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05.14.00 ЭНЕРГЕТИКА
05.14.01
ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СИСТЕМЫ И КОМПЛЕКСЫ
COMPARATIVE FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF VIBRATIONS GENERATED BY THE FUNCTIONAL CERAMICS AND CAVITATION GENERATOR
Rakhimov Rustam Kh., doctor of technical Sciences, head of laboratory № 1. Institute of materials science, «Physics-sun». Uzbekistan Academy of sciences. E-mail: [email protected]
Hasanov RamilZ., director and scientific director PKF «REOL». Ufa. Russia. E-mail: [email protected]
Yermakov Vladimir P., senior research associate, laboratory № 1. Institute of materials science, «Physics-sun». Uzbekistan Academy of sciences. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The article presents the comparative results of the frequency characteristics of a generator of cavitation oscillations with phonons generated by functional ceramics. A possible mechanism of direct and indirect effects of the generated oscillations on some objects is considered.
Key words: generator, cavitation, frequency, modulation, resonance, fluid flows, turbulence, ceramic materials, oxide materials, infrared converters, chromites of rare-earth elements, pulse systems.
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЧАСТОТНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ КОЛЕБАНИЙ, ГЕНЕРИРУЕМЫХ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ КЕРАМИКОЙ И КАВИТАЦИОННЫМ ГЕНЕРАТОРОМ
Рахимов Рустам Хакимович, доктор технических наук, зав. лабораторией № 1 Института материаловедения. Научно-производственное объединение «Физика-Солнце» Академии наук Республики Узбекистан. E-mail: [email protected]
Хасанов Рамиль Зияевич, директор и научный руководитель ПКФ «РЕОЛ». Уфа. Россия. E-mail: khranitel53@ yandex.ru
Ермаков Владимир Петрович, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории № 1 Института материаловедения. Научно-производственное объединение «Физика-Солнце» Академии наук Республики Узбекистан. E-mail: [email protected]
Аннотация. В статье приводятся сравнительные результаты частотных характеристик генератора кавитационных колебаний с фононами, генерируемыми функциональной керамикой. Рассматривается возможный механизм прямого и опосредованного воздействия генерируемых колебаний на некоторые объекты.
Ключевые слова: генератор, кавитация, частота, модуляция, резонанс, потоки жидкости, турбулентность, керамические материалы, оксидные материалы, инфракрасные преобразователи, хромиты редкоземельных элементов, импульсные системы.
In recent years, sound and ultrasonic vibrations are widely used to improve and reduce the cost of various technological processes, and sometimes it applies as effective physiological instrument. It is noted that in many cases, the objects exposed to such effects themselves become active elements, radically changing our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between substances and between mechanical vibrations.
However, the mechanism of such interaction still remains unclear. While the direct effects of fluctuations on the substance and processes can be explained in some way, the indirect effects of processed substances on most processes are difficult to explain directly.
The purpose of this article is an attempt to identify the above mechanisms of direct and indirect impact on the studied objects.
Let us consider in more detail the main types of sound and ultrasonic frequency generators, as well as their distinctive features and design differences.
Basically, they are designed to generate sound and ultrasonic vibrations in liquid or gas flows and can be used in various technological fields: for high-performance deep emulsification processes, as well as dispersion, homogenization, mass and heat transfer processes, etc.
Typically, they consist of a V-shaped generator working element, the longitudinal axes of the inlet and outlet nozzles intersect in a closed space of the cavitation chamber located in the generator housing at an angle of 5-45 degrees. Incoming and outgoing flows move in a closed space along a sinusoidal or sawtooth trajectory.
Different methods producing of sound and ultrasonic vibrational processes in liquid and gas flows using the energy of moving flows in various design solutions are known. For example, in the method [1], oscillations are generated by alternating braking on a fixed curvilinear obstacle installed at an acute angle to each of the two flows at the meeting point. According to [2], the method of generation of ultrasonic vibrations provides for placement in the vortex chambers of the generator of secondary cavitation elements in the form of freely rotating balls with pass-through channels of variable cross-section to create additional pulses that increase the power.
Also generator is known, [3], where the jet is directed at an angle of 150 to localize the gravitational field into a closed space and increase the intensification of processing... 170 degrees relative to the direction of the jet flow. A significant drawback of it is the need to regulate the intensity of acoustic oscillations due to the rate of fluid flow each time when changing its characteristics (viscosity, fluidity, temperature, pressure, supersaturation of the field by cavitation bubbles, etc.) during processing, that is, the lack of autonomy of the working process, which reduces the efficiency of processing, as well as the inability to use it for gaseous media.
