CC BY
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Agata Gruzewska1, Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga2, Maria Markowska3 ®
department of Agricultural Experimentation, 2Department of Breeding Methods, Poultry Breeding and Small Ruminants, 3Department of Foreign Languages, University of Podlasie, Prusa 14 St., Siedlce, Poland
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF BROILER CHICKEN COMMERCIAL LINES PART 2: AN APPLICATION OF THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN
RESEARCH ON BROILER CHICKEN COMMERCIAL LINES
Abstract
The normalised values of characteristics of the chickens belonging to the eleven commercial lines were added. In this way one value of the so-called synthetic variable was obtained for each commercial line, and, on the basis of this variable, the eleven commercial lines of broiler chickens were ranked. The best final assessment was obtained for the line which was characterised by three most favourable characteristics and no trait with the least beneficial values. The line that was ranked last was characterised by as much as four traits for which the least favourable values were obtained and only two traits with the best values. The "average " line (six rank) was characterised by one most and one least favourable characteristic.
Key words: broiler chickens, multidimensional analysis, synthetic variable
Introduction
Polish producers have at their disposal diverse genetic material of broiler chickens characterised by high usable qualities. Offers of foreign breeding companies exporting parental and commercial broiler meat chicks to Poland are adjusted to organisation of Polish broiler chicken production. Every year the offer is richer and it takes into account the needs of both producers and consumers. Broiler performance, determined in the manuals of foreign breeding companies, is always verified under the production conditions of Polish farms.
Significant production and genetic progress has taken place in poultry production in Poland. Marked changes in breeding methods have been observed (Szwaczkowski, 2000). As a result, intensive breeding research, including very diverse consumer requirements, has been carried out. Parental broiler chicken lines offered at present are their result (Gornowicz and Dziadek, 2001).
Striving at accomplishing two goals, that is increasing production amount and improvement of its quality, creates a necessity to simultaneously assess commercial lines of broiler chickens with respect to a number of many various qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Due to this, the role of an application of multidimensional comparative analysis, that is methods and techniques of comparing multi-characteristic objects, increases.
® Agata Gruzewska, Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga, Maria Markowska, 2008
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By applying normalisation, the methods allow obtaining values of characteristics without units, and creating, on the basis of this, one (instead of many) synthetic variable representing the complex phenomenon. Values of the variable are the main criterion of organising the examined objects (e.g. commercial lines of broiler chickens), and thus ranking them. The key issue in an application of these methods is to accurately determine which characteristics should have the largest values (stimulants), which - as low values as possible (destimulants), and which should have precise and thus optimal values (nominants). It follows from the fact than normalising formulas are different for these groups of characteristics.
The present work aimed at ranking eleven broiler chicken commercial lines on the basis of production results using the results of research carried on a large production farm.
Material and methods
Details regarding the description of the experiment (farm location, data collection, rearing conditions) as well as raw data are presented in Part 1 of the paper.
In order to achieve the values of synthetic variable for individual commercial lines normalised values of the following characteristics were summed up:
XI - body weight - stimulant
X2 - number of fattening days - destimulant
X3 - percentage of birds sold to the slaughterhouse - stimulant
X4 - mortality during transportation to the slaughterhouse - destimulant
X5 - mortality in the first week of fattening - destimulant
X6 - mortality in the second week of fattening - destimulant
X7 - mortality in the third week of fattening - destimulant
X8 - mortality in the fourth week of fattening - destimulant
X9 - mortality in the fifth week of fattening - destimulant
X10 - mortality in the sixth week of fattening - destimulant
XII - mortality in the seventh week of fattening - destimulant
X12 - mortality up to fattening termination X13 - body weight in the first week of fattening - stimulant X14 - body weight in the second week of fattening - stimulant X15 - body weight in the third week of fattening - stimulant X16 - body weight in the fourth week of fattening - stimulant X17 - body weight in the fifth week of fattening - stimulant X18 - body weight in the sixth week of fattening - stimulant X19 - body weight in the seventh week of fattening - stimulant X20 - concentrate consumption per 1 kg of body weight gain (kg) - destimulant X21 - EWW - stimulant
Normalisation of the values of variables X1 ... X12 was carried out according to the formulae (Kukula, 2000):
1
bi - ai
zjJ = --(xif - ai) for the characteristics which are stimulants, and
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zij = —1—(bi - xii ) for the characteristics which are destimulants, where:
b - a
- normalised value of the i-th characteristic for the j-th commercial line, i=1, 2, ..., 12, and j=1, 2, ..., 11;
- value of the i-th characteristic for the j-th commercial line, i=1, 2, ..., 12, and j=1, 2, ..., 11;
- maximum value of the i-th characteristic;
- minimum value of the i-th characteristic.
