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COMPARATIVE SOCIAL POLICY IN UKRAINE AND JAPAN UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MODERN ECONOMIC WORLD DEVELOPMENT
Maryna KALNYTSKA1
Lviv University of Trade and Economics, Ukraine
Abstract. The purpose of the paper. An analysis of the national social policy in Ukraine and Japan, based on research, making recommendations for the improvement of the social policy situation in Ukraine. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological base of scientific research made of national and foreign scholars on the analysis of social policy, official statistical data of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, reports of the NBU and central bank of Japan. To ensure the authenticity and validity of the research results to the goal, the following methods are used: induction and deduction - during theoretical generalizations and conclusions; analogy method - when comparing foreign experience of social policy; economics and statistics as methods of macroeconomic policy of Ukraine analysing; retrospective analysis, which determines social policy; methods of system analysis and synthesis. Results. In the article, social policy in Ukraine and Japan is investigated. The macroeconomic situation in each country is analysed. Reasonable steps for the further using of the investigated country experience for Ukraine are founded. A particular attention to the normative acts improvement is given. Practical implications. The results of this study can be used by public authorities, such as the Ministry of Finance, state statistical agencies. Value/originality of the results is a complex theoretical and practical analysis of social policy in Ukraine and Japan. For the first time, comparative social policy in Ukraine and Japan is analysed. Further research should relate to the construction of an own social policy model. In the process of its implementation, it is necessary to use the experience of foreign countries.
Kеу words: social policy, budget and fiscal policy, social activities, European social models.
JEL Classification: O35, G18, O18, O21
1. Introduction
The preamble of the European Social Charter states that the purpose of the social policy is to ensure social rights in order to increase the standard of living and social well-being of the population.
To build a model of social policy of Ukraine, its main characteristics should be: reducing poverty and strengthening the position and role of the middle class; strengthening the competitiveness of the national economy on the basis of an innovative model of development and implementation of effective state anti-corruption policy; an outright increase in the level of incomes of citizens in comparison with inflations-reduction of financially unprofitable benefits; increase in the level of employment of the population and prevention of the loss of qualified personnel.
The movement of Ukraine through the European integration should be accompanied by progress in human development and, accordingly, the provision of disabled members of society, life expectancy, education,
culture and spirituality, and the availability of quality social services.
In modern conditions, the following scientific problems need to be thoroughly developed: the methodology for assessing the socio-economic efficiency of state social programs, the study of the impact of social measures on indicators of social development, in particular, on the living standards of the population, demographic development, assessment of direct and indirect consequences of the introduction of certain social programs.
Among the unresolved problems of social policy in Ukraine is the need to develop a strategy for its reform in accordance with the EU standards, which updates new developments on this topic, since the existing developments relate primarily to solving urgent specific social problems.
An urgent attempt is being made to justify those changes in Ukraine's social policy, which could accelerate its entry into the EU (Pidlypna, 2015).
Corresponding author:
1 Department of Theoretical and Applied Economics, Lviv University of Trade and Economics. E-mail: [email protected]
2. The main characteristics of construction of the model of the social policy ofJapan
The generalization of the historical experience of different countries convincingly proves that the factors of objective rejection of economic reforms are primarily due to the inability of society to provide a flow of scientific and technological innovations, mastering and disseminating new technologies. Therefore, the effective transition of the market and the implementation of known principles of functioning of developed economies is almost impossible without solving the problem of ensuring conditions for the technological change and accelerating the innovation process.
A significant importance in raising the technological level of economic development is the choice of enterprises in the areas of innovation activity. Based on the established programs, enterprises and venture companies take into account that the development of these industries is one of the main priorities of the state strategy.
In 2015, the National Institute for Scientific and Technical Policy (NISTEP) ofJapan M-ffi^Pft) presented the next forecast of the world scientific and technological development for the period up to 2035, highlighting 130 major innovation directions and establishing a correspondence between the system of priorities of innovation development and its innovations in force in the country directions. The vast maj ority ofbasic research in Japan, as well as in other developed countries, is conducted in universities and state laboratories. The main share of R&D expenditures in Japan comes from the private sector, which is interested mainly in their applied nature. This approach has ensured Japan's greatest successes in those areas of technological progress that are associated with the production of consumer goods of mass demand. In the field of fundamental research and non-mass production, Japan is lagging behind other developed countries 2014).
