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Орипнальш доcлiджeння
Original Researches
МЕДИЦИНА
НЕВ1ДКЛАДНИХ СТАН1В
UDC [617:616-006]-577.115 DOI: 10.22141/2224-0586.6.101.2019.179596
M.V. Krasnoselskiy1, Ye.M. Krutko1, E.S. Protcenko2, Ye.V. Shulga2, M.V. Shulga1
1 State Institution "Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine" Kharkiv, Ukraine
2 V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
comparison of combined general anesthesia with and without epidural morphine on the background of redox therapy in cancer patients with multiorgan resections
Abstract. Background. There are insufficient data on postoperative epidural anesthesia using morphine and conducting redox therapy in cancer patients with multiorgan resections with the assessment of immunological parameters. This work studies the intraoperative use of epidural morphine as compared with combined general epidural anesthesia, as well as the redox therapy in cancer patients with multiorgan resections with an evaluation of the indicators of immunity to provide anesthesia with advanced therapy ofpossible complications and obtain a more comfortable condition of patients. Materials and methods. The study examined 117 cancer patients with locally advanced tumor process of the gastrointestinal tract with multiorgan surgical interventions for health reasons (67.6 ± 3.7 years old). All patients were divided into four groups according to the type of anesthesia and type of antioxidant therapy. The groups with intraoperative epidural morphine use and without it were distinguished. L-ornithine L-aspartate with quercetin complex with povidone was used as an antioxidant therapy. The overall health-related quality of life was evaluated using the standard Short Health Status Assessment Questionnaire SF-36, using the evidence-based methodology. Results. The results suggest that in the group using epidural morphine, the degree of anesthesia effectiveness was sufficient, but there were registered the complications, including in the form of apnea while using morphine and a slight deterioration in immunity parameters. When applying the redox therapy, we have achieved improvement both in quality of life and more significantly in immunity. Conclusions. Thus, combined epidural anesthesia without morphine against the background of correction of redox metabolism in cancer patients with multiorgan resections is more comfortable for patients, less dangerous due to the lack of development of apnea, psychoemotional and economically justified, which indicates its priority using.
Keywords: epidural morphine; redox therapy; multiorgan resections; combined general epidural anesthesia
introduction
Every year more than 3.4 million people die worldwide [1]. Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most frequent causes of cancer deaths in Europe. Non-standard extended and combined interventions performed on several organs using the latest technologies and performing cyto-reduction have become everyday surgical practices [2].
Besides, severe postoperative pain also contributes to the complications associated with immobility, such as, for example, deep vein thrombosis, and this further leads to a delay in discharge of a patient from the hospital [3].
The effect of a single dose of morphine in the epi-dural space lasts for about a day, often with minor
© «Медицина невщкладних сташв» / «Медицина неотложных состояний» / «Emergency Medicine» («Medicina neotloznyh sostoanij»), 2019 © Видавець Заславський О.Ю. / Издатель Заславский А.Ю. / Publisher Zaslavsky O.Yu., 2019
Для кореспонденцп: Шульга Микола В^торович, кандидат медичних наук, л^ар-анестезюлог вщдтення анестезюлогп з лiжками для штенсивноТ терапп, ДУ «1нститут медичноТ радюлоги iM. С.П. Григор'ева НАМН УкраТни», вул. Пушкшська, 82, м. Харш, 61024, УкраТна; е-mail: kolia13skorp85@gmail.com; контактний тел.: +038 (099) 615-94-80. For correspondence: Mykola Shulga, PhD, anesthesiologist at the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, State Institution "Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Pushkinska st., 82, Kharkiv, 61024, Ukraine; e-mail: kolia13skorp85@gmail.com; phone +038 (099) 615-94-80.
symptoms of itching, nausea, vomiting and respiratory depression [4, 5]. Therefore, to date, in cancer patients during multiorgan resections, an important problem is the selection of postoperative analgesia with the most effective analgesic effect, at the same time being safe and comfortable for the patient. Considering the presence of a good analgesic effect of epidural morphine, we supposed to study its safety, its effect on the immune system, and the severity of side effects. It should be noted that studies of immunity in the application of morphine are reflected in many modern studies [6]. The concentrations of IgA and CD3+ reflect the degree of tissue injury, so their release is the lowest with less invasive and traumatic procedures.