The most interesting is the generator [4], which contains housing with a cover, input and output nozzles, as well as cylindrical cavitation chambers with elements of secondary cavitation arranged in them in the form of curved projections. The disadvantage of the generator of this design is its limited functionality due to the predominant use for liquid media, as well as the complexity of the design.
On the basis of the analysis, the generator which is more fully meets the objectives was constructed: to increase the efficiency and depth of treatment of liquid and gaseous media by intensifying the resonance oscillatory process in a confined space. In the process of solving, it was also possible to simplify the device.
In particular, method for deep processing of liquid and gaseous media was developed. Based on the interaction with an obstacle of a liquid or gas jet supplied under pressure with a sharp change in its direction, the excitation of elastic oscillations and cavitation with the localization of the cavitation field into a closed space, in which, unlike prototypes, a jet of liquid or gas is directed into such a closed space that the obstacle is a deployed relative to the incoming outgoing jet stream, which incoming stream interacts at an angle a 5-45 degrees.
Incoming and outgoing flows of media subjected to processing, depending on their properties (viscosity, fluidity, density, etc.) can be passed through a closed space on a sinusoidal or sawtooth trajectory. The movement of the processed medium along such a trajectory leads to pulsation of the liquid or gas, which increases the intensity of resonant oscillations and, conse-
quently, increases efficiency and decrease in the required power of the supplied medium.
The solution of given problem can be done by using a resonant oscillator containing a housing with input and output nozzles and a cavitation chamber, in which, unlike the prototype, the housing is V-shaped in such a way that the longitudinal axes of the input and output nozzles intersect in a closed space of the cavitation chamber at an angle of a 5-45 degrees. The inner walls of the cavitation chamber can be shaped in such a way that they form a sinusoidal or sawtooth line in the longitudinal section of the chamber.
The proposed solution makes it possible to obtain resonant oscillatory processes of the processed medium of the highest intensity in a wide range of phase-frequency characteristics, which are little dependent on changes in the external parameters of the medium, such as temperature, viscosity, etc. In comparison with the known solutions, where the cavitation effect is observed in the local zone, where the flows directly intersect, oscillatory processes are formed in this generator in a wide range from sound to ultrasonic, varying depending on the cross-section of the closed space through which the flow of the processed medium passes. The zone of the maximum depth of processing moves depending on changes in the parameters of the processed medium (viscosity, temperature, etc.). When the natural oscillation frequency of the processed medium in one of the cross sections of the cavitation chamber of the generator coincides with the frequency of forced oscillations occurring during the interaction of the incoming flow with the outgoing, a resonance occurs, under which the intensity of the processes occurring in the medium increases sharply - the processing takes place at the molecular and atomic level.
Such solution provides an increase in power and a wide range of operating frequencies of processing different properties and characteristics of liquids and gases, as in different cross sections of the closed space of the cavitation chamber there are different phase-frequency characteristics of the impact on the processed flows.
The principle of operation of the generator is explained in the drawing (Fig. 1), which shows the longitudinal section of the body of the resonant oscillator for deep processing of liquid and gaseous media, and shows an example where the inner walls of the cavitation chamber are made on the sinusoidal line (a), and - on the sawtooth line (b).
nr
6
Fig 1. The scheme of the generator working process
5
2
3
a
The generator contains a V-shaped housing 1 with input 2 and output 3 nozzles and a cavitation chamber 4. The inner wall of the cavitation chamber 5 can be made in the longitudinal section of the chamber along a sinusoidal (a) or sawtooth (b) line. The longitudinal axes of the inlet and outlet nozzles intersect in a closed space of the cavitation chamber at an angle a corresponding to 5-45 degrees.
Processing of target objects is carried out as follows.
The processed medium, for example, a mixture of oil and water, is fed through the pump under pressure through the inlet nozzle 2 to the generator chamber 4. The flow, hitting the opposite wall of the chamber, abruptly changes its direction and moves along the output nozzle 3. In this case, the interaction of the input stream with the output, leading to the formation of a zone of resonant oscillations, intensifies the processes of cavitation, emulsification, dispersion, mass and heat transfer at the molecular and atomic level.
As a result of this action, the mixture of oil and water is converted into a stable emulsion without the addition of any emul-sifiers.