Japan's national innovation system is largely aimed at the full use of human potential. In this regard, scientific-technical and organizational innovations in Japan are concentrated in four main areas: first, providing the economy with more productive means of labour and further improving labour-saving technologies. Scientific progress and the improvement of the organization of work, as before, remain the decisive factors of economic growth. Secondly, the creation of such techniques and technologies that would allow effectively including additional labour resources in the economic process, above all, the work of older women and men. Thirdly, finding solutions to the problems of an aging society. For Japan and, in the long run, for the most developed countries, this is one of the most important problems. Fourthly, creating for the lovers of various tools that can mitigate many old age problems. By targeting its
national innovation system to address demographic issues, Japan also seeks to respond to global challenges, including increasing competition in global markets. Japan's main rivals are the United States and fast-moving China. In response to these challenges, Japan focuses on the development and multiplication of its intellectual capital, striving to improve and develop national innovation system on its basis (Gavryliuk, 2012).
3. Features ofJapan's national innovation system
In general, it can be stated that the characteristic feature of Japan's national innovation system is that it has been consistently formed and developed since the middle of the 20th century, after several stages. At the same time, at each stage, government bodies and business circles acted in a fairly coherent manner, strengthening the financial, personnel and material resources of science, while keeping in focus the constant updating of equipment, improvement of production and organizational technologies, developing a quality control system, raising the organic need for the improvement of qualifications and active use of new knowledge.
Considering Japan's policy on developing an innovative economy, the distinction between "state innovation policy" and "state science and technology policy" should be distinguished. Innovation policy focuses mainly on supporting innovation in the private sector: on the development of applied science, creation and improvement of the system of providing private information companies with the latest scientific and technological achievements, as well as to facilitate the commercialization of the latter.
An important feature of the Japanese system for building innovative activities in private companies is its focus on ensuring the most effective interaction of all major stages of the innovation process - R&D, production, and m arketing 2017).
At present, Japan is at the stage of transition to a fundamentally new model of innovation development, which is intended to provide it with the position of the economic and scientific and technical leader at the expense of commercial realization by national companies of scientific advancements and developments that were not previously used by competitors. The most important feature of the new national innovation system is the implementation of the concept of "intellectual creation" developed in the country. It should be noted that, despite the significant successes of Japan's state policy in the formation of national innovation system and significant results from its implementation, while the cardinal transition from the former model of borrowing foreign achievements and their adaptation, localization, and improvement did not take place. Japan continues to actively borrow
foreign technology and know-how. At the same time, Japan's state policy on the development of an innovative economy has a significant potential, which is reflected in the social orientation of a number of innovative processes, as opposed to purely technocratic approaches to its development (Bandura, 2016).
State social assistance provides for the provision of social assistance, subsidies, social services and essential goods to low-income families, single citizens, as well as other categories of citizens. Social assistance is directly related to such tools as social assistance, pensions, and benefits. Social service is the activity of special support services, provision of social-household, social and medical, psychological and pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of people with difficult living conditions.
4. Models of social policy
The United States, Canada, and Australia are an example of a liberal welfare state with moderate social protection, which transfers its functions to civil society as a social assistance subject.
France, Germany, and Italy belong to the conservative corporatist model of the welfare state. For this model, the principle of subsidiarity is decisive, according to which the human resources should come first of all to the institutions of civil society, and only in the event of their inefficiency, the state. Great importance for this model is acquired by the insurance system.
The Social-Democratic (Scandinavian) model of the welfare state can be seen in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and the Netherlands. Such a model implies the expansion of social rights and the elimination of social inequality. It is based on providing welfare for all members of society. That is, a person has the full right to receive social benefits regardless of the level of his/her income - just because he/she is a citizen of this country.
European countries were under the influence of the Social-Democratic movement and, accordingly, the social states of Europe tended to a social-democratic model or a certain synthesis of the liberal and social-democratic model (Esping-Andersen, 1990).
Consequently, we can state that, in general, there are two models of a social state, and hence social policy: liberal and socio-democratic. But the reform of the Social-Democratic model of a social state that offers us a social-democratic model ofsocial policy and the creation of such a concept, based on a combination of classical ideas of social democracy, to which solidarity and social justice can be included, with the new approaches that will provide solutions to those problems that the social state faces today.
Due to the fact that the problem of employment is one of the acute social problems, methods and instruments of labour market regulation occupy a special place in the system of social policy. The state legislatively defines the
terms of employment and the general conditions for the conclusion of collective labour agreements, assumes the organization of the system of education, vocational training and retraining of employees. At the expense of state subsidies, the mobility of workers is encouraged, the development of small and medium-sized businesses is encouraged, and entrepreneurs who create new jobs are privileged. During periods of crisis, the state is resorting to the use of public works.