Considering that according to the literature data multiorgan surgical interventions are carried out with the most radical removal of healthy tissue, we need to reduce the further complications to ensure the most favorable preparation for the patient with perioperative therapy [7].
As for the prognosis of cancer, according to literature data, the use and priority of the choice of anesthesia can be associated with indicators of cellular and humoral immunity [8, 9].
The correct choice of perioperative management of cancer patients will reduce overall medical costs, accelerate its recovery, provide benefits in psychosocial rehabilitation of patients and provide economic benefits [10].
Epidural anesthesia is often used simultaneously with general anesthesia using inhaled anesthetics or propofol [11, 12], which leads to a decrease in the stress response.
According to the literature data, redox homeostasis and markers of systemic chronic inflammation are disturbed during the formation of oxidative stress [13, 14]. In this case, their laboratory control is important for all conditions accompanied by intoxication and the development of stress in the body. Therefore, when conducting multiorgan resections in cancer patients, it is very important to study the correction of the disorders using perioperative therapy [15]. In our study, we used the introduction of L-ornithine L-aspartate with quercetin complex with povidone.
Our goal was to study the effectiveness of postoperative analgesia in the early return of normal intestinal activity, movement and monitoring of respiratory disorders when using epidural morphine.
Therefore, the study of intraoperative use of morphine with combined general epidural anesthesia is of particular importance. It is also necessary to further study the effect of redox therapy on cellular and humoral immunity in cancer patients with multiorgan resections to ensure anesthesia with advanced therapy of possible complications and to obtain a more comfortable condition of patients.
Purpose: this work studies the intraoperative use of epidural morphine as compared with combined general epidural anesthesia, as well as carrying out redox
therapy in cancer patients with multiorgan resections with an evaluation of the indicators of immunity to provide anesthesia with advanced therapy of possible complications and obtain a more comfortable condition of patients.
Materials and methods
After receiving the approval of the Ethics Committee and informed consent, a prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted at the clinical base of the SI "Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine". The study examined 117 cancer patients with locally advanced tumor process of the gastrointestinal tract with multiorgan surgical interventions for health reasons (67.6 ± 3.7 years old). All patients were divided into four groups according to the type of anesthesia and type of antioxidant therapy: I — a group of patients (n = 25, group A) undergoing combined general anesthesia with epidural morphine analgesia according to standard protocols, in which antioxidant agents had not previously been used; II — a group of patients (n = 27, group B) undergoing combined general anesthesia with epidural analgesia without morphine according to standard protocols, in which antioxidant agents had not previously been used; III — a group of patients (n = 31, group C) undergoing combined general anesthesia with epidural morphine analgesia according to standard protocols, who received an-tioxidant protection with L-ornithine L-aspartate (5 mg/10 ml, 10 ml twice a day, intravenous drip per 500 ml of saline) with quercetin complex with povidone (lyophilisate for a solution of 0.5 g once a day intravenous drip per 100 ml of saline); IV — a group of patients (n = 34, group D) undergoing combined general anesthesia with epidural analgesia without morphine according to standard protocols, who received antioxidant protection with L-ornithine L-aspartate (5 mg/10 ml, 10 ml twice a day, intravenous drip per 500 ml of saline) with quercetin complex with povidone (lyophilisate for a solution of 0.5 g once a day intravenous drip per 100 ml of saline).
The physical parameters of the patients: the status of the American Society of Anesthesiologists from II to III, body weight 78.8 ± 2.2 kg, body mass index 27.2 ± 0.9 kg/m2. Vital parameters were continuously monitored (electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry (SpO2) and non-invasive blood pressure measurement (systolic and diastolic)). In addition to general clinical studies, SpO2 monitoring was performed on the CX100 pulsoximeter and pO2 and pCO2 were determined on the ABL80 blood gas analyzer.
All patients were pre-medicated with 0.005— 0.008 mg/kg atropine and 0.5—1.0 mg intravascular. The epidural catheter was slowly injected (4—5 ml every 2—3 min) with puncture under local analgesia (2 ml of 2% lidocaine) into the epidural space at the level of Th7—Th8 immediately before induction into general anesthesia with local anesthetic bupivacaine 0.5% at a dose of 15—20 ml. Every 2.5 hours from the start of sur-
gery, bupivacaine 0 5% was injected into the epidural catheter at a dose of 4—5 ml.