Thus, the proposed device allows to increase the effectiveness and depth of treatment of liquid and gaseous environments due to the intensification of the resonance of the oscillatory process occurring in the processable environment.
The structure of the turbulent flow is determined by the velocity of the flow, the physical properties of the liquid, the shape and size of the channel walls limiting the flow, etc. [5]
Individual elements of the turbulent flow-vortices (sometimes also called liquid lumps or moles) - make chaotic unsteady movements. A vortex is a group of particles rotating around one instantaneous axis at the same angular velocity, so that in relation to the surrounding liquid the vortex is similar to a solid body. In the process of turbulent flow vortices continuously arise and decay. The depth of their penetration before destruction, i.e. the spatial extent of turbulence elements depends on the degree of turbulence development in the flow, or its scale, and is called the scale of turbulence. The scale of turbulence is largely determined by the external flow conditions (for example, the diameter of the pipeline or channel). Turbulence, not limited to the influence of the walls, called free (for example, the flow of liquid and gas jets into a stationary liquid).
Vortices pulsate relative to their average position in the fluid; this movement is called pulsation. Likewise the instantaneous velocity also pulses at a given point of the flow. Random movement of vortices leads to intensive mixing of the liquid along the flow cross section. Pulsations are the most characteristic feature of turbulence. Due to the fact that the mass of the vortex and the path that it passes is incomparably greater than the mass of the molecule and the length of its free path, the transfer of impulse, mass and heat due to the chaotic motion of the vortices significantly exceeds the molecular transport caused by the thermal motion of molecules.
The turbulent motion of the curve is the velocity distribution over the cross section is different from the parabolic (characteristic of a laminar motion) is the vertex of the curve is considerably flattened.
The ratio w/wmax = f (Re). The greater the Re, the greater the w/wmax ratio, i.e. the closer the average flow rate to the maximum (on the flow axis). Theoretically, it is extremely difficult to describe the velocity profile in this case due to the complex nature of turbulent motion. Therefore, the W/wmax curve expresses the distribution of not true, but time-averaged velocities, i.e. turbulent flow, strictly speaking, is not essentially steady -
state-instantaneous velocities at each point of the flow change in time. But useing of time-averaged velocities allows us to consider this movement approximately as steady. In this sense, turbulent motion can be characterized as quasi-stationary.
Extracting fluid which is in state of motion in an arbitrary volume V bounded by surface S. the Volume of fluid located in a nonuniform field of physical potential ^ of the transfer. The problem is reduced to the conclusion of differential equations describing the distribution of velocities, concentrations and temperatures in time and space, which is necessary to solve many problems of hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer.
The processes of heat and mass transfer through considered surface S are carried out by two types of transfer mechanism:
• molecular, i.e. transfer, arising as a result of the desire of the system to thermodynamic equilibrium, deviations from which are explained by the heterogeneity of the potential field;
• a macroscopic-convective transfer caused by the presence of the liquid velocity field in the volume of V.
In the case of the transfer of the amount of motion (impulse) to these two types of transfer, a transfer caused by the presence of a hydrostatic pressure field is also added, and in the case of heat transfer this will be transfer due to thermal radiation.
The flow of the substance caused by the desire of the system to thermodynamic equilibrium (molecular transfer) is determined by the chaotic movements of the molecules of the medium, carrying mass, energy and impulse, and thus averaging the potential in the volume under consideration. Molecular transport is crucial in stationary environments, and moving in laminar flows is described by the following well-known lineargradient laws:
For mass transfer - First Fick's law:
-D grad C,
where D is the molecular diffusion coefficient, M2/s. For energy (heat) transfer - Fourier law:
qMt = -A grad ^
where A is the coefficient of thermal conductivity.
For impulse transfer (taking into account Newton's law of internal friction):
grad w.
Thus, the molecular transfer (flux density) of the mass q 'Mc energy qMt and impulse qMw is described by identical in form equations, which can be generalized by the following expression:
qm = -k grad C,
where k is the coefficient of proportionality, depending on the type of transfer taking the value D, a (coefficient of thermal diffusivity a = l / (ср r)) or n.
In convective transport, mass, energy and impulse are transported in the volume of microparticles moving at a speed of w.
The density of the convective flow q of energy or impulse in each area of the surface can be expressed as follows:
qk = w<$.
Thus, in the case of molecular and convective mass or energy transfer, the flux density q consists of two components:
q = Qk + Qm
When analyzing the process of heat transfer to the right side of this equation should be added another value (ql)l taking into account the contribution to the overall heat transfer of thermal radiation.
