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1
UDC 633; DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2023-01.19
COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF LEAF POWDER OF ERYTHRINA SENEGALENSIS DC ON SITOPHILUS ZEAMAIS MOTSCHULSKY AND PERCENTAGE GERMINATION
OF TREATED MAIZE GRAINS
Chomini M.S.
Federal College of Forest Resources Management of Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Joshua V.I.
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Forestry of Jos,
Plateau State, Nigeria
Vihi S.K.*
Department of Agricultural Extension and Management, Federal College of Forestry of Jos,
Plateau State, Nigeria
Chomini E.A.
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Forestry of Jos,
Plateau State, Nigeria
Mbah J.J.
Department of Statistics, Federal College of Forestry of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
Imoh J.A.
Department of Forestry Technology, Federal College of Forestry of Jos, Plateau State,
Nigeria
Henry M.U.
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Forestry of Jos,
Plateau State, Nigeria
Nguwap Y.H.
Department of Forestry Technology, Federal College of Forestry of Jos, Plateau State,
Nigeria
*E-mail: vihisam@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The comparative study of effects of different concentrations (g) of leaf powder of Erythrina senegalensis on maize weevil (Sitophylus zeamais Motschulsky) and percentage germination of treated grains at 336 hours (14 days) was carried out. Mortality and % mortality of weevils increased with time of exposure, up to 336 hours after treatment (HAT). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on these parameters indicated significant difference (P<0.05) of the effect of different concentrations of the plant extract over the control (0.0g). Similarly, there were significant reduction (P<0.05) in weight loss and grain perforation with increase in level (g) of leaf extract at 336 HAT. Weevil perforation index (WPI) revealed the highest protective potential of 13.64 and 22.73 for 10.0g and 8.0g (w/w) levels respectively at 336HAT. Germination test of treated grains at this period showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in % germination at 72 and 120 hours after planting (HAP), and significant difference (P<0.05) at 96 HAP, indicating the effectiveness of the leaf powder of Erythrina senegalenses as a good potential seed-dressing option, thus ensuring a sustainable preservation of planting stock with an eco-friendly strategy.
KEY WORDS
Erythrina senegalensis, maize weevils, mortality, grain perforation, germination.
In Africa, maize remains a major energy and staple food, which is particularly valued for its calorific, fiber, protein and minerals, widely grown by smallholder farmers (Onuminya et al., 2018). Stored maize grains is faced with huge quantitative and qualitative loses (Edelduok et al., 2015). These loses in the tropics have been thought to be due to bruchids infestation (Swella and Mushobozy, 2009; Musundire et al., 2015). Other factors range from development of resistance by target insect (Hanandli, 2004), adverse effect of natural enemies (Jansay, 2000), high cost of procurement and application of pesticides (Abolusoro, 2001), increasing documentation of negative environmental and health impact coupled with stringent environmental regulation of pesticide handling (Ismaan, 2008) etc. The synthetic pesticides are composed of halogenated hydrocarbon, organophosphates, carbamates endosulphondimethoate, malathion, etc (Joshi et al., 2004). The non-biotic pesticide use on agricultural crops was revised and restricted by European legislations (Reg. C.E. 369/2005 and 1095/2007). This was consequent upon the fact that halogenated pesticides and its allies have ozone layer depleting tendency, hence banned after 2005 and 2015 in developed and developing countries (Imamura et al., 2008; Zouhar et al., 2009). It becomes imperative therefore, to develop a renewed interest and paradigm shift to plants and plant products which is the contemporary alternative (Lalita and Srivastava, 2008).
Recently, the environmentally safe and biodegradable natural products of plants have been considered as alternative sources in the control of insects of public health importance (Maia and Moore, 2011). Natural products contain a range of bioactive compounds (Ruikar et al., 2012) and related commercial insecticides are commonly perceived as "safe" in comparison to synthetic repellents (Maia and Moore, 2011). Some plants extracts have been reported bioactive against maize bruchids (Adedire and Ajayi., 1996), powder, extract of dried garlic and lemon (Opareke and Dike, 1996), powdered extracts of dried vegetative parts of neem (Chomini et al, 2006; Aliyu et al., 2019). Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) powder (Chomini et al, 2010a), Cashew Nutshell powder (Chomini et al., 2010b), Garlic (Allium sativum) bulb and bulb coat powder (Ishaya et al., 2021). Erythrina senegalensis DC (Fabaceae) is a leguminous thorny shrub or small tree with common names that include coral tree (English) and minjirya (Hausa, Nigeria). The leaves, stem and root bark have medicinal uses against wide range of illnesses such as malaria, gastrointestinal disorders, fever, dizziness, secondary sterility, diarrhea, jaundice, nose bleeding and pain (Togola et al., 2008; Kone et al., 2011). Information on the phytochemical composition of E. senegalensis and its insecticidal properties are still sketchy. This therefore informed and stimulated the present effort.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The leaves of E. senegalensis (Coral plant) sourced from parent plant in the Federal College of Forestry, Jos (latitude 9°56'; N 8°53'E) with average annual rainfall of 1460014800mm and average annual temperature range of 10-320C (Akin, 2002). The materials were shade-dried for 3 weeks, pulverized into fine powder, carefully sieved (using 1mm fine mesh) and bottled until use. 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0g of the leaf powder as treatments per 100g of maize grain (w/w) previously cleaned and disinfected for 72 hours by keeping in deep-freezer as 12oC (Chomini et al., 2006; Swella and Mushobozy, 2009) were introduced into sterilized kilner jars. The jars and their contents were manually shaken for 3 minutes to achieve thorough mixing of gains and extracts before allowing it to settle for 1 hour. Thereafter, 30 teneral adult weevils Stiophilus zeamais (Motach) obtained from the insect culture of entomology laboratory, Federal College of Forestry, Jos, were introduced into each jar. The jars were lined with muslin cloth and covered with perforated lids. The set-up in four replicates was arranged in a completely randomized design in the laboratory under ambient temperature of 26°C and 40% relative humidity.
