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JOURNAL OF MINING INSTITUTE
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Research article UDC 504.062
Complex processing of high-carbon ash and slag waste
Mariia A. CHUKAEVA H, Vera A. MATVEEVA, Ivan P. SVERCHKOV
Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
How to cite this article: Chukaeva M.A., Matveeva V.A., Sverchkov I.P. Complex processing of high-carbon ash and slag waste. Journal of Mining Institute. 2022. Vol. 000, p. 97-104. DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2022.5
Abstract. The paper considers a current issue of ash and slag processing for the Polyus Aldan JSC, that has accumulated over 1 million tons of this waste. Following the results of the review of Russian and foreign literature, four promising areas of their use were selected: road construction, building materials, reclamation of disturbed lands, and inert aggregates. To assess the possibility of implementing the selected disposal directions, the samples of ash and slag waste of the enterprise were sampled and analyzed. Fuel characteristics, chemical and mineral composition, as well as physico-chemical and mechanical properties of waste were determined. Taking into account the results of complex laboratory studies and the requirements of regulatory documents, each of the selected areas of using ash and slag waste was evaluated. It was found that their disposal by traditional methods has limitations, mainly related to the high content of unburned fuel residues. The high content of combustible substances and the high specific heat of combustion with a relatively low ash content suggested the possibility of thermal disposal of the studied waste. Based on the literature data, the characteristics of the preparation of organic coal-water suspensions based on the studied ash and slag waste were selected. As a result of a series of experiments on their flaring, the expediency of using the obtained fuel at the enterprise under consideration has been proved. The authors note the possibility of using ash obtained after thermal waste disposal in the road construction industry. The prospects for further research of technologies for the preparation and combustion modes of suspension fuel based on ash and slag waste are determined.
Keywords: ash and slag waste; high-carbon waste; complex processing; thermal utilization; organic coal-water fuel; monitoring
Accepted: 24.01.2022 Online: 22.03.2022 Published: 29.04.2022
Introduction. The share of coal in the world electricity production is about 40 %. In the Russian Federation, its consumption is growing, primarily in regions limited by other fuels. At power plants of the Far Eastern economic region, coal consumption reaches 85 %, while in the European part of Russia, in the Urals and Siberia, 64 % of gas and only 28 % of coal are consumed [1].
When coal is burned, such by-products as ash and slag waste (ASW) are formed. The volume of already accumulated ASW reaches 1.6 billion tons with an annual increase of up to 80 million tons. The occupied area is more than 25 thousand hectares. In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), over 100 million tons of ASW with an annual increase of 1.1-1.5 million tons have been accumulated on landfills with an area of more than 700 hectares.
ASW are dispersed powders consisting of fly ash, slag, and unburned carbon of the original fuel. Depending on the quality characteristics of the fuel, its combustion mode, and the type of boiler, the content of its components varies within the following values: 10-60 % for unburned carbon, 30-80 % for fly ash, and 10-70 % for slags.
ASW dumps negatively affect all the media, pollute the soil [2, 3], air [4], ground and surface waters [5], adversely affecting the regional environmental situation and human health [1]. Enterprises incur significant costs associated with the storage and placement of ASW. The task of their effective processing in order to solve these problems is extremely relevant.
The object of the study was the company Polyus Aldan JSC, located in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and developing 11 gold deposits on the territory of the Kuranakh ore field. The mining facilities include a boiler room of the heat supply shop, serving the housing stock, industrial, and social facilities of Lower Kuranakh village settlement. From 1964 to 2019, the company accumulated over 1 million tons of ASW with an annual increase of more than 9 thousand tons. The purpose of the work is to study and substantiate the potential directions of using ASW of the Polyus Aldan JSC based on the results of complex laboratory studies.
Methodology. According to the results of the review of Russian and international literature, promising areas of waste disposal were selected [6-8]. The road construction sector [9-11] and agriculture [12-14] are the most relevant ways of application. In this case, the waste is not just disposed of but processed at a profit for an enterprise [15-17]. In extractive industries, the backfilling of ASW into the mined space has become widespread [18-20]. This method is less preferable due to the low economic effect and prolonged environmental hazard [21-23].