For general anesthesia, there was intravenously administered sodium thiopental 4—6 mg/kg or dipro-fol 1.6—2 mg/kg, midazolam 0.1—0.2 mg/kg. The patients received myorelaxation with a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant of average duration atracurium besyl-ate at a dose of 0.5—0.6 mg/kg. Tracheal intubation was performed, after which maintenance doses of sodium thiopental of 1.5—2 mg/kg or diprofol 0.5—0.8 mg/kg every 20 minutes and atracurium besylate 0.26 mg/kg every 40 minutes were administered. The intraoperative depth of anesthesia was monitored using the Bispectral Index Scale (BIS-A-2000, Aspect Medical Systems, Newton, MA, USA). Every increase in the bispectral index score above 55 or increase in the mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate above 15 % of baseline was followed by a bolus of fentanyl 1 ^g/kg IBW and an increase in the continuous infusion rate of fentanyl from 0.1 to 1 ^g/kg IBW/min. No other opioids were administered intraoperatively.
In groups A and C, morphine was also injected in the epidural catheter at the first injection at a dose of 4—5 mg. In groups B and D, morphine was not injected into the epidural space.
The degree of effectiveness of postoperative analgesia was estimated by the consumption of bupivacaine and narcotic analgesics in the postoperative period, the subjective indicators of pain on the Pain Scale at rest and when coughing, the time of recovery of intestinal moti-lity and the beginning of movement, as well as gas levels in arterial blood and the presence of complications including apnea when using morphine.
In groups C and D, the intensive therapy was carried out in the form of antioxidant therapy for two days before the operation, intraoperatively and three days in the postoperative period.
To measure the concentration of IgA and CD3+, blood samples were obtained before the operation and after 4 and 24 hours after the operation. The concentration of immunoglobulin class A was determined by the method of radial immunodiffusion in a gel containing monospecific anti-immunoglobulin serum according to Mancini. The determination of the subpopulation composition of the relative number of blood lymphocytes was based on the assessment of their surface phenotype in the form of the presence of a CD3+ Fc fragment, determined by flow cytometry using reagents on a flow cy-tometer "Partec CyFlow".
A study of the overall health-related quality of life was carried out using the standard validated Short Questionnaire for Health Status Assessment SF-36, using the evidence-based methodology (the quality of life is directly proportional to the number of points) in a shortened follow-up period of up to 1 week. Based on the results of the analysis of the answers to its questions, a socio-psy-chological profile of the patient [13] was formed, including the parameters: physical functioning (PF), role of physical functioning (RP), pain intensity (BR), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role
^m
of emotional functioning (RF), mental health (MH). The parameters of the overall quality of life were assessed on a 100-point scale.
A preliminary evaluation of the distribution of the indicators was carried out by a visual method and using the Shapiro-Wilk criterion. The statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 10 software package, using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. For each sample, the median (Me), the upper and lower quartiles [Q1; Q3] were determined. The statistical significance of differences in the indices of the experimental group from the comparison group was estimated according to the Mann-Whitney U test. The results obtained are given in the form of an arithmetic mean-square deviation. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05 or tended to be reliable at 0.1 > p > 0.05.
Results
No one reported the absence or one-sidedness of the epidural block, which indicates that anesthesiologists are sufficiently qualified. According to pulse oximetry, the saturation (SpO2) during surgery was within 96—100 %. A decrease in PO2 and an increase in PCO2 saturation was observed only when epidural morphine was used, and in two cases, naloxone was required.
We determined pain at rest and when coughing on subjective sensations on a ten-point scale, consumption of morphine and bupivacaine, motor block using the Bromage scale (1 = no motor block, 2 = just able to flex knees with free movement of feet, 3 = unable to flex knees, 4 = unable to move legs or feet), hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure, heart rate and central venous pressure). The ability to perform movements in bed was evaluated. Bowel repair was assessed by listening to intestinal motility. Side effects associated with opioid or epidural analgesia, such as nausea, vomiting, itching or respiratory depression, and the need for naloxone have been noted (Table 1).
