CC BY
10
Section 6. Chemistry
https://doi.org/10.29013/AJT-22-5.6-50-55
Berdimbetova G. E., Orazova Sh. Sh., Yerniyazova I. Zh., Karakalpak Scientific Research Institute of Natural Sciences of the Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF CISTANCHE SEEDS (CISTANCHE SALSA) FROM VARIOUS REGIONS OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Abstract. Mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma was used to study the macro- and microelement composition of seeds of the Cistanche salsa (Cistanche salsa), growing in various regions of Karakalpakstan. Differences in the composition and quantitative content of elements depending on the place of growth of cistanche were established. Of the 44 elements determined by the analysis in the studied objects, potassium, calcium, phosphorus are dominant.
Keywords: Cistanche salsa (C. A. Mey) Beck., essential trace elements, toxic microelements.
Introduction manganese, molybdenum and chromium. Alkaloid
Macro- and microelements are a component of plants accumulate cobalt, zinc, manganese, less often
medicinal plant materials, affect the vital functions copper, saponin-containing plants accumulate mo-
of plants and play a significant role in the pharmaco- lybdenum and tungsten, and terpene -containing
logical activity of herbal medicines [1]. plants accumulate manganese [2].
Plants accumulate chemical elements and serve Many researchers also believe that the main
as the best natural source of a natural complex ofvital trends in the formation of the elemental composi-
elements with valuable groups of biologically active tion of plants are related to the environment [3]. substances [2]. We continue to study the chemical compound
At the same time, researchers are increasingly plants of salsa, growing in the conditions of Kara-
trying to determine the existing relationship be- kalpakstan [4; 5].
tween the accumulation of certain groups of phar- This report presents the results of studies of mac-
macologically active substances in plants and the ro- and microelements of seeds of saline cistanche
concentration of microelements. Thus, plants pro- growing in three regions of Karakalpakstan, which,
ducing cardiac glycosides selectively accumulate according to their geographical location, are conven-
tionally accepted as northern, central and southern regions.
the prospects of using Cistanche salina in pharmacology, along with its well-known types of Cistanche, which have been widely used since ancient times in Chinese folk medicine. imposed on the quality of medicinal plant raw materials.
Based on this, we set a goal: to determine the composition and degree of accumulation of macro-and microelements in the seeds of saline cistanche growing in three regions of Karakalpakstan in comparison with data for a sample of cistanche seeds grown in China.
Materials and research methods
The objects of our study were the seeds of Cistanche salsa, which were collected during flowering and the beginning of fruiting in May 2019 from three regions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan (Karatau, Kuskanatau, Ustyurt), which were conditionally divided by geographical location into the northern, central and southern parts of Karakalpakstan. The seeds are separated from the pods.
Sample 1 - Cistanche seeds from China provided by local entrepreneurs.
Sample 2 - seeds of Cistanche salsa collected from the southern region, the Karatau upland.
Sample 3 - seeds of Cistanche salsa, collected in the Bozatau region, Kuskanatau uplands, the central region of Karakalpakstan
Sample 4 - seeds of Cistanche salsa, collected during the fruiting period in the territory of the village ofJaslyk on the Ustyurt plateau of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the northwestern region of Kara-kalpakstan.
The accumulation of macro- and microelements in the studied objects was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) on the device ISP - MS (Nexion 2000) by Perkin Elmer. The multi-element standard and the Hg standard were used as standards. An S-200 Perkin-Elmer autosampler was used, generator power - 1500 W, peristaltic pump flow rate - 1.2 ml/min, argon flow -12-15 l/min, axial view, nebulizer - 0.8 l/min.
Results and discussion
As a result of the study of the elemental composition of seeds of Cistanche salsa, growing in different regions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and the Chinese sample of seeds by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma on the device ISP - MS (Nexion 2000) 44 contents were identified macro-and microelements. Table 1 presents the results of the analyzes of these samples.