The European model has been implemented in some countries of continental Europe: Germany, Austria, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland; AngloSaxon model - in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, the UK; East Asia - in Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore; Scandinavian - in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland.
For example, the Anglo-Saxon model, based on the neo-liberal doctrine, focuses on the market distribution of revenues with minimal state intervention in their regulation. The reason for this approach, which was widespread in the early 80's of the XX century, was the need to strengthen the competitiveness of the economy. On the one hand, this involved the curtailment of public activity in relation to equalization of incomes; on the other hand, the reduction of the tax burden had a stimulating effect on the private sector. In any case, the success of this model largely relied on developed public organizations protecting interests, including social, various civic groups.
In the Scandinavian model, the market is a self-organizing system, in which the state acts as one of the business entities. The policy of redistribution is egalitarian in nature, and social goals have a priority over economic ones, so the budget is redistributed to 60% of GDP. For this model, a smaller hierarchy of wages, a large tax burden and a progressive income tax, which leads to equalization of wage earnings, even before receiving social transfers, is typical.
In the East Asian model, institutionalized general insurance for the right to receive health care and pension insurance. For example, in Japan, there is a large variety of insurance systems, due to the long evolution of the national model. Social insurance in Japan began to evolve in the form of various types of mutual assistance for workers at the place of their work in order to disperse risks. Later, this system was transformed into a system of insurance, which is subject to all the employees of hired labour and then distributed to citizens engaged in the independent entrepreneurial activity.
Models of welfare states that have developed in different countries show quite convincingly that, on the one hand, the achievement of the same goals of social policy is possible by different methods and, on the other hand, it allows revealing different aspects with the purpose, to which countries on different stages of evolution seek in their social policy, to show general and special in models of social policy.
All considered models can be conventionally grouped into three types of social policy - institutional (AngloSaxon and East Asian model); the institutional type implies that the state comes to the aid of a person only when there is no other alternative in the person of the market, different institutions of mutual assistance and charity, families and relatives. That is, the state essentially becomes the last institution to provide support to the needy. Moreover, the fact that a person was in a difficult situation is considered primarily as his personal failure (Liuta, 2016).
The Nordic model (Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands) is characterized by a high level of social protection and the universal nature of assistance, with significant fiscal revenues in the labour market.
The Anglo-Saxon model has a universal type of assistance only in exceptional cases, in particular, cash benefits are primarily intended to support people of working age.
Compared to the two above, the Asian models of labour relations, which are typical for Japan and China, are very specific.
The Japanese model of social-labour relations is inherent in a number of purely national:
• unique systems of growth and promotion ofworkers;
• the high level of development of patriotism and related methods of the motivation of work;
• direct dependence of the size of wages and social payments on the duration of work on a firm;
• the extension of the principle of lifelong employment of an employee, when the employment of a permanent worker is guaranteed by the employer company until they reach the age of 55-60 years.
The Japanese model of labour relations is characterized by the support of employees' sense of belonging to the firm, which is stimulated by special forms of social assistance. Among them, such as wage increases in the case of the creation of a family or the birth of a child, the purchase of housing for the employee by the company or payment of a loan for its purchase. A characteristic feature of this model is a special strategy for preventing unemployment on the basis of maintaining the accounting number by transferring employees to other firms of the firm, as well as for a shorter working day. However, in addition to large corporations pursuing a lifelong employment policy, there are many small firms in Japan, where employees do not have any employment guarantees at all. Another feature - a slight differentiation of wages between low-skilled and highly skilled workers (not more than 4 times).
The study of models of state regulation of social and labour relations of the leading countries of the world testifies to their diversity and peculiarity due to certain historical and political peculiarities of the formation and development of these countries. However, when comparing them, a set of features and characteristics common to the countries of individual regions of the
world are revealed. This allowed identifying several major regional models of state regulation of social and labour relations. A consideration of Anglo-Saxon, European, and Japanese model of the state regulation of social and labour relations shows that they are characterized by a rejection of strict regulation in the stable and long existence of the guaranteed protection of workers' rights. Another peculiarity is the flexibility of the state regulation of social and labour relations, the easing of direct state interference and the support for the development of partnerships between employers and employees (Pavlyuk, Matsenko, Krichevskaya, 2015).