The choice of the direction of waste disposal is determined, first of all, by their composition and fuel characteristics, as well as physico-chemical and mechanical properties. To determine these characteristics and assess the homogeneity of waste by area and depth of occurrence, sampling was carried out in accordance with the requirements of PND F 12.4.2.1-99 "Waste of mineral origin. Recommendations for sampling and preparation of samples. General provisions" and GOST R 577892017 "Ashes, slags and ash-slags mixtures of HPP for manufacturing of artificial porous aggregates. Specifications". The ash and slag waste pond measuring 700*350 m was divided into four sections, visually homogeneous in composition, size, and moisture content of the material (Fig. 1).
Point samples weighing 400-600 g were taken from the surface of the digs with a metal scoop from depths of 0.5, 1, 1.5 m, and 2 m with a geological drill (Fig.1). The composition and properties of the samples were studied in the Environmental Modeling Laboratory of the Common Use Center, Saint Petersburg Mining University.
Dry ash content is the most unevenly distributed characteristic of coal and its waste [24, 25]. To clarify the number of homogeneous sections of the ASW pond, this indicator was determined for each point sample. Laboratory samples were prepared from the combined samples of refined homogeneous sites for further comprehensive research.
Fig.1. Layout of homogeneous sections of the ASW pond with sampling points This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
The primary fuel characteristics of ASW were determined in accordance with the regulatory documents for solid mineral fuel. The highest and lowest heat of combustion of ASW was determined using the bomb calorimeter IKA 2000. Humidity, ash content, and volatile yield were determined by the LECO TGA701 thermogravimetric analyzer. The content of the main elements of the organic mass, carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and nitrogen, were studied by an instrumental method on a LECO CHN628 elemental analyzer with a sulfur add-on module. The mass fraction of oxygen in the fuel mass of ASW was calculated by the formula:
O = 100 - (C + H + N + H2O + A),
where C, H, and N are the mass fractions of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in the absolutely dry ASW, respectively, %; H2O is the moisture content, %; A is the ash content in the absolutely dry ASW, %.
X-ray phase analysis of ASW was carried out on a powder diffractometer XRD-6000. The phases were searched using the international JSPDC database. The chemical composition of the mineral part of the ash was determined by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma on ICPE 9000 with the preliminary decomposition of samples in the Multiwave 3000 SOLV microwave system. Additionally, the content of water-soluble and mobile forms of elements was determined, as well as the content of humic acids, according to RD 34.02.202-95 "Recommendations for the reclamation of waste ash and slag dumps of thermal power plants".
In accordance with the requirements of the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation dated 4.12.2014 N 536 "On approval of Criteria for classifying waste to hazard classes I-V according to the degree of negative impact on the environment" and the Federal Law "On Production and Consumption Waste" dated 24.06.1998 N 89-FZ, the hazard class of ASW was determined by the calculation method and biotesting using two test objects of various systematic groups (Chlorella algae and Daphnia crustaceans).
Physico-chemical and mechanical properties were determined in accordance with regulatory documents on the use of ash in road construction (ODM 218.2.031-2013 "Guidelines for the use of fly ash and ash-slag mixtures from coal combustion at thermal power plants in road construction") as a component of concrete (GOST 25592-2019 "Mixes of fly-ash and slag of thermal plants for concretes. Specifications") and cement (TU 3470-10347-92 "Ash and slag waste of HPP for manufacturing of cement"), for the production of artificial fillers (GOST R 57789-2017 "Ashes, slags and ash-slags mixtures of HPP for manufacturing of artificial porous aggregates. Specifications").
The results of the determination of the ash content of ASW in an absolutely dry state for each point sample were processed using the Surfer software (Fig.2).