Table 1.- Macro- and microelements of seeds of Cistanche salsa, mg/l
No. Element Sample 1, China Sample 2, Karatau sample 3, Bozatau Sample 4, Ustyurt
Bioelements-macroelements
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Na 3029.364 2197.377 3438.104 2083.459
2 K 5744.298 13764 11260.316 7092.323
3 Ca 6904.802 5303.021 6022.110 5570.931
4 P 3582.135 5115.599 4302.023 846.086
5 mg 4886.816 3599.925 2958.273 4815.804
6 S 860.754 842.88 773.712 708.366
Ca > K > Mg > P > Na > S K > Ca > P >Mg > Na > S K > Ca > P >Na > Mg > S K> Ca >Mg>Na>P>S
Essential microelements
7 Fe 900.301 365.626 909.988 902.377
8 Zn 3.121 5.511 4.135 3.168
9 Cu 1.285 1.161 1.882 1,100
10 Mn 13.974 6.266 215.960 11.559
11 Mo 0.154 0.096 0.139 0.065
1 2 3 4 5 6
12 Co 0.167 0.067 0.267 0.167
13 Cr 1.327 1.079 2.252 1.117
14 Se 0.107 0.049 0.138 0.142
Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Co > Mo > Se Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > > Cr > Mo > Co > Se Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > > Cu > Co > Mo > Se Fe> Mn >Zn>Cr> >Cu>Co>Se>Mo
Conditionally essential
15 B 6.453 5.757 7.140 6.497
16 Si 1001.823 894.746 1512.293 715.068
17 Ni 1.469 0.815 2.119 1.040
18 V 0.566 0.312 0.885 0.717
19 Li 1.767 0.637 1.897 1.847
20 As 0.160 0.066 0.195 0.120
Si > B > Li > Ni > V > As Si > B > Ni > Li > > V > As Si > B > Ni > Li > V > As Si>B>Li>Ni>V>As
Potentially toxic microelements
21 Rb 0.496 0.380 0.511 0.302
22 Zr 0.029 0.017 0.044 0.019
23 sn 0.160 0.170 0.108 0.0 56
24 Ag 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001
25 W 0.139 0.078 8.252 1.378
26 Ge 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.001
27 Ga 0.567 0.491 0.534 0.422
28 Sr 12,570 10.203 10.301 15.041
29 Ti 793.096 32.793 33.270 34.971
Ti > Sr > Ga > Rb > > Sn > W > Zr > Ge >Ag Ti > Sr > Ga > Rb > > Sn > W > Zr > Ag > Ge Ti > Sr > W > Ga > Rb> > Sn > Zr > Ge > Ag Ti> Sr >W> Ga > Rb> > Sn > Zr >Ag> Ge
Toxic trace elements
30 Al 938.957 301.524 1192.128 1153.096
31 Pb 0.100 0.204 0.269 0.106
32 Ba 2.789 2.487 2.528 2.028
33 Bi 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001
34 CD 0.004 0.008 0.007 0.003
35 hg 0.052 0.027 0.239 0.407
36 Ta 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
37 Be 0.060 0.033 0.60 0.052
38 Sb 0.006 0.010 0.007 0.004
39 Tl 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
40 U 0.040 0.032 0.042 0.027
41 In 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
42 Nb 0.011 0.003 0.018 0.008
43 Cs 0.010 0.002 0.010 0.007
44 Re 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6
A series of quantitative decrease in elements Al > Ba > Pb > Be > Hg > U > Nb > Cs > Sb > Cd > Tl > Bi Al > Ba > Pb > Be > U > Hg > Sb > Cd > Nb > Cs > Tl Al > Ba > Be > Pb > Hg > U > Nb > Cs > Cd > Sb > Tl > Bi > Re Al>Ba>Hg> Pb >Be>U> Nb >Cs> Sb >Cd> Tl >Bi
Sum 28689.94 22453.42 32662.703 23969.88
As can be seen from Table 1, 44 elements were analyzed in each sample, but in samples No. 1 (Chinese) and No. 4 (Ustyurt) 41 elements were determined, and in samples No. 2 (Karatau) and No. 3 (Bozatau) 40 and 42 elements each respectively. Elements such as Ta, In are absent in all seed samples, Re, Bi are also
not found in the Karatau sample, and Re is not found in the Chinese and Ustyurt samples, or their content is beyond the limits of the determination of this method.