Select on the surface S, bounding an arbitrary volume V, the surface element dS. We present it in a vector form, multiplying by a unit vector n, located on the normal to this element and directed from the volume V:
Since the integration rules, the integral will be zero if the integrand is also zero, you can write:
— + div q-y = ST
0;
S9
— = -div q + y.
St
ndS = dS.
Find the resulting flow of mass, energy or amount of motion entering the volume V:
M = -( qdS + JJJyd^,
where q is specific volume density of the flow.
The minus sign before the integral of the first term of the right part of this equation is necessary because the direction of the vector of the surface element dS is opposite to the direction of the density vectors of the incoming mass, energy and amount of motion, and the resulting flow will be the difference between the incoming and outgoing flows.
Also, the resulting mass or energy flux can be found as the sum of the change in the specific volume energy or mass (potential j) in time over the entire volume V:
M
By equating the right parts of the last two equations we obtain:
iß "=-f qdS.
ST
According to the Ostrogradsky-Gauss theorem, the integral of the normal component of the surface vector is equal to the integral of the divergence of the volume vector:
0 0
# qdS=JIfdiv qdV.
S V
Divergentia (lat) - divergence. The flux density at a point is the limit of the ratio of the vector flow through the surface S, limiting the volume V, to this volume when it tends to zero:
divq = lim (ft
u^ro JJ 1/
V^œ H V
U (x, y, Z )=> div U J-U- ^ + -U. y ' -x -y -z
The resulting equation Is the basic equation of transport of substances - mass, energy and amount of motion. Having rewritten this equation with respect to the derivative potential in time, we obtain a new expression of the basic equation of transport of substances:
— = -div q + y. St
Figures 2-7 show the results of the measurement of acoustic oscillations generated by the presented device.
Fig. 2. Primary recording of the sound component of the generator
0:00.000
After replacing we get:
Fig. 3. The total duration is 1 second. There is a clear modulation
[ß " = -fff div qdV + J[fydV.
St
Taking into account the above equation takes the form:
[[& dv q-Y) dv=0.
St
The obtained results on the spectral composition of the oscillations generated by the cavitation unit allow us to draw the following conclusions.
1. Clearly traced multi-frequency modulation.
2. In the spectrum of oscillations observed transition region from relatively harmonic oscillations to a sharp increase in the level of nonlinear distortion.
0
0
□
□
□
□
Fig. 4. The total duration of 0.7 seconds. Clearly traced multi-frequency modulation
Fig. 5. The total duration is 0.1 seconds. Additional peaks (harmonics) in the modulation maximum are visible
Fig. 6. The total duration is 0.039 seconds. Point of the maximum non-linear distortion. First, speed increases dramatically, and then the transition to a more harmonious oscillation
Fig. 7. The total duration of 0.02 seconds. The transition from relatively harmonic oscillations to a sharp increase in the level of harmonics
Total duration 0.1 second
Total duration 0.02 second
Fig. 8. The initial moment after turning on the generator
Fig. 9. The signal after 10 minutes of operation of the generator
Fig. 10. The signal after 40 minutes of operation of the generator
Fluctuations generated by functional ceramics
Functional ceramic materials were synthesized under the influence of radiant energy of a Large Solar Furnace with a capacity of 1 MW (Parkent, Republic of Uzbekistan).
Features of the synthesis of materials with the use of radiant energy.
1. The advantages of the synthesis of materials using radiant
energy are obvious:
• there is no contamination of target materials;
• the possibility of simultaneous purification in the synthesis process;
• variation of the heating rate within a wide range;
• ability to control the cooling rate, which allows to obtain materials of a given structure;
• ability to produce complex composites;
• possibility of combination with any other method in the process chain of synthesis of target materials, etc.;
• synthesis occurs in the liquid phase, which causes the completeness of the synthesis and stoichiometry of the target material, and in some cases the process is accelerated in hundreds and thousands of times;
• heating of the initial components is practically non-inertial;
• the substance is affected by a powerful flow of photons with a very wide range of energies, resulting in the formation of all possible metastable States for a given substance or compound. This leads to distortion of the crystal lattice. As a result, the thermal stability and strength of the target material increases sharply, since there is no secondary recrystallization and crack growth above the critical size;
• in the process of synthesis, all photochemical processes permissible in this energy range occur.