To measure the concentration of IgA and CD3+, blood samples were obtained before the operation and 4 and 24 hours after the operation (Fig. 1, 2).
The Fig. 3 presents an evaluation of the health-related quality of life of patients during multiorgan resections in groups with and without antioxidant protection.
Discussion
According to the literature data, the effect of oxida-tive stress on all cells of the human body occurs through damage, and sometimes their destruction in the form of apoptosis as a programmed cell death or excessive exposure to active forms of oxygen can be the primary cell death.
In the postoperative period, indices of pain at rest and during coughing, hemodynamic parameters, time to return to bowel function and movement in bed, as well as gas levels in arterial blood were recorded. We studied the side effects associated with opioid or epidural analgesia,
«
Table 1. Evaluation of the degree of pain and comfort for the patient by the selected groups
Parameter Group A Group B Group C Group D
Pain score at rest 8-10 8-9 8-9 8-9
Pain score at cough 7-8 7-8 6-7 8
Morphine requirement, % 15.5 ± 2.1 25.0 ± 1.9 10.0 ± 3.4 35.0 ± 4.2
Motor block on Bromage scale 4 3 4 4
The presence of intestinal motility, % 75.4 ± 7.5 85.0 ± 11.2 87.0 ± 9.7 84.0 ± 7.8
Nausea, vomiting, itching 45.0 ± 4.5 3.0 ± 1.3 39.0 ± 5.7 2.0 ± 1.2
Respiratory depression 21.0 ± 2.3 5.0 ± 1.7 17.0 ± 3.2 4.0 ± 1.4
Naloxone requirement 2 - - -
Notes: data are presented as mean ± SD, or numbers (%), as appropriate. No significant differences were found between the groups.
the presence of respiratory depression, as well as the need for the introduction of naloxone.
Our studies showed that respiratory depression in cases of epidural morphine use was observed when administered the next morning after surgery. In particular, after the introduction of a narcotic anesthetic medication for the purpose of anesthesia in the morning, two patients stopped breathing, which required an auxiliary ventilator with a mask and the introduction of naloxone. At the same time, in the first case after 8 minutes, and in the second case after 11 minutes, the patients breathed independently and the PO2 and PCO2 indicators fully recovered. In the future, these patients did not cause any discomfort, and, moreover, they were unaware of their presence until they were told about it. It is possible, when following the recommendation not to inject narcotic painkillers for at least twenty-four hours after the administration of morphine into the epidural space, but to manage to administer bupivacaine into the epidural space and introduce non-narcotic analgesics, such apnea can be avoided.
Also, when using epidural morphine (which follows from the data in Fig. 1 and 2), a slight deterioration in immunity indices was revealed, although there was no statistically significant difference.
Preoperative levels of IgA and CD3+ are the same; their level reached a maximum after four hours, decreasing by 10—15 % in twenty-four hours after surgery in all groups. This indicates that in the group of L-ornithine L-aspartate with quercetin complex with povidone therapy, we had the best values of markers of systemic chronic inflammation.
The assessment of the health-related quality of life of patients during multiorgan resections revealed higher rates in group B, in which an antioxidant protection was carried out (Fig. 3). The Fig. 3 demonstrates the evaluation of the quality of life during multiorgan resections that is higher in group B except for role of physical functioning with the reliability of differences of the changes in the indices at p < 0.05.
The results suggest that in the group using epidural morphine, the degree of effectiveness of anesthesia was sufficient, but there were registered the complications,
Figure 1. The average concentration of IgA (g/l) is relative in groups (p < 0.05)
Notes (here and in Fig. 2): group A — the patients undergoing combined general anesthesia with epidural morphine analgesia; group B — the patients undergoing combined general anesthesia with epidural analgesia without morphine; group C — the patients undergoing combined general anesthesia with epi-dural analgesia, who received antioxidant protection; group D — the patients undergoing combined general anesthesia with epidural analgesia without morphine, who received antioxidant protection.