Table 2 presents the rows of elements in descending order of their content in the studied samples of seeds of Cistanche salsa.
Table 2.- Series of quantitative decrease of macro- and microelements of Cistanche seeds of China and regions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
Sample A number of elements in descending order
№ 1, China Ca > K > Mg > P > Na > Si > Al > Fe > S > Ti > Mn > Sr > B > Zn > Ba > Li > Ni > Cr > Cu > Ga > V > Rb > Co > As > Sn > Mo > W > Se > Pb > Be > Hg > U > Zr > Nb > Cs > Sb > Cd > Ge > Ag > Tl > Bi
№ 2, Karatau K > Ca > P > Mg > Na > Si > S > Fe > Al > Ti > Sr > Mn > B > Zn > Ba > Cu > Cr > Ni > Li > Ga > Rb > V > Pb > Sn > Mo > W > Co > As > Se > Be > U > Hg > Zr > Sb > Cd > Nb > Cs > Ag > Tl > Ge
№ 3, Bozatau K > Ca > P > Na > Mg > Si > Al > Fe > S > Mn > Ti > Sr > W > B > Zn > Ba > Cr > Ni > Li > Cu > V > Be > Ga > Rb > Pb > Co > Hg > As > Mo > Se > Sn > Zr > U > Nb > Cs > Cd > Sb > Ge > Ag > Tl > Bi > Re
№ 4, Ustyurt K > Ca > Mg > Na > Al > Fe > P > Si > S > Ti > Sr > Mn > B > Zn > Ba > Li > W > Cr > Cu > Ni > V > Ga > Hg > Rb > Co > Se > As > Pb > Mo > Sn > Be > U > Zr > Nb > Cs > Sb > Cd > Ag > Tl > Bi > Ge
If we analyze the quantitative content of macroelements (Na, K, Mg, P, Ca, S) in the studied samples of cistanche seeds growing in different regions of Karakalpakstan in comparison with the data for cistanche seeds from China, it can be seen that in all Karakalpakstan samples, the maximum content falls on K, and the Chinese pattern is dominated by Ca. The maximum content of K, Ca, and S is contained in the seed sample from the southern Karatau region, while Na and Ca predominate in the Bozatau (central region). In sample 4 from Ustyurt, the maximum indicator falls only on magnesium, for all the rest it has the lowest indicators (except for P) and is closest to the values of the Chinese sample. In turn,
the Chinese sample is superior in calcium content and slightly in phosphorus and sulfur ions.
The sequence of decreasing quantitative content of macroelements is preserved for 3 Karakalpakstan seed samples, except for the abnormally low content of phosphorus in Ustyurst cistanche seeds.
Previously, we reported on the results ofstudies of the elemental composition of the aboveground and underground parts of the stolon cistanche saline of Karakalpakstan, where a similar predominance of potassium and other macroelements was also shown [6].
Based on the analysis of table 1 and previous data [4], the following conclusion can be drawn: Cistanche salsa, regardless of the area of growth in
Karakalpakstan, is rich in macroelements, such as Na, K, Mg, P, Ca, S, with a predominant predominance of potassium in all samples stolons and seeds.
Of the essential elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Co, Cr, Se) in all objects, the iron content is many times higher than the rest of the elements and varies within 900-910 mg / l, with the exception of a sample of Karatau seeds (365.6 mg/l). We observed an overestimated iron content earlier in the aboveg-round and underground parts of the cistanche stem [6], and noted that they can serve as a raw material source for replenishing iron deficiency in the body.
The overestimated content in seeds in comparison with stolons is also preserved in the case of manganese, zinc, and cobalt. At the same time, the maximum zinc content is observed for Karatau seeds, and the minimum for Chinese (3.121 mg/l) and Ustyurt seeds (3.168 mg/l).