Fig.2. Spatial distribution of ash content under the absolute dry condition
According to this indicator, the pond is divided into two homogeneous sections. The homogeneous section 1 includes the initial sections 1' and 2' with average values of ash content of 39.9 ± 12.8 % and 40.7 ± 11.7 %, respectively. The homogeneous section 2 includes the initial sections 3' and 4' with an average ash content of 28.9 ± 3.2 % and 21.6 ± 3.8 %, respectively. Further studies of ASW were carried out for combined samples of homogeneous sites 1 (sample 1) and 2 (sample 2).
According to the results of X-ray phase analysis, samples 1 and 2 are identical. Quartz is the main crystalline phase, calcite, mullite, augite, and hematite are found in small amounts.
The fuel characteristics are presented in Table 1. The total content of the elements in the mineral part of ASW, as well as the number of their mobile and water-soluble forms in terms of an absolutely dry state are presented in Table 2.
Table 1
The main fuel characteristics of ASW under the absolute dry condition
Characteristic Sample 1 Sample 2
Mass fraction, %
moisture 5.72 7.54
sulfur 0.15 0.24
carbon 52.0 63.3
hydrogen 1.67 1.41
nitrogen 0.49 0.59
oxygen 4.9 11.0
Ash content 40.8 23.6
Highest specific heat of combustion, MJ/kg 17.9 24.9
Lowest specific heat of combustion, MJ/kg 17.4 24.4
Volatile output, % 16.2 18.5
Table 2
Total content and content of mobile and water-soluble forms of elements in the mineral phase of ASW, mg/kg
Element Sample 1 Sample 2
Mode of occurrence Mode of occurrence MPC (TPC) for the total content*
Total Mobile Water soluble Total Mobile Water soluble
Al 40390 293 0.93 23694 312 1.5 n/s
Ca 17462 9917 80 11092 7673 75 n/s
Mg 4239 657 44 2476 551 34 n/s
Ti 2105 2.1 0.10 1640 2.3 0.14 n/s
Fe 21338 283 0.65 12815 256 0.88 n/s
Na 1200 50 5.2 873 48 4.8 n/s
K 665 15 1.5 335 12 1.1 n/s
As 8.7 1.8 0.21 4.6 5.3 1.4 5.0
Cd 2.0 0.42 0.046 1.4 0.31 0.032 0.5
Co 32 1.1 0.10 87 0.68 0.075 n/s
Cr 15 0.21 < 0.005 12 0.12 0.009 0.05
Cu 15 0.35 < 0.005 12 0.26 < 0.005 33
Ni 13 0.29 < 0.03 8.9 0.14 < 0.03 20
Pb < 0.8 < 0.8 < 0.8 < 0.8 < 0.8 < 0.8 32
Zn 6.6 1.1 < 0.03 4.4 0.70 < 0.03 55
Sr 206 31 0.81 125 28 0.70 n/s
Ba 358 34 0.19 225 36 0.16 n/s
P 369 25 0.44 240 30 0.60 n/s
Mn 286 30 0.053 145 21 0.047 1500
Si 114800 - - 56900 - - n/s
Hg 0.086 < 0.011 < 0.011 0.044 < 0.011 < 0.011 2.1
* The values of Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) and Tentative Permissible Concentrations (TPC) are given in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness to humans of environmental factors for sandy and sandy loam soils; n/s - the indicator is not standardized.
Basic physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics of ASW
Characteristic Site 1 Site 2
Sediment on a 0.08x0.08 mm
pore size sieve, % 88.6 80.8
Loss on ignition, % 60.0 76.5
Full water absorption, % 61.5 149.2
Bulk density, kg/m3 679 405
Filtration coefficient, m/day 4.52 7.53
pH of salt extract (KCl) 8.18 7.99
Neutralizing ability, % 0.24 0.21
As a result of calculations carried out on the Table 3
basis of the obtained data on the ASW composition (Tables 1, 2), the environmental hazard degree of samples 1 and 2 is 3.3 and 1.8, respectively (K < 10), therefore, the waste is "practically non-hazardous" (hazard class V). According to the bi-otesting results, samples 1 and 2 are "low-hazardous" (hazard class IV) for both test objects used.
