CC BY
24«ШУУШШШИМ-ЛШИГМаУ» #22«9)), 2021 / PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
37
7. Реформатский А.А. Введение в языковедение / Под.ред. В.А. Виноградова. -М.: Аспект Пресс, 1996. -536 с.
8. Современный ингушский язык. Морфология / Под ред. Н.М. Барахоевой. -Нальчик, ООО «Терраграф», 2012. -558 с.
9. Современный ингушский язык. Фонетика, лексикология, морфология / Под ред. А.З. Гандалоевой. -Назрань, ООО «КЕП», 2021. -308 с.
10. Тариева Л.У. Наречие в ингушском языке. -Назрань: ООО «КЕП», 2013. -208 с.
УДК 811.111
Putilina Anastasiya Vladimirovna
Master-Student of Faculty ofForeign Languages, Pedagogical Institute, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia, DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-22109-37-39 CONCEPT "DREAM" IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Abstract.
The article is devoted to the study of one of the universal linguistic and cultural concepts - the concept of "dream" and its existence in the English language. The study of concepts and their role in various language pictures of the world is very relevant today, as it is a new direction in linguistic science. The objectification of the concept depends on an individual nature of a person, on gender, age, profession and so on. Detailed study of concepts is possible through the field method in linguistics, so the article gives the analyses of "dream" concept, based on this method. The paper also covers 4 dominant images in the structure of the "dream " concept, using the statements about the dream written by famous people living in the UK. In conclusion, it is declared that understanding of linguistic and cultural concepts allows us to see interconnected semantic lines in different language cultures and simultaneously improve the understanding of such lines in our own culture.
Keywords: concept, conceptual analysis, dream, objectification, lexical-semantic field
The persons mental activity forms in his mind a certain system of ideas about the world around him - in other words , a conceptual system. The basic elements of this system are concepts as meaningful operational units of knowledge. The term "concept" itself does not have a generally accepted definition, and it is interpreted by the researchers in different ways. But in spite of this fact, this term is widely used in modern linguistics. Here is one of the widely used definitions of the concept, authored by V.I.Karasik: "Concept is a complex multidimensional mental formation that includes image perceptual, conceptual and value components [1, p.137]. In other words, concept conveys certain values in the context of a particular language culture. The concept is inextricably linked with human thought, it is a mental unit.
The analysis of any concept as a category of thinking is the study of its linguistic representation with consideration of specific language units that can help to understand the concept. The concept becomes comprehensible to everyone only through verbalization. At the same time, the objectification of the concept depends on an individual nature of a person, on gender, age, profession and so on. Each person verbalizes the same concept differently. Thus, the main features of the concept are:
- mental nature;
- linguistic expression;
- sociocultural conditioning.
Therefore, E.S.Kubryakova calls the conceprt -"umbrella" term, "covering the subject area of several scientific directions". [2, p.58].
The study of concept is carried out by identifying and analyzing the language means of their representation, as well as modeling their structure. Today it is one of the most relevant, interesting and important spheres
of linguistic research. [3, p.1420]. There is a large group of concepts that belong to the category of universal ones. There are concepts that exist in every culture and have similar content. The most interesting for researchers are concepts that reflect values of a particular culture, people's living conditions, behavior patterns, etc. Concept "Dream" belongs to this vast group.
Thus, the concept "Dream" is one of the most significant in the English language, and its studying leads to a more subtle understanding of the English language picture of the world. In English language this concept is objectified by the following lexemes: "dream", "daydream", "reverie", "fancy", "vision", "phantasy". All these words are polysemantic. It should be noted that the word "dream" includes meaning that are also transmitted by other words listed here, and is synonymous with the dominant. Component analysis of the semantics of the word "dream" shows, that the main meaning of this lexeme is associated with the representation of native speakers about positive emotional and mental state - hopes for a better future, expectations for the best. This is indicated by the origin of the word "dream", which, according to researchers of the old English language, originally had the meaning of "joy". There is also another semantic content of this lexeme, associated with something imaginary and very remote from reality.
According to Webster's dictionary, the following definitions of the word "dream" are given:
1). The totality of thoughts, images and emotions that occer in a dream.
2). Escape from reality.
3). Something of the highest quality, very beautiful, excellent.
4). The main goal, aspiration or desire.
38
PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES / «<g©LL©qUWM~J©U®MaL» #22(H©9)), 2©2U
Dictionaries give the following most frequent combinations with the word "dream": have a dream, in dream, a dream job, beyond your (wildest) dreams, a dream come true, in your dreams ( in a humorous context), like a dream, not/never in your (wildest) dreams, of your dreams, somebody's dream. This sample sug-gestes that in English speaking mind, "dream" is associated with a state of expectation, hope, and joy, it the hopes were fulfilled.