The normalised values of characteristics of the chickens belonging to the eleven commercial lines were added. In this way one value of the so-called synthetic variable was obtained for each commercial line, and, on the basis of this variable, the eleven commercial lines of broiler chickens were ranked.
Results of researches
Analysis of production results shown in table 1.1 and 1.2 (presented in Part 1 of the paper) shows that, within the study group, line F-15 was characterised by the lowest body weight, within the study group, in the second and third week of fattening, the most favourable liveability results in the period from the second to the fourth week of age, the shortest fattening time, the most beneficial EWW values and feed consumption level.
Chickens of the Flox line had the highest body weight values in the study group at the beginning and termination of fattening. The least favourable liveability results were obtained for the Hybro G line in the sixth week of fattening, the average and total results in the whole fattening period being the worst, too. As a result, the percentage of birds sold to the slaughterhouse was also the lowest. Moreover, the chickens belonging to this line were characterised by the highest feed consumption and the highest body weight in the third week of age.
The most favourable values of liveability and the lowest EWW values within the group were obtained for the Hubbard chickens whereas for the Hybro N line there were obtained the lowest body weight values at the beginning and termination of fattening as well as average values. Hybro PM chickens produced the best results for the following four characteristics: mortality in the fifth week and throughout the whole fattening period (average and total), and for body weight in the second week of age. In the case of ISA 215, the highest average number of deaths during transportation to the slaughterhouse and the highest body weight in the fourth week of age.
For PM3 line chickens the most favourable values were recorded for deaths during transportation to the slaughterhouse and in the first week of fattening, and the average body weight over the whole period of fattening. The least beneficial values for this line were obtained for the average body weight over weeks 4 to 6 of the fattening period, the average length of fattening being the longest.
As for line Ross 308, the least positive results of liveability were found in the fifth and seventh week, the most favourable values being recorded for this line in the fifth and sixth week of fattening.
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All production results for the Ross 508 line lay between minimum and maximum. However, within the group of lines under comparison, the production results for line PM3 chickens were the least favourable for four characteristics (mortality in successful four weeks of life), and most favourable for two traits (mortality in the last two weeks of life).
Ranking of the commercial lines compared, obtained on the basis of values of synthetic variable (tab. 2.3) by means of normalisation of the characteristics presented (tab. 2.1 and 2.2), is the outcome of the results described. The highest value of this variable and the first rank was for the Flex line whereas the lowest value and the lowest rank was for the Ross PM3 line, the Hubbard line being in the medium position Differences between consecutive values of the synthetic variable were small, the maximum value being twice as high as the minimum value.
Table 2.1.
Normalised values of selected production characteristics for broiler chickens of the lines
Commercial line Percentag e of birds sold to the slaughter house Average body weight (g) Concentrate consumptio n per 1 kg of body weight gain (kg) EW W
in successive weeks of fattening the over whole period of fattening , on average
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F-15 0,81 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,50 0,06 0,21 0,20 0,06 1,00 0,80
Flex 1,00 1,00 0,97 0,87 1,00 0,23 0,79 1,00 0,83 0,65 0,62
Hybro G 0,00 0,69 0,91 1,00 0,83 0,15 0,38 0,24 0,11 0,00 0,43
Hubbard 0,96 0,33 0,42 0,06 0,21 0,09 0,26 0,57 0,52 0,31 0,00
Hybro N 0,74 0,00 0,23 0,24 0,34 0,13 0,32 0,00 0,00 0,53 0,41
Hybro PM 0,89 0,69 1,00 0,79 0,37 0,02 0,28 0,16 0,09 0,50 0,47
ISA 215 0,35 0,21 0,60 0,81 0,86 0,03 0,44 0,44 0,02 0,40 0,69
PM 3 0,34 0,28 0,47 0,36 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,97 1,00 0,27 0,24
Ross 308 0,63 0,71 0,81 0,85 0,39 1,00 1,00 0,81 0,37 0,64 1,00
Ross 508 0,65 0,64 0,81 0,79 0,38 0,17 0,69 0,49 0,15 0,54 0,77
Ross PM 3 0,43 0,47 0,34 0,05 0,33 0,16 0,04 0,09 0,15 0,48 0,25
Source: Persona
calculations
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Table 2.2.