The current state of Ukraine is accompanied by acute social and economic problems that cause serious changes in the quality of life, as reflected in the difficult economic situation of the population, deterioration of physical health, life expectancy reduction, increasing income differentiation of various groups, the deterioration of social security, social security, reducing real wages, average pension of a dangerous situation in the social sphere.
The lack of a systematic approach to the formation of state social policy, social guarantees, advanced selection of tools of social policy priorities and mechanisms for its implementation has led to the fragmentation of solving urgent social problems. Most social policy measures have a declarative character and are not fully implemented.
Thus, in 2016-2017, it was supposed to implement such measures:
• raising the level of average wages in the budget sphere;
• the introduction of a new mechanism for financing social services;
• substantiated increase of the minimum wage taking into account proposals of social partners;
• stimulation of the development of non-state pension provision, the introduction of joint investment programs;
• an increase in the provision of social services to families with children; - raising the level of social protection of orphan children;
• improvement of provision of social services to single elderly people, people with disabilities of all categories, families with children, orphans;
• creation of a unified information and analytical system of accounting and management of social funds and introduction of electronic social cards;
• a gradual increase in the amount of state aid in order to reduce the incomes of low-income citizens to the level of the corresponding subsistence minimum.
Consequently, the implementation of a strategic course to achieve European standards of living in Ukraine should be based, first of all, on a radical improvement of the quality and efficiency of providing social services, the creation and implementation of legal and organizational conditions for preventing a decrease
in the standard of living of the population of Ukraine (Palamarchuk, Palamarchuk, 2015).
Social policy in the modern civilized world cannot be considered without a close relationship with global change and global challenges, which are based on general social progress and universal human security. Global development problems related to the deterioration of the environment, the deepening of inequality, the maintenance of significant poverty and social exclusion risks, social and military conflicts, and the spread of terrorism - cannot be solved without uniting the efforts of all mankind.
Ukraine, in an effort to integrate into the European space and building its own development strategy, must clearly understand both national capabilities and external factors of influence. The guiding idea of the effectiveness of social policy should be the desire to establish social justice in society and to ensure sustainable human development that does not impair conditions and opportunities for future generations.
At the present stage of development of society, the essence of state social policy is interpreted as the activity of the state in maintaining relations between social groups; creation of conditions for ensuring the welfare and acceptable standard of living of members of society; revision of social guarantees. Traditional interpretations of social policy consist in its understanding as a part of the internal policy of the state, since the real social policy is defined as the properties of a particular historical period, as well as the national-cultural features of a particular society. At the same time, modern globalization tendencies, which become irreversible, change traditional perceptions and perceptions of values: social interaction becomes stronger and more valuable, which is the source of the formation of social capital, otherwise responsibility is allocated. Changes include the interpretation of basic social concepts, in particular, social policy, which ceases to be closed national boundaries.
The model of social justice in Japan differs significantly from European and American. In Japan, the proper distribution and proper implementation of the social role are very important. For Japanese, the search for the correspondence between a social position and a characteristic is characteristic, and this is what manifests itself and claims to be fair in society. Another aspect of justice in Japanese is the philanthropy of a Confucian-based government: "There is, therefore, no gap between the ruling class and the subordinates; a just social exchange is established between them: the ruler gives the people the benefit and receives reign. The Japanese type of government is based on the interdependence of the ruling and subordinates, so the magnificent life of the ruler will cause the loss of power."
So, as in Japan, in China, the content of social justice is based on the idea of Confucianism (harmonious development based on "great unity" and "great
prosperity", achievement of the dream of equality). At the same time, the egalitarian idea is combined with the idea of a social hierarchy. That is, from ancient times in China, considered a fair society, which is divided into those who work and produce, and those who manage. Everyone must fulfil his duties well: the state must be strong and centralized; officials must ensure order (in particular, some economic equality). Criteria of social growth of personality were ability, literacy, and intelligence.
5. Social policy in Ukraine
Recently, social policy in Ukraine is aimed at reducing differentiation in the incomes of citizens, increasing the fairness, accessibility and targeting of the system of social protection of the person and raising the level of state social standards and guarantees.
In the State Budget of Ukraine for 2017, an increase in minimum social standards was planned twice a year. In general, it is planned that the minimum wages, pensions, and other social benefits will increase by 12%. During 2016, the privileges were cancelled for all people's deputies, ministers, judges, prosecutors, and other officials. Since July 2016, benefits to nearly three million citizens are provided solely on the basis of income, and since June, special pensions have been abolished for officials, and the appointment of all types of pensions is for all according to the rules of a single law. Obviously, these last and other successive steps in social policy will make possible significant changes in terms of asserting and strengthening social justice in Ukrainian society, the achievement of which is the fundamental basis of the effectiveness of national social policy (Mnych, 2015).