It seems that the most universal definition of the lexeme "dream" in the English language picture of the world is the understanding of "dream" as something imagined or mentally created; the creation of any image in the imagination; the state of thoughtfulness.
Let's consider the lexical and semantic field of the concept " dream" in English. The field method in linguistics allows us to study language units in their various connections, analyse different system relations that underlie the worldview of English speaking people. According to traditional field theory, the lexical and semantic field of "ream" can be divided into the core, center, or nearnuclear zone, and the periphery ( near or far). The main criterion for identifying the field structure of this concept was the frequency principle and denotative content of tokens.
The core and center of lexical-semantic field. The core consists of 4 lexical units: the noun "dream", its synonyms "daydream" and "reverie", and the verb "to dream". After analyzing the definitions of the given lexical units, taken from authentic lexicographic sources, it is established that all the words in question have one common meaning - "dream". The lexeme of "dream" has the greatest lexical compatibility due to its monosyllabic nature. The units that form the core of the field have a large number of synonyms that differ in the sphere of use expressive evaluation of this lexeme. These synonyms form the center of the lexical-semantic field ( hope, to hope, ideal, aspiration, illusion, fantasy, fancy, to fantasize, image, to imagine, thought, to think up, desire, to desire, desirable).
Also consider the near and far peripheral zones of the "dream" concept. As for the near peripheral area of the lexical-semantic field, it is formed with the following words:
- Nouns: delusion, imagination, impression, speculation, thought, aspiration, notion, wish
- Verbs: conceive of, stargaze, ideate, crave, devise, formulate, hanker, long, sigh for, third, visualize
- Adjectives: delirious
- Phrases: castle in the air, mental picture, have a vision
The means of expression of the near periphery indicate the dynamism of the expressed relations ( verbs with the meanings "to imagine", "to think", "to want very much" predominate).
Far peripheral area of lexical-semantic field is represented with the words, presented below:
- Nouns: woolgathering, bubble, chimera, hallucination, trance, ambition, design, brainstorm, hunger, picture
- Verbs: concoct, cook up, envisage, hallucinate, hatch out, lust, make up, pine
- Adjectives: moonstruck
- Phrases head trip, pie in the sky, pipe dream, flight of fancy, be up in the air, be up in the clouds
The means of expression of the far periphery are descriptive ( nouns with the meaning "dreaminess", "soaring in the clouds", "idea" prevail).
There are also 4 microfields, considered to be a part of the «dream» concept : "Dreams that come true", "Dreams that don't come true", "Ideal" and "Dreamy life". All elements of the lexical-semantic field of the «dream» taken from dictionary sources form a single dynamic system.
The value component of the national communicative style is manifested in the features of objectification of the concept of "dream". It is important to study those concepts that are a kind of codes-keys to understanding the values of the English speaking culture, people's living conditions, stereotypes and their behavior. Linguistic and cultural modeling of the "dream" concept is of interest, since the dream is one of the keys to understanding the moral values of the inner world of a person as a representative of English culture, since dreams are not just thoughts and fantasies, they are the motivation of specific plans that a person implements on a daily basis.
The figurative component of the concept of "dream" is of particular interest in identifying the values of English linguoculture. The analysis of it was carried out on the basis of the frequency of displayed associations, expressed in metaphors in statements about the dream written by famous people living in the UK. A dream is an abstract, mental entity that cannot be felt directly, but can be revealed using metaphors, on the basis of which images are constructed. Researchers usually distinguish 4 dominant images in the structure of the "dream" concept:
1) "Reality - a dream come true"
The authors of the statements attributed to this image note that the deep roots of person's dreams must be found in their daily life. This means that a person thinks about the events that are happening, analyzes them, and considers possible ways to solve the problems that people constantly face.
"We live in a fantasy world, a world of illusion. The great task in life is to find reality." Iris Murdoch.
2) "Dream is the meaning of life"
The set of ideas about the meaning of life is of great importance for the formation of the spiritual and moral appearance of the individual, indicating moral norms and values, demonstrating goals.
"I know it's a rare privilege, but if one can really tackle something in adult life that means that much to you, then it's more rewarding than anything I can imagine." Andrew Wiles.
The ability to realize a dream is recognized as the meaning of life. Dreams are not just abstract thoughts, dreams help people to discover the truth. The key to the knowledge of the person lies in our minds, our dreams and fantasies. For many Englishmen, the meaning of life is in their work, in choosing their future profession. In such statements, such traits of the English character as ambition and hard work, aimed at achieving all the
«ШУУШШШИМ-ЛШИГМаУ» #22»9)), 2021 / PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
39
goals set for themselves, are shown. The values expressed in the image of "the Dream is the meaning of life" are the ability and ability to turn a dream into reality, the search for truth, the key to understanding a person. One of the dominant values expressed in the image in question is work.