Unlike macronutrients, the content of most essential elements (Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Se) in the Krantaus seed sample is minimal.
maximum content of essential elements, especially manganese, is accumulated in a seed sample from the central Bozatau district.
And in the case of conditionally essential elements (B, Si, Ni, V, Li, As), we observe that their maximum concentration falls on the seeds of the Bozatau region, exceeding the content in other samples by 1.5-2 or more times. Similarly, the minimum accumulation is in the seeds of cistanche from Krantau, and the values of the samples from China and Ustyurt are close to each other. It should be noted that silicon dominates in all samples (1512.3-715.068 mg/l).
For humans and animals, silicon is especially important as a structural element ofconnective tissue [7].
The values of the conditionally essential elements B, Si, V, As for the human body have not been fully established; they are better known as structural or functional cofactors of biochemical processes in other organisms [8]. It is currently known that boron is especially necessary for plants, in particular, due
to the active participation of this bioelement in the synthesis of bioflavonoids [7].
Among the potentially toxic elements, Ti and Sr predominate. There is especially a lot of titanium in the sample of China (793.1 mg/l), while for the samples of cistanche seeds from Karakalpakstan its content is in the range of 32.8-34.97 mg/l. Titanium at a daily dose of 0.85 mg is not toxic to humans, and there is no data on a lethal dose. Strontium maximum content in sample 4 (Ustyurt) (15.041 mg/l), for the rest of Karakalpakstan samples corresponds to 10.2 mg/l. Among the other trace elements, an abnormally high content oftungsten is observed for the Bozatau sample (8.252 mg/l), while for the remaining three samples this value ranges from 0.078-1.378 mg/l).
When analyzing the results for toxic trace elements, as can be seen from Table 1, aluminum predominates in all samples. The maximum concentration of aluminum is concentrated in the cistanche seeds samples 3 and 4, and the lowest in Sample 2. The content ofbarium is in the range of2.028-2.7.89 mg/l, and the presence of lead in the samples ranges from 0.1-0.27 mg/l.
For all other toxic elements, their concentration is approximately hundredths or thousandths, or has trace amounts, which does not exceed the permissible norms for a living organism.
Conclusion
Thus, as a result of the analysis by the ICP-MS method macro- and microelement composition of seeds of saline cistanche found the influence of the place of growth on the accumulation of macro- and microelements. The maximum accumulation of elements both in terms of composition and in terms of mass is observed in the seeds of the central Bozatau region, and the minimum - in the southern Karatau sample. Seed samples from the northern region of Ustyurt, where the gypsum-bearing nature of the soil composition and from China, are more similar both in composition and in weight for most elements.
All vital elements in the studied objects, potassium, calcium, phosphorus are dominant.
References:
1. Gordey K. R., Gontovaya T. N., Zolotaikina M. Yu. Investigation of the elemental composition of the herb tansy (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz bip.) / VISNIK FARMACII - 3(95) 2018.- P. 25-29.
2. Budko E. V., Yampolsky L. M., Yatsyuk V. Ya., Chernikova D. A. The role of the elemental complex in the process of hemostasis // International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2018.-No. 4.- P. 53-57.
3. Rebrov V. G. Vitamins, macro- and microelements / V. G. Rebrov, O. A. Gromov.- M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2008.- 960 p.
4. Flora of Uzbekistan - Vol. V.- Tashkent, 1961.- 510 p.
5. Korovina O. N., Bakhiyev A., Tajitdinov M. T., Saribayev B. "Illustrated guide to higher plants of Kara-kalpakia and Khorezm". 1 and 2 vols., FAN,- Tashkent, 1983.
6. Berdimbetova G. E., Orazova Sh. Sh. Elemental composition ofCistanche salsa growing in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Universum: Chemistry and Biology. 2022. Part 2.- FROM. 41-46.
7. Skalny A. V., Rudakov I. A. Bioelements in medicine.- M.: Publishing house "Onyx 21st century" Mir. 2004.- 272 p.
8. E-resource: URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential Nutrients