In the temperature furnaces synthesis occurs due to the energy transfer mainly by conduction or convection. The main energy carriers in this case are phonons.
When using laser radiation exposure is in a very narrow spectral range. This makes it possible to obtain materials with a perfect structure. However, the products obtained from such material are prone to secondary recrystallization, which leads to a decrease in their physical, mechanical and electrophysical characteristics.
When using the plasma method, due to the effect of electron flow, materials with chemically reconstructed form are synthesized, which is reflected in the main characteristics of the target materials.
Thus, concentrated radiant energy is an important component in the range of methods for the synthesis of materials with a set of specified properties.
As a result of many years of research, a special functional ceramics was developed, which allows converting continuous radiation of the primary energy source and infrared pulses with certain parameters.
The observed effects show that the generation of IR pulses occurs consistently across the surface of the emitter.
On Fig. 11 the results of measuring the pulse repetition rate from the supplied power to the emitter are presented.
P, W/cm2
Fig. 11. The dependence of the pulse repetition rate on the supplied power
As follows from the above data, the maximum pulse repetition rate gradually increases with increasing power of the heater, but after a certain limit does not exceed for this ceramic ~434 Hz.
This can be explained by the fact that the energy storage has a phonon mechanism. Indeed, if we compare the maximum frequency of pulse generation and the speed of sound in ceramics - since phonons are mechanical oscillations of oscillators, there is a good consistency of the results.
The process of pulse generation synchronization by ceramic transducers can be explained by comparing the operation of the electronic frequency generator as an analogue of functional ceramics.
To start the generation mode, you must provide positive feedback. The shape of the generated signals will depend on its depth. With relatively shallow positive feedback, a sinusoidal signal will be generated. Increasing the depth of the positive feedback will lead to increasing distortion of the sinusoidal shape and, eventually, will generate signals rectangular or close to rectangular shape.
as if there is a chain reaction, leading to synchronization of pulse generation with a slight time lag, which is due to the time required for the passage of light from one oscillator to another, as well as with the inertia of the absorption-generation system in the volume of functional ceramics. Taking into account that ceramics has a volume, and the processes described above occur in this volume, it can be concluded that the pulse in the deep layers can be absorbed by oscillators located on the surface of the radiator. Thus, the synchronous generation of pulses goes on the surface of the emitter, but mainly due to the processes occurring in the entire volume.
This factor is very important, as it allows regulating the pulse generation mode within certain limits. Indeed, at very thin layers, if the photon generated by the oscillator was absorbed by another oscillator, it would simply be transmitted to it.
When the thickness of the emitter is relatively large, the photons released in the volume activate the surface oscillators. Now the photons of these oscillators can be easily released into the external environment.
In fact, the process is much more efficient, since the original phonons have high quantum energy, and the generated phonons have lower quantum energy.
From the depth of the feedback not only the synchronicity of pulse generation will depend, but also their parameters. The more sensitive the system is to the absorption of its own radiation (positive feedback of great depth), the steeper pulse rise field will be observed. In other words, it is possible to adjust one of the main parameters of IR radiation- the pulse rise field.
About the phonon mechanism
of transformation by functional ceramics
As already mentioned, the conversion of the energy of the primary source into IR pulses, most likely passes through the phonon mechanism.
To verify this thesis, we conducted the following experiments.
Recorded acoustic signals 12 volt bulb, coated with functional ceramics. Power was supplied from the battery. The measurements were carried out in an acoustically isolated box, shielded from electric and magnetic interference.
The measurement results are shown in Fig. 13-20.
As follows from the given data, there is a strong modulation of the signal by low-frequency radiation (Fig. 13).
Fig.13. Acoustic spectrum immediately after switching on
In the case of an electronic analogue of the generator, the positive feedback can be fed through the RC-chain, or have a transformer connection, etc.
When heated, the functional ceramic oscillator, absorbing the phonons formed as a result of the absorption of photons of the primary energy source, transfers the charge carriers to a higher energy level and, reaching the level of energy that allows to overcome the activation energy, returns to the initial energy level, releasing the accumulated energy in the form of an IR pulse (photon). This process is repeated as long as the energy comes from an external source. The generation of pulses in the conventional system (where ceramic, metal, glass, etc. acts as convertor) occurs randomly and not consistently over time.
The essence of matching the generation of pulses of functional ceramics throughout the volume is as follows.