Through social changes, social issues in Ukraine are attracting increasing attention in social and political activities. However, the effectiveness of socio-political decisions to a large extent depends on its scientific justification. Despite the fact that the definition of "social policy" gives neither philosophical nor political science nor sociological dictionaries, a close attention to the theoretical and practical problems of social management, social sphere, social relations gives an opportunity to generalize the question of the essential definition of social policy.
Ukraine integrates into a global society in the context of developing new approaches to the content of social relations. Accordingly, the European Union has endorsed the following social criteria, by which the social policy of the state should be formed and implemented (broadening the freedom to choose a way of life, life benefits, opportunities for education and creativity, raising the level of material well-being and quality of life, improving health and increasing the duration of work activity, increasing the life expectancy, strengthening national and social security).
Social justice can exist only in a socially just state, which assumes responsibility for every citizen and seeks
to ensure decent living conditions for each person, social protection, opportunities for the self-realization in society. According to eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations (2007-2016) Ban Ki-moon, social justice is a basic principle of peaceful and prosperous existence, both directly in the countries themselves and in the relations between them. The UN supports the principles of social justice, promotion of equality between women and men or the rights of indigenous peoples and migrants.
Consequently, social justice is the socio-psychological perception of the principles and forms of organization of society, which is in the interests of people and social groups, that is, a generalized moral assessment of social relations. Social justice is an important socio-economic value of society, without which it is impossible to ensure effective economic development. The idea of compliance, adequacy, and equivalence of income.
The European Union's activities in the social sphere have evolved on the basis of the strategic provisions in the four documents of social orientation: White Paper "European Social Policy: A Road to the Union", White Paper "On Growth, Competitiveness and Employment: Challenges and Ways to Accession to the XXI", Green Paper "European Social Policy: Thoughts for the Union" and the European Social Charter.
The main objective of the White Paper "European Social Policy: The Way to the Union" was to expand and open prospects for joint activities in the social sphere, not to restrict the activities of member states to raise the standard of living of their citizens and not to encroach on their responsibility in this area. A great deal of importance was attached to the dialogue at the European level.
The socioeconomic situation in the EU, which is associated with high unemployment, required rapid and concrete measures to stabilize the situation. Accordingly, the Green Paper "European Social Policy: Thoughts for the Union" was created to help with this. One of the conceptual conclusions of the Green Paper was that the implementation of the European Union's social policy is incompatible with the idea of limiting social progress in order to strengthen the competitiveness of the economy.
5. Findings
Thus, the European and Japanese social models are capable of ensuring economic growth and the continuous improvement of living conditions for people and labour in Ukraine. This implies full employment, the creation of high-quality jobs, equality of chances, social protection for people, social adaptation and participation of citizens in making all decisions. By preaching the principles of the functioning of the European community, we need to use them effectively even in today's economic conditions.
Consequently, an important task of the state's social policy is to ensure the reproduction of social resources, which, in turn, ensure the integrity, dynamism, stability of the social sphere, achievement of the corresponding social level, social solidarity in society (Didyk, 2010).
The initiated reform of the social protection sphere in Ukraine requires urgent steps by the state to strengthen the role of non-state institutions in the transition of our country to market relations, social policy becomes an important factor in the success of new transformations.
6. Conclusions
According to the author, certain systemic deficiencies are prevalent due to the disadvantages of the state regulation of the functioning and development of the social sphere in Ukraine. The most dominant of them seems expedient to determine: the lack of responsibility and the lack of normative and methodological support for monitoring and adjusting the levels of social standards and the adequacy of their provision (it is said that norms and provisions of most social standards are objectively outdated and do not correspond to the realities of the current time, as well as mechanisms for their timely adjustment, as well as monitoring of the implementation of existing ones); lack of real qualitative reforms in pension systems, education and science, medicine, housing and communal services; unjustified provisions and prohibitively unproductive nature of subsidies, population (a situation in which more than 20% of the population enjoys the benefits threatens complete collapse of payments for services to populations and discourages an objective to improve energy efficiency, resource consumption costs as compensated by the state); over-regulation and fiscal burdens of citizens' incomes (which are not withdrawn from the shadow, and entrepreneurial income is so taxed that entrepreneurs also do not intend to report it); ineffectiveness of the policy of supporting the creation of jobs, regulation of employment, wages, financing of socio-cultural measures; "weakness" of the policy of regulating the domestic consumer market and its conditions, which makes it impossible to hinder the growth of prices; lack of real investment programs supporting youth construction; inefficiency of the programs of restraining foreign migration.