The humic acid content was 1.45 and 0.1 % by weight, for samples 1 and 2, respectively. The physico-chemical and mechanical properties of ASW are presented in Table 3, as well as in graphical form in Fig.3.
Discussion. To select and substantiate the method of ASW disposal, each of the listed options was considered, taking into account the results of laboratory studies.
Road construction. According to the main document regulating the possibility of ASW application in road construction, according to the loss on ignition values (Table 3), the studied samples belong to waste with a high content of combustible substances, which makes it impossible to use them in road surfaces. In addition, the IV hazard class determines the need for special measures when using ASW in the road industry.
Building materials. To assess the possibility of using the waste under study as a component of concrete, a state standard was used, according to which the bulk density of ASW for light concrete should be over 1,200 kg/m3; in the studied samples, it is significantly lower (Table 3). Loss on ignition for both samples (Table 3) is well beyond the permissible level of 25 %. The high content of combustible substances also limits the use of the studied waste in the composition of cement. According to the state standard regulating the production of artificial porous aggregates, the studied samples do not meet the requirements for the contents of aluminum, iron, titanium oxides, total sodium and potassium, as well as for the remainder of unburned fuel.
Reclamation of disturbed lands. The content of nutrients in waste (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, and magnesium) is low, therefore, from a biological point of view, ash slags are "sterile" materials (Tables 1, 2). The low content of humic acids in ASW indicates the almost complete absence of organic substances available to plants. Thus, it is difficult to consider the studied waste as a source of nutritional components for plants.
Low neutralizing ability of the studied samples (Table 3) does not allow the use of ASW for periodic and supportive liming of acidic soils as a substitute for traditionally used lime materials.
By the value of the filtration coefficient and water absorption (Table 3), sample 1 corresponds to permeable soils, and sample 2 corresponds to highly permeable soils (GOST 25100-2020 "Soils. Classification"). Both studied samples contain a large number of mesoag-gregates (0.25-10 mm), 83.4 and 96.12 % in samples 1 and 2, respectively (Fig.3), which means that the application of ASW can improve
the Structure and water-physical Particle size, mm
properties of the soil [12]. However, i 2
their use as an améliorant is limited Fig-3- Differential and integral curves of waste size of samples
from sites 1 and 2
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due to the excess of the Tentative Permissible Concentrations for arsenic and cadmium (Table 2) related to elements of hazard class I.
Inert fillers. By the chemical composition (Table 2), ASW are inert materials characterized by a high content of silicon and aluminum oxides and a low content of calcium and magnesium oxides. According to GOST 25100-2020, such waste can serve as aggregates of mine workings, levelers of planar elements, and formers of barriers between structural elements of the quarry, as well as neutralizes of other aggregates.
When carrying out reclamation works with the use of ASW, it is necessary to assess the risks of their negative environmental impact. The potential danger of the studied ASW is associated with the presence of mobile forms of major and trace elements in their composition, including heavy metals (see Table 2). When they get into surface waters, they can be a source of increased concentrations of pollutants in reservoirs, accumulate in soils, flora, and fauna [26, 27].
Thus, the utilization of the studied ASW by traditional methods has a number of limitations, primarily related to the high content of combustible substances and the presence of a significant amount of ecotoxicants. On the other hand, the high content of combustible substances and the high specific heat of combustion with relatively low ash content allow us to talk about the possibility of using ash as fuel, which is limited by the low content of volatile components and high content of low-reactive non-volatile carbon (see Table 1). Therefore, it seems very promising to burn them as part of fuel suspensions after the injection of a mixture of additives with a high content of volatile components (organic waste, spent motor oils, etc.).
Organic coal-water suspensions. Studies of coal-water [28, 29] and organic coal-water [30, 31] suspensions, including those obtained from low-grade carbon-containing raw materials, allow us to conclude that there are high prospects for the utilization of ash and slag waste as a component of organic coal-water fuel compositions [32-34]. With a carbon content of more than 50 % (Table 1), waste can become the basis of a suspension fuel with calorific characteristics similar to the coal currently used in the boiler house.