3) "Dream-freedom"
One of the communicative relevant features of the English mentality is freedom. The English have always had a desire for freedom. Freedom is an integral part of the inner world of a person.
"Only in our dreams are we free. The rest of the time we need a salary." Terry Pratchett.
Freedom is more important than dreams. Only a free man can dream and plan properly. The dream of freedom is a dream of unrestricted choice of future life, the dream of being free from routine and other circumstances that limit human needs.
4) "Dream-future"
The future is always new hopes. Quite often people think of it as a bright, cloudless life, while considering only positive aspects of tomorrow. That is why all people make efforts to do everything possible to implement plans for the future.
"Your vision is the promise of what you shall one day be; your ideal is the prophecy of what you shall at last unveil." James Allen.
So, statements about the dream express the fundamental values of English linguoculture - freedom, patriotism, family relations, and work. Within the framework of statements about the dream, freedom is recognized as a communicatively relevant feature of the
English national communicative style. Freedom is interpreted as freedom for the entire nation and as personal freedom, which consists in the unrestricted choice of a future life. Pragmatism and rationalism are also integral features of the character of representatives of English linguoculture. However, the pragmatism does not allow us to call this nation a dreamer, building only castles in the air. The British remain rational even in their dreams, while analyzing ways to turn their plans into reality. In their dreams, famous people ask questions about the meaning of life, plan the future, and think about ways to fulfill their desires.
Understanding of linguistic and cultural concepts allows us to see interconnected semantic lines in different language cultures and simultaneously improve the understanding of such lines in our own culture. A comprehensive study of the value side of linguistic and cultural concepts is the key to understanding the highest behavior guidelines inherent in a particular culture.
References
1. Karasik V.I. (2002) Language circle: personality, concepts, discourse. Volgograd; "Peremena". P. 137.
2. Kubryakova E. S., Demyankov V. Z., Pankrats Yu. G., Luzina L. G. (1996) Concise dictionary of cognitive terms. Moscow. P. 58 .
3. Mityaeva A.P.(2015) On the question of lingvocognitive and linguoculturological approaches to the study of concepts // Young scientist. - No 10. - Pp. 1420-1423.
УДК 821.161.2-31.09
Резтченко Ю. О.
Днтровський нацюнальний утверситет iMem Олеся Гончара, астрантка кафедри укратськоХ лтератури DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-22109-39-42 ХУДОЖНЯ СВОСРВДШСТЬ HAPATOBHOÏ МОДЕЛ1 ПОВ1СТ1 «ВАЗА» В. ЛИСА
Reznichenko Yu. O.
Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, PhD student of the Ukrainian Literature Department
ARTISTIC SCPECIFITY OF THE NARRATIVE MODEL IN THE STORY 'VASE' BY V. LYS
АнотацЫ.
У cmammi презентовано результати вивчення наративно'1' органгзацИ noeicmi «Ваза» В. Лиса. Визна-чено, що в сучасному укра'1'нському лiтературознавствi повiстевi тексти до^джено лакунарно, що й зумовило актуальнкть цieiрозвiдки. Доведено, що в названому творi реал1зовано ключову для укратськоХ повiстi 2010-хротв лiнiйно-ретроспективну наративну модель, оповiдь уякш розгорнуто як спогад героя. Наратор Инопланетянин, перетворений на вазу) вiдтворюe спомини про рiдну планету й актуальзуе свое бачення земного життя, указуе уважному читачевi на недосконалкть людини. Вiдповiдно до жанрово'1' моделi повiстi, вдумливий оповiдач спостершае за буденним кнуванням одте'1' родини (матерi й доньки). Неантропоморфний наратор часом ненадшний з погляду художньо'1' достовiрностi, утiм влучно акцентуе на проблемi вибору й вiдповiдальностi за нього, кохання i зради, швидкоплинностi часу тощо. Зроблено висновок, що лттно-ретроспективна наративна модель у фантастичнт повiстi «Ваза» В. Лиса увираз-нюе авторський погляд на сьогодення.
Abstract.
This article presents the results of investigation of the narrative organization in the story 'Vase' by V. Lys. The search for the literature revealed few studies which examine modern Ukrainian story, therefore this study is topical. This research defines that the above-mentioned story implements the key linear-retrospective narrative model for the Ukrainian story of the 2010s that articulates the relevance of "sounding " ofprotagonist's memories.