In Ukraine, the activity on the strategy and programming of public policy in the social sphere is carried out declaratively, without structural connectivity, which manifested itself in the presence of accepted doctrines: the Doctrine of the Collective Governance, Doctrine of Youth Policy of Ukraine and Strategies: Regional Development Strategy for the period up to 2020, Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Ukraine 2020, National Strategy for Promoting Civil Society in Ukraine for 2016-2020, National Strategy for Health Care Reform in Ukraine for the period of 2015-
2020, the National Program for the Development of Occupations in Ukraine for 2012-2021, the Strategy for Mainstream Cadre Policy for 2012-2020, the Strategy for the Development of the State Youth Policy for the Period until 2020, Poverty Reduction Strategy for the period up to 2020.
However, this activity is not sufficiently effective, which is conditioned by the absence of a single political will and vision of the social vector of the way of development of Ukraine as central legislative and executive power, as well as of local self-government bodies, which makes it impossible to carry out the social policy reform in the state effectively, and the preparation itself for the implementation of the outlined in the program and strategic documents of the state social policy alone leads to significant negative social, and secondarily - economic consequences.
It is proved that the formation of the social sphere system requires the creation of the necessary internal elements and interrelationships between them. At the same time, the social sphere is an open system and external challenges and threats affect its functioning. Under the conditions of globalization, the external challenges of the social sphere of Ukraine have become much more intense and aggravated. Its main manifestations were: increased volumes of illegal migration from low-development countries to the EU; the intensification of external labour migration from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to the states of central and western Europe; aggravation of overpopulation and food shortages; the deterioration of the global
environmental environment; the emergence and rapid spread of biological and infectious diseases; increasing the level of dependence of the social sphere on the global information and communication environment; the development of international terrorism and the strengthening of social instability; the growth of organized transnational crime; the deterioration of the structural characteristics of labour supply through the deepening of dependence on the international labour market; strengthening the influence of external political pressure on the socio-economic development.
It is established that the means of counteracting the main external challenges of the social sphere of Ukraine are to formulate and implement a unified, centralized, strategically oriented policy of levelling up the threats of activation of migration processes; improvement of cooperation with EU countries on the legalization of labour migration, transition to circular labour migration; realization of the potential of domestic agricultural sector by implementing a strategically balanced policy of strengthening its competitiveness; solving problems of household waste recycling, waste reduction and energy efficiency improvement, transition to clean renewable energy sources; reforming and modernizing domestic medicine with an emphasis on countering global diseases and implementing the potential of domestic science; introduction of an integrated approach to the interaction of special services, timely detection and prevention of terrorist acts; development of the system of informatization and intellectualization of the domestic system of social sphere.
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Марина КАЛЬНИЦКАЯ
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА В УКРАИНЕ И ЯПОНИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ МИРА
Аннотация. Цель статьи - анализ национальной социальной политики в Украине и Японии на основе исследований, выработка рекомендаций по улучшению ситуации в социальной политике в Украине. Методика. Теоретическая и методологическая база научных исследований отечественных и зарубежных ученых по анализу социальной политики, официальные статистические данные Государственного комитета статистики Украины, сообщает НБУ и центральный банк Японии. Чтобы обеспечить достоверность и обоснованность результатов исследований для достижения цели, были использованы следующие методы: индукция и дедукция - во время теоретических обобщений и выводов; метод аналогии - при сравнении зарубежного опыта социальной политики; экономика и статистика как аналитические методы макроэкономической политики Украины; ретроспективный анализ, определяющий социальную политику; методы системного анализа и синтеза. Результаты. В статье исследуется социальная политика в Украине и Японии. Проанализирована макроэкономическая ситуация в каждой стране. Основаны разумные шаги по дальнейшему использованию изученного опыта страны для Украины. Особое внимание уделяется улучшению нормативных актов. Практическое значение. Результаты этого исследования могут быть использованы государственными органами, такими как Министерство финансов, государственные статистические агентства. Значение/оригинальность - сложный теоретический и практический анализ социальной политики в Украине и Японии. Впервые проанализирована сравнительная социальная политика в Украине и Японии. Дальнейшие исследования должны относиться к построению собственной модели социальной политики. В процессе его реализации необходимо использовать опыт зарубежных стран.