According to [30, 34, 35], the combustion of fuel suspensions is most effective when the size of the dispersion phase is less than 150 p,m and the content of solid particles in the suspension makes up 50-70 % by mass. To raise the content of volatile components in fuel suspensions and, consequently, to reduce their ignition temperature, raise the specific heat of combustion and reduce the share of unburned carbon, additives of oil refining waste are injected with the 5-50 % share of the total solid component mass in the fuel suspension [32-34].
Based on this, the following characteristics of the preparation of organic coal-water suspensions based on the studied ASW were selected for preliminary tests: grinding fineness < 150 |im, 40 % water content in suspension, and the 15 % content of used mineral oil. Spent engine oil is formed in significant volumes during the activities of the enterprise (133 tons/year); it significantly improves the energy characteristics of the suspension fuel due to the high specific heat of combustion (45.8 MJ/kg), low ignition temperature (226 °C) and a high content of volatile components.
In order to confirm the possibility of utilization of the studied ASW as part of organic coal-water suspensions, tests were carried out on a flare burning stand. As a result of a number of experiments, it was possible to achieve stable combustion of the torch of the sprayed suspension with a temperature in the active combustion zone of 1200-1300 °C at an excess air coefficient of 2.5. The working heat of combustion of the resulting fuel was more than 13 MJ/kg. This value allows the use of the resulting fuel by boiler units installed at the enterprise. Mechanical underburning was less than 5 %, and the content of ecotoxicants decreased to standard values, so ash is suitable for disposal in construction as a component of concrete and porous aggregates.
Conclusion. The need to dispose of the waste is dictated by economic considerations and environmental protection requirements. Ash and slag dumps pollute the air and water basins, change
DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2022.5 Journal of Mining Institute. 2022. Vol. 253. P. 97-104
© Mariia A. Chukaeva, Vera A. Matveeva, Ivan P. Sverchkov, 2022
the chemical and mineral composition of soils. Dusting of dumps negatively affects the health of people and the productivity of agricultural land. The replacement of natural raw materials with ASW contributes to the protection of the subsoil, and the elimination of ash and slag dumps has a positive effect on the environmental situation.
In the course of the conducted research in laboratory conditions, the composition and basic properties of the boiler rooms of the heat supply workshop of the Polyus Aldan JSC were determined. Their utilization by traditional methods, such as using as a material for reclamation/amelioration of disturbed lands, inert material during the construction/operation of engineering structures, and a component of building materials has limitations associated mainly with a high content of combustible substances (unburned fuel residues) and the presence of ecotoxicants. Utilization of the studied ASW in the composition of organic coal-water suspensions is the most promising way. An assessment of the efficiency of transferring one boiler unit of Polyus Aldan JSC to the combustion of organic coal-water suspensions showed that the use of ASW in the annual balance of energy production in the amount of 8-20 % will give an economic effect of more than 9 million rubles by reducing the cost of purchasing coal and maintaining the ash pond. At the same time, the technogenic load on the environment will gradually decrease.
Thus, further studies of technologies for the preparation and combustion modes of suspension fuel based on ASW are very promising. Separate surveys are required for the layout of the facilities preparing organic coal-water suspensions, taking into account the territorial conditions and the possibility of placing installations near the boiler room or ash storage.
The authors express their gratitude to Professor, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Yu.L.Voitekhovsky, Saint Petersburg Mining University, for his assistance and scientific advice during the paper preparation.
The work was carried out in the Common Use Center of the Saint Petersburg Mining University with the support of the Government of Saint Petersburg.
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Authors: Mariia A. Chukaeva, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Senior Researcher, chukaeva.mariia@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-6757 (Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia), Vera A. Matveeva, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor, https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-9893-380X (Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia), Ivan P. Sverchkov, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Researcher, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4725-0050 (Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia).
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