For example, there is a system that can be activated by its own generated radiation. In this case, the first pulse generated by the oscillator at any particular point in the volume of the converter, absorbed by another oscillator, where the accumulated energy has not yet reached the activation energy and can not overcome the energy barrier, it raises the energy level of the charge carriers to the level of activation energy. Having received the missing part of the energy, this charge carrier overcomes the energy barrier, releases the stored energy in the form of a photon. At the same time,
Fig.14. Acoustic spectrum immediately after switching on. Duration 0.02 sec
A more detailed scan in time (0.02 seconds), allows you to see that the modulation has a period of 0.6-2 seconds. (Fig. 14). Whether this is due to the conversion of photons into phonons it needs to be found out.
A more detailed scan in time (0.009 seconds), allows you to see that the carrier frequency is modulated with the same rising edge of the carrier signal. This probably shows that phonons of the same type are formed.
Fig. 15. Acoustic spectrum immediately after switching on. The duration 0.009 seconds
This is even more clearly seen in Fig. 16 (duration 0.002 seconds).
After heating the emitter for 3 minutes, the signal becomes clearer. The probability of photon transition to phonons in this case increases.
It follows from the data in Fig. 18 that modulation has become more complex. There is practically no simple repetition
of the modulation frequency. Perhaps this is due to the multistep conversion mechanism.
Data in Fig. 19 verifies this statement.
Comparison of the acoustic spectrum of the carrier frequency immediately after the moment of switching on and heating of the radiator confirms that the fronts of the signal rise in both cases are the same. The slopes are the same, but the picture in total is somewhat different for these moments.
Fig. 18. Acoustic spectrum 3 minutes after switching on. Duration 9.5 seconds. Clearly traced modulation with a period of 0.5-2 seconds
Fig. 19. Acoustic spectrum 3 minutes after switching on. The duration 0.002 sec
Fig. 20. Comparison of the acoustic spectrum. The blue line is immediately after switching on, green line 3 minutes after switching on
Selection of components for the synthesis of target materials
Our long-term experience shows that only compounds of certain chemical elements are suitable for creating energy converters of the primary source into synchronous impulses with certain parameters.
In particular, these include Fe, Ce, Ni, Cr, Ti, Nd, La, Cu, Mn, Zr connections. These elements are the «active» components of the transducers. However, they cannot work alone. Of course, they convert to some extent the energy of the primary source into impulsed radiation. For example, titanium oxide can generate UV radiation. However, impulse synchronization in this case is not observed.
Depending on the combination of these elements, the converter generates single-pulse radiation (in one narrow spectral range) or multi-pulse radiation (in several spectral ranges). In particular, lanthanum compounds generate paired impulses with wavelengths of 16,0 and 16,25 |im. When replacing a certain part of lanthanum with neodymium, in addition to these impulses, pair impulses in the range of 8,0 and 8,15 |im are generated.
The generation of pulses in the range of 3,3 |im is provided by a combination of iron, copper, magnesium and calcium compounds. Also we need «neutral» elements, - for example, Al, Si and others.
As a «diluent» we use mullite synthesized in pure form or with the addition of TiO2 to 2%. It is spectrally transparent up to 25 |im. The inclusion of titanium oxide in the composition leads to the generation of a steeper pulse rise front.
The possible mechanism of the effect
of the oscillation on the activation of water
It is registered that the oscillations generated by the cavitation unit have a strong impact on various objects and technological processes. In particular, water after undergoing treatment on this installation activates many systems and processes.
In our opinion, the mechanism of the observed phenomena is as follows.
As you know, water molecules are dipoles, connected in a chain, and this determines many of its properties. The generator breaks these aggregates into separate molecules. Due to this, the mobility of water molecules and their penetrating power significantly increases. Resistance to water current and friction of water with the walls of the working area of the generator is reduced. As a result, the share of the turbulent component decreases, which affects the nature of the generated oscillations. This radically changes the rheological properties of water-based fluids. If we talk about the impact on living organisms, blood circulation restores, both due to the breakdown of unwanted deposits of the vascular system, and by increasing the penetration of less aggregated water molecules.
Using special resonators it is possible to produce a system that allows allocating the required range of oscillations.
The results obtained from the use of water treated with a generator, due to the fact that single molecules better dissolve and split the main components, as the charge of the dipole of water molecules now has a much stronger effect. As a result, plants develop much better, animals and people feel better, because not only improves the nutrition of organs and tissues, but also significantly increases the output of decay products and toxins in the body.
