.3., Panrac Yu.G., Luzina L.G. Kratkijslovar'kognitivnyh terminov. Moskva: Filologicheskij fakul'tet MGU imeni M.V. Lomonosova, 1996.
7. Oxford advanced learner's dictionary. Oxford university press, 2005.
8. Kunin A.V. Anglo-russkij frazeologicheskij slovar': v 2 tomah. Moskva: Sovetskaya 'enciklopediya, 1967.
9. Margulis A., Holodnaya A. Russko-anglijskijslovar'poslovic ipogovorok. Jefferson: McFarland&Company, 2000.
10. Shpet G.G. Vnutrennyaya forma slova. Moskva, 1927.
Статья поступила в редакцию 25.12.19
УДК 803.0: 801.316
Akhmetshina Yu.V, Cand. of Scienсes (Pedagogy), senior lecturer, State Pacific National University (Khabarovsk, Russia), E-mail: [email protected]
MODERN ENGLISH BORROWINGS AND THE PROBLEM OF INTER-VARIETY IN LIGHT OF THE GENERAL THEORY OF BORROWING. The author raises the English borrowing problem, its influence on the modern Russian language. The article considers the notion of inter-variety borrowing with reference to American loanwords in English, which demonstrate the specific character of the process of borrowing from one national variety into another. The author reveals the system connections of the term under consideration with сcorrelative terms (variety borrowing, internal borrowing). This article discusses the semantic and word-formative aspects of terminology in the field of communicationHere is the analysis of theoretical sources on the topic of the research. Examples show various ways of adapting borrowed terms. During adaptation these terms pass the stages of assimilation, adapting to the conditions of functioning in language-adopter. Along with overall globalization English-American linguistic borrowing is considered to be a positive phenomenon providing infinite possibilities for international partnership.
Key words: English borrowings, аnglicism, americanism, inter-variety borrowing, American English, terminology, assimilation.
Ю.В. Ахметшина, канд. пед. наук, доц., Тихоокеанский государственныйуниверситет, г. Хабаровск, E-mail: [email protected]
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМА МЕЖВАРИАНТНОСТИ В СВЕТЕ ОБЩЕЙ ТЕОРИИ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ
В статье автор поднимает проблему англоязычных заимствований, их влияние на современный русский язык. Изучается понятие межвариантного заимствования на материале американских заимствований в варианте английского языка, демонстрирующих специфику заимствования из одного национального варианта в другой. Определяются системные связи исследуемого термина с коррелятивными терминами (вариантное заимствование, внутреннее заимствование). В данной статье рассматриваются семантические и словообразовательные аспекты терминологии в сфере коммуникации. Проводится анализ текстовых извлечений по теме исследования. На примерах показываются различные способы адаптации заимствованных терминов. В процессе адаптации данные термины проходят этапы ассимиляции, приспосабливаясь к условиям функционирования заимствующего языка. В рамках всеобщей глобализации англо-американское заимствование рассматривается как положительное явление, предоставляющее безграничные возможности для международного сотрудничества.
Ключевые слова: межвариантное заимствование, англоязычные заимствования; англицизмы; американизации, американский вариант, терминология, ассимиляция.
Стремительное проникновение англоязычных заимствований в русский язык вызвало дискуссионность в обществе среди филологов и языковедов. С одной стороны, представители российских филологических сообществ заявляют о необходимости освобождения языка от «чужих» слов и защите русского языка от бурного проникновения иноязычных заимствований. С другой стороны, многоаспектные заимствования внедряются в систему русского языка в процессе социально- культурных отношений между народами и странами, являются ярким примером мировой глобализации в процессе обогащения языкового пространства «свежими» лексемами и выражениями.
Лексический состав иностранного языка постоянно находится в системе развития и обогащения за счет внедрения в системы языковых кодов словообразования, изменения значений через призму заимствований. Возрастающее количество используемых англицизмов и американизмов вызывает потребность возвести представленное исследование в ряд наиболее актуальных проблем современного филологического пространства. Исследования Л.П. Крысина дают возможность полагать, что воспроизведение через средства фонетического и морфологического ряда позволяет интенсивно заимствовать морфемы, слова, палитру словосочетаний стороннего языка на основе имитирования языковых ко-