^eVef я group A и group B и grouP C ■ group D
90 -|
80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 -0
79.7
Preoperative^ 4 hours 24 hours
after surgery after surgery
Figure 2. The average concentration of CD3+ (%) is relative in groups (p < 0.05)
p
Figure 3. The structure of quality of life in cancer patients with multiorgan resections
Notes: group A — a group of patients, in which antioxidant agents had not been previously used; group B — a group of people, who received antioxidant protection. PF — physical functioning, RP — role of physical functioning, BR — intensity of pain, GH — general health, VT — vitality, SF — social functioning, RF — role of emotional functioning, МН — mental health.
including in the form of apnea while using morphine and a slight deterioration in immunity parameters. When applying the redox therapy, we have achieved improvement both in quality of life and more significant in immunity.
Conclusions
The results of our research demonstrated that respiratory depression in cases of epidural morphine use was observed when administering a narcotic analgesic drug the next morning after surgery. We do not exclude that when following the recommendation not to inject narcotic drugs for at least twenty-four hours after the administration of morphine into the epidural space, but to manage the administration of bupivacaine into the epi-dural space and introduce non-narcotic analgesics, such apnea can be avoided. Such studies, due to the low occurrence, require further evaluation.
The results indicate that in the group with redox therapy, we achieved improvement both in quality of life and overall survival rates and indicators of cellular and humoral immunity.
Thus, combined epidural anesthesia without morphine against the background of correction of redox metabolism in cancer patients with multiorgan resections is more comfortable for patients, less dangerous due to the lack of development of apnea, psychoemo-tional and economically justified, which indicates its priority using.
Conflicts of interests. Authors declare the absence of any conflicts of interests and their own financial interest that might be construed to influence the results or interpretation of their manuscript.
Funding. The research is a fragment of the research work "Development of an algorithm for individualizing the tactics of intensive care in cancer patients af-
ter multiple organ procedures" (No of state registration 0117U001049) SI "Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine" (director — Prof. M.V. Krasnoselskiy). Clinical and laboratory studies were conducted on the basis of this Institution.
Information on each author contribution: M.V. Krasnoselskiy — concept and design of the study; Ye.M. Krut-ko — design of the study, collection of materials; E.S. Protcenko — collection and processing of the materials; Ye.V. Shulga — data analysis, collection of materials, text writing; M.V. Shulga — text writing.
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Received 18.07.2019 Revised 02.08.2019 Accepted 05.08.2019 ■
Красносельський М.В.1, Крутько е.М.1, Проценко О.С.2, Шульга £.В.2, Шульга М.В.1 1ДУ«1нститутмедичноiрадюлоп/ iM. С.П. Григор'ева НАМН Укра/ни», м. Харюв, Укра/на 2 Харювський нацональний унiверситет iменi В.Н. Каразна, м. Харюв, Укра/на
Пор1вняння ефективност комбшованоУ анестези з використанням епщурального морфшу та без нього на ш корекцп окисно-вЩновного метаболiзму в онкохворих з мультиорганними оперативними втручаннями
Резюме. Актуальтсть. На сьогодш недостатньо даних щодо шсляоперацшного епщурального знеболювання з використанням морфшу та проведення окисно-вщнов-но1 терапи в онкохворих iз мультиорганними оперативними втручаннями з подальшою оцшкою показнишв iмунiтету. Мета роботы: вивчення штраоперацшного використання епщурального морфшу порiвнянo з ком-бшованою загальною епщуральною анестезieю, а також проведення окисно-вщновно'! терапи в онкохворих iз мультиорганними оперативними втручаннями з оцшкою показнишв iмунiтету для забезпечення анестези з випереджаючою терашею можливих ускладнень та отримання бшьш комфортного стану пащенпв. Мате-рiалы та методы. Шд час дослщження було обстежено 117 пащенпв iз мюцево-поширеним пухлинним про-цесом шлунково-кишкового тракту з мультиорганними хiрургiчними втручаннями за життевими показаннями (67,6 ± 3,7 року). Ус пащенти були розподшеш на чо-тири групи залежно вщ типу анестези та антиоксидант-но1 терапи. Були видшеш групи з штраоперацшним використанням епщурального морфшу та без нього. Як антиоксидантну тератю використовували L-орнiтин L-аспартат з комплексом кверцетину з повщоном. Вимь рювали показники клггинного та гуморального iмунiте-