The oscillation energy is, in principle, sufficient for conformational changes, enzyme activation, and dissociation of the lipoprotein-cholesterol complex, and the destruction of many aggregated States of molecules, etc. At the same time, ungrouped in chains of water molecules have significant high activity for many processes.
It can be assumed that such water will act as an active ligand in coordination compounds [6; 7]. This will effectively remove heavy metal ions. What are the dangers of heavy metals? First of all, they can act as a coenzyme, replacing the ions of iron, calcium, magnesium. If they capture the active center of the enzyme, the enzymes will produce products and activate biochemical processes alien to normal metabolism in the body. The living organism has protective buffer systems-lymph nodes, the largest of which is the spleen. They can temporarily capture products harmful to the functioning of the body as a whole, formed due to violations of normal enzymatic reactions. But their possibilities are limited. In this case, the activated water contributes to the normalization of the enzymes, due to the withdrawal of heavy metal ions, as well as formed toxins.
In addition, such water, due to more effective access to various compounds in the living organism, can significantly affect the rheological properties, in particular, blood, lymph, etc. This, in turn, can lead to a decrease in thrombosis, dissociation of cholesterol-lipoprotein complex, various deposits, etc.
Currently, some empirical material has been collected to improve the physiological and physical condition of both humans and animals. Also, very interesting results were obtained under the influence of this radiation or liquids treated by the generator on the growth and development of various plants.
It should be borne in mind that the results are preliminary and require full research, up to clinical trials.
There is a lot of work to study the structure of water and its impact on various objects.
In particular, it was found that ordinary water, consisting of one to four water molecules and structured water, with the formed clusters consisting of nine hundred and twelve water molecules, have exactly the same physical properties [9].
It is known that under normal conditions (at temperatures up to+10 - +30 degrees Celsius), water molecules, due to their electrostatic hydrogen bonds are combined into aggregates of type (H2O)n, (Fig. 21). In this case, the average value of n, at a water temperature up to +20 degrees Celsius, can vary from one to four. This value of the coefficient n means that each water molecule can be connected from one to four neighboring molecules.
Monomoleculs (Steam) H20 H20 H20
^ Of
Agregate (Water) (^0)„
Brownian Motion of moleculs
Fig. 21. Structure of water molecule
It is known that dielectric properties of any substance directly depend on the size of elementary particles of this substance (for example, from the size of molecules of this substance) and from the degree of their orientation in the electric field. Water, consisting of one to four molecules, has a dielectric constant equal to eighty one unit, and the dielectric loss tangent of such water is usually in the range from one tenth to five tenths of units. According to the Langevin-Debye formula, which relates the dielectric permittivity of polar dielectrics to the dipole moment of its constituent molecules, the dielectric properties of water associated with the relaxation time of the water molecule are proportional to the third degree of the radius of its particles.
s-1 M N.
s- 2 p 3s0
a I, Debye formula
3kT
where M is the molecular weight; p - is the density of the substance; T - is the absolute temperature; a0 - is the electron po-larizability of molecules; e - is the electric field; p^/3kT is the orientation polarizability of molecules of the substance.
The next stage of our work should be the measurement of dielectric permittivity during processing by the generator.
Simultaneously with the process of aggregate structuring of water and the rupture of hydrogen bonds of water molecules (hydrogen bonds rupture occurs at the energy of fluctuations of Brownian motion equal to 25 kJ/mol), the destruction of previously formed aggregates occurs in it. That is why
H
H
in ordinary water aggregated no more than half of the total number of its molecules. With a significant decrease in water temperature, the energy of fluctuations of Brownian motion is reduced, and the breaks of hydrogen bonds between its molecules are reduced. The consequence of the decrease in the temperature of the energy of Brownian motion and hydrogen bond breaks is the increase in aggregation and the formation of solid ice crystals (Fig. 22).
Ice
(H2OI
Fig. 23. The Grothus mechanism: transfer of the hydrogen ion through the chain of water molecules
This hypothesis, which later was called by the name of the scientist who proposed it «Grothgus mechanism», drew the following picture — a proton is joined to a water molecule and thus forces one of its own hydrogen ions to go on a similar journey. The gliding on hydrogen bonding, bumps into the next molecule and displaces the proton is already there. Thus, the «relay», which was mentioned above, takes place.