Parameters on % mortality at 48hour interval for 14 days, grain weight loss and perforation at 336 hours after treatment (HAT), using weevil perforation index (WPI) as described by Fatope et al (1995) and Chomini, et al, 2010a, obtained as follows:
% perforation of treated grain WPI = 0/ f —i—„ , ■ * 100% % perforation of control grain
After 336 HAT, 10 viable grains were randomly selected per replicate per treatment and sown into polythene pot (14cm x 11cm x5cm), previously filled with a mixture of top soil, river sand and cowdung, in a ratio 1:1:1 and sieved (Kareem et al, 2002). The polythene pots with sown grains were arranged in a CRD in the College Nursery. Watering was done twice daily (with 0.5 L of water).
Percentage germination was determined from the daily germination count, using the relationship below (Kareem et al, 2002).
No of germinated grain
% germination = ——--^-X 100%
Total No. of grain sown
Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance to determine their significant difference. Significant means were separated using least significant difference (LSD) approach.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mortality and percentage mortality of maize weevils increased significantly (P<0.05) with concentration of plant extract as well as time of exposure. At 48 HAT, only 8.0g/100g and 10.0g/100g had above 60% mortality, by 240 HAT, all treatments attained more than 80% mortality except the control. This trend continued up to 336 HAT, when all treatments recorded 100% mortality except the control (Table 1). This result is in line with over 90% mortality of storage pest recorded by Oparaeke and Dike (1996); Chomini et al. (2010a); Martin et al, (2010), Chomni et al. (2010b) at 10 days, 12 days, 96 hours and 12days after treatment respectively, using powders of different plant parts.
Table 1 - Effects of Erythrina senegalensis leaf powder on mortality and % mortality
Conc.
of leaf extract (g) 48 96 144 192 240 288 336
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 LSD 1.00a(3.33) 4.50b (15.00) 6.75c(22.50) 9.75d (32.50) 20.00e (66.67) 22.00f (73.35) 1.87 1.78a (5.84) 9.50b(31.67) 12.50c(34.17) 20.00d(66.67) 24.25e(97.50) 29.25f(97.50) 2.25 1.75a(5.84) 14.00b (46.67) 17.75c(59.17) 24.00d(80.00) 26.75e(89.17) 29.50f(98.33) 2.46 1.75a(5.84) 17.25b (57.50) 20.75c(69.17) 26.25d(89.17) 28.50de(95.00) 30.00e(100.00) 2.26 1.75a(5.84) 24.25b(80.83) 27.50c(91.67) 29.50cd(98.33) 30.00d(100.00) 30.00d(100.0) 2.26 2.25a(7.50) 28.00b(93.33) 29.25bc(97.50) 30.00c(100.00) 30.00c(100.00) 30.00c(100.00) 1.75 2.25a(7.50) 30.00b(93.33) 30.00bc(97.50) 30.00b(100.00) 30.00b(100.00) 30.00d(100.00) 2.67
Note: Mean followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P=0.05) values in parenthesis represent % mortality.
Table 2 - Effects of Erythrina senegalensis leaf powder on grain of perforation, weevil
Conc. of leaf extract (g) 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 LSD
Mean No. of Selected grain 100 100 100 100 100 100
Mean % of perforated grain
5.50a
3.00ab
2.50ac
2.25bc
1.25cd
0.75e
1.58
Weevil perforation index (WPI)
50.00
54.55
45.45
40.90
22.73
13.64
Mean weight loss (g)
7.70a
5.30a
2.20a
0.70b
0.20c
0.11d
0.02
Note: Mean followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) protectant effect while value reveals negative protectant ability.
NPI value <50 indicates positive
Percentage grain perforation and weight loss significantly (P<0.05) related inversely to the concentrations of Erythrina sengalensis leaf powder extract(ESLPE), which seemed to reveal its protective tendencies at different levels. This supported earlier observations by Chomini et al. (2010a) indicating weight loss reduction of cowpea with leaf powder concentration increase of Xylopia aethiopica. This was confirmed by the findings of Aliyu et
*
al. (2019). Weevil perforation index (WPI) showed a progressive reduction with increased concentration of leaf extracts. An index value less than that of the control (WPI = 50), indicates positive protection, while relatively lower values showed better effect (Chomini et al., 2006) (Figure 1). There was a positive correlation between the WPI and mean weight loss, which is a reflection of the protective efficacy of the leaf powder (Table 4). Similar trend with Xylopia aethiopica was reported by Chomini et al (2010a) and Aliyu et al (2019). Phytochemical constituents of the plant have been reported to confer natural protection against pathogens, insects, and vertebrates (Ibrahim et al. 2010; Huang, Q. et al., 2018). The leaves of E senegalensis had been screened for the presence of tannins, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, carbohydrates (Rwang et al., 2016) while Osuntokun et al. (2016), reported the presence of saponins, flavonoids, phylate, alkaloids, phenol, tannin and oxalate. Tannins have been reported to repel and negatively affect insect metabolism