ту на прикладi субпопуляцшного визначення вщносно'! шлькосп лiмфоцитiв CD3+ та IgA до i через 4 i 24 го-дини шсля операци. Загальну яшсть життя, пов'язану зi здоров'ям, оцшювали iз застосуванням стандартного «Короткого опитувальника оцшки статусу здоров'я» SF-36 за науково обГрунтованою методолопею. Результаты. Отримаш результати свщчать за те, що в груш з використанням епщурального морфшу стушнь ефектив-ност знеболювання був достатшм, але були зареестро-ваш ускладнення, у тому чи^ у виглядi апное при вико-ристанш морфшу та незначного попршення показнишв iмунiтету. При застосуванш окисно-вщновно'! терапи ми досягли як полшшення якост життя, так i бшьш значно-го покращання показнишв iмунiтету. Высновкы. Таким чином, проведення комбшовано'! епщурально'! анестези без використання морфшу на тлi корекци окисно-вщ-новного метаболiзму в онкохворих iз мультиорганними оперативними втручаннями бшьш комфортне для пащ-енпв, менш небезпечне через вщсутшсть розвитку апное, психоемоцшно i економiчно виправдане, що свщ-чить про 11 прюритетне використання. Ключовi слова: епщуральний морфш; окисно-вщновна терап1я; мультиорганнi оперативнi втручання; комбшова-на загальна епщуральна анестезiя
т
Красносельский М.В.1, Крутько Е.М.1, Проценко Е.С.2, Шульга Е.В.2, Шульга М.В.1
1ГУ «Институт медицинской радиологии им. С.П. Григорьева НАМН Украины», г. Харьков, Украина
2Харьковский национальный университет имени В.Н. Каразина, г. Харьков, Украина
сравнение эффективности комбинированной анестезии с использованием эпидурального морфина и без него на фоне коррекции окислительно-восстановительного метаболизма у онкобольных с мультиорганными оперативными вмешательствами
Резюме. Актуальность. На сегодня недостаточно данных о послеоперационном эпидуральном обезболивании с использованием морфина и проведении окислительно-восстановительной терапии у онкобольных с мультиорганными оперативными вмешательствами с оценкой показателей иммунитета. Цель работы: изучение интра-операционного использования эпидурального морфина по сравнению с комбинированной общей эпидуральной анестезией, а также проведение окислительно-восстановительной терапии у онкобольных с мультиорганными оперативными вмешательствами с оценкой показателей иммунитета для обеспечения анестезии с опережающей терапией возможных осложнений и получения более комфортного состояния пациентов. Материалы и методы. В ходе работы было обследовано 117 пациентов с местно-распространенным опухолевым процессом желудочно-кишечного тракта с мультиорганными хирургическими вмешательствами по жизненным показаниям (67,6 ± 3,7 года). Все пациенты были разделены на четыре группы в зависимости от типа анестезии и антиокси-дантной терапии. Были выделены группы с интраопера-ционным использованием эпидурального морфина и без него. В качестве антиоксидантной терапии использовали L-орнитин L-аспартат с комплексом кверцетина с пови-доном. Измерялись показатели клеточного и гуморального иммунитета на примере субпопуляционного определе-
ния относительного количества лимфоцитов CD3+ и IgA до операции и через 4 и 24 часа после операции. Общее качество жизни, связанное со здоровьем, оценивали с применением стандартного «Краткого опросника оценки статуса здоровья» SF-36 по научно обоснованной методологии. Результаты. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что в группе с использованием эпидурально-го морфина степень эффективности обезболивания была достаточной, но были зарегистрированы осложнения, в том числе в виде апноэ при использовании морфина и незначительное ухудшение показателей иммунитета. При применении окислительно-восстановительной терапии мы достигли как улучшения качества жизни, так и более значительного улучшения показателей иммунитета. Выводы. Таким образом, проведение комбинированной эпи-дуральной анестезии без использования морфина на фоне коррекции окислительно-восстановительного метаболизма у онкобольных с мультиорганными оперативными вмешательствами более комфортно для пациентов, менее опасно из-за отсутствия развития апноэ, психоэмоционально и экономически оправдано, что свидетельствует о ее приоритетном использовании.
Ключевые слова: эпидуральный морфин; окислительно-восстановительная терапия; мультиорганные оперативные вмешательства; комбинированная общая эпиду-ральная анестезия