As the group of European theorists led by Ali Hassanali from the Swiss Institute of technology in Zurich now claims this view of the problem is simplification. After computer simulation of these processes on the basis of modern data on water, the scientists came to the conclusion that the generally accepted pattern of proton propagation in water may need to be revised, since the very transfer of a proton from molecule to molecule occurs much faster than it was thought. And then, instead of immediately separating from the molecule of one proton, there comes a period of pause.
At this point, the water molecule has three protons instead of two. According to scientists, hydrogen bonds between molecules are more like a conglomerate of closed rings. In the end produced proton chain, allowing prolonged proton «jumping» directly via multiple hydrogen bonds. At the same time, the process of moving occurs only when the water molecules reach a favorable energy level, after which the proton «jumps» to another molecule.
Fig. 22. Formation of water ice crystals
As you know, even chemically pure water conducts electric current quite well — much better than many metals.
Many scientists have tried to explain the reason for this abnormal behavior. Now the most plausible is the theory proposed in 1806 by physicist Theodore von Grothus (he was of Baltic German origin). According to it, everything happens because there is a so-called hydrogen bond in the water. As a result, protons are constantly moving from one molecule to another, like free electrons in the crystal lattice of metals. Such a proton transfer along a chain of water molecules bound by hydrogen bonds takes place in several stages and represents a «relay» mechanism, and the speed of such a «relay» depends on the polarization of water molecules.
Fig. 24. The contact pair of ions through which the proton is transmitted
According to the researchers, the understanding of such mechanism will not only improve our understanding of proton transfer in solvents such as water, but also promote understanding of such important biological subsystems as enzymes and macromolecules [8].
More recently, a group of interested scientists conducted a thorough experimental study of water and its molecular structure using a quantum - force microscope. This microscope is also called «tunnel». The essence of this unique experiment was to register the collision energy of the associated water aggregates with a special probe sensor, which was moved under water with the help of a special device (Fig. 25). By the amount of energy released the size and structure of the particles encountered by the probe were determined with the help of computer.
Practical studies of water using a tunnel microscope confirmed the theory that under normal temperature conditions in the water there are no enlarged molecular complexes. But, the same studies have revealed a number of interesting facts, in particular the fact that under normal temperature conditions at the walls of the vessel, which contains water, formed a linear molecular chain of water molecules, which are perpendicular to the walls of the vessel and contains up to thirty molecules (see Fig. 30b). The presence of such long molecular chains is explained by the fact that static electronic charges are formed on the walls of the vessel under normal conditions, which force water molecules to form such long molecular chains. In this case, the greater the static charge on the walls of the vessel, the more chain of water molecules is formed.
The absence of such long molecular chains in the water column is explained by the fact that it contains the factor of Brownian fluctuations destroying such chains. Closer to the walls of the vessel, Brownian fluctuations are compensated by the presence of static stress on the walls. Therefore, there is an alignment of water molecules in such long chains. No more interesting facts while research of water by the tunnel microscope was not conducted. Also, no less or more large aggregate formations were not found. As evidence that the water still may contain such formations, the proponents of structured water present a picture once made during the study of structured water with the help of a raster of microscope (Fig. 26).
■ 110 fl -
Fig. 26. Type of water film made under a scanning electron microscope
We present preliminary results on the frequency spectrum of the proposed cavitation generator. In subsequent articles, the data obtained from the operation of the generator will be presented. The mechanisms we present are far from indisputable and need more in-depth research to clarify them in detail.
Summary and conclusions
1. The regularities of conversion of continuous radiation into pulsed radiation are revealed.
2. The choice and testing of optimal media of photoactive converters were made: creation of functional-ceramic micro- and nanocomposites with controlled parameters. It is established that active ceramics must contain elements such as Fe, Ce, Ni, Cr, Ti, Nd, La, Cu, Mn. As a passive medium, it is optimal to use mullite obtained by a special technology, or mullite with the addition of 2% titanium oxide.
3. The regularities of the formation of micro - and nanostructures under the influence of IR pulses with different pulse rise front are revealed.
4. Preliminary results of measuring the acoustic signal of the emitters indicate the phonon mechanism of converting the energy of the primary source into pulsed infrared radiation. The obtained results on the spectral composition of the oscillations generated by the cavitation unit allow us to draw the following conclusions:
5. Clearly traced multi-frequency modulation.
6. In the spectrum of oscillations there are areas of transition from relatively harmonic oscillations to a sharp increase in the level of nonlinear distortions, such an effect is not observed in the case of the use of functional ceramics.
Thus, both types of generators complement each other, which can significantly expand the scope of their application.
Referens
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