Normalised values of liveability results for broiler chickens of the lines under _comparison_
Commercial line Average number of fettening days Mortality
during transportation to the slaughter house in successive weeks of fattening over the whole period of fattening
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 on average in total
F-15 0,78 0,98 0,79 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,87 0,94 0,76 0,96 0,99
Flex 0,21 0,53 0,82 0,76 0,90 0,63 0,76 0,92 0,18 0,81 0,79
Hybro G 0,67 0,79 0,49 0,82 0,84 0,74 0,79 0,00 0,63 0,00 0,00
Hubbard 0,32 0,72 0,61 0,57 0,78 0,58 0,65 0,94 0,67 0,73 0,77
Hybro N 0,76 0,49 0,62 0,74 0,78 0,63 0,65 0,85 0,28 0,73 0,69
Hybro PM 0,73 0,31 0,74 0,77 0,94 0,69 1,00 0,99 0,87 1,00 1,00
ISA 215 1,00 0,00 0,12 0,05 0,24 0,14 0,20 0,72 0,63 0,28 0,28
PM 3 0,00 1,00 1,00 0,49 0,67 0,16 0,84 0,66 0,05 0,39 0,31
Ross 308 0,72 0,83 0,66 0,87 0,81 0,70 0,00 0,95 0,00 0,64 0,69
Ross 508 0,68 0,92 0,60 0,44 0,43 0,36 0,72 0,86 0,68 0,59 0,65
Ross PM 3 0,62 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,92 1,00 1,00 0,66 0,59
Source: Personal calculations
Table 2.3.
Ranking broiler chicken commercial lines.
Commercial line Value of synthetic variable Ranking place
Flex 16,3 1
Ross 308 15,1 2
Hybro PM 14,3 3
F-15 13,7 4
Ross 508 13,0 5
Hubbard 11,1 6
Hybro G 10,5 7
Hybro N 10,1 8
PM-3 9,5 9
ISA 215 8,5 10
Ross PM3 7,6 11
Source: Personal calculations
Conclusions
The best final assessment was obtained for the line which was characterised by three most favourable characteristics and no trait with the least beneficial values.
The line that was ranked last was characterised by as much as four traits for which the least favourable values were obtained and only two traits with the best
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values. The "average" line (six rank) was characterised by one most and one least favourable characteristic.
References
8. Gornowicz E. and Dziadek K., 2001: Zmiennosc skladu chemicznego miçsni piersiowych i udowych w zaleznosci od pochodzenia kurcz^t brojlerow. Zesz. Nauk. Zoot., 28 (2): 89-100.
9. Kukula K., 2000: Metoda unitaryzacji zerowanej. PWN, Warszawa.
10. Szwaczkowski, T., 2000: Z historycznej perspektywy. Pol. Drob. 8: 20-22.
Summary
Striving at accomplishing two goals, that is increasing production amount and improvement of its quality, creates a necessity to simultaneously assess commercial lines of broiler chickens with respect to a number of many various qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Due to this, the role of an application of multidimensional comparative analysis, that is methods and techniques of comparing multi-characteristic objects, increases. The highest value of synthetic variable and the first rank was for the Flex line whereas the lowest value and the lowest rank was for the Ross PM3 line, the Hubbard line being in the medium position Differences between consecutive values of the synthetic variable were small, the maximum value being twice as high as the minimum value.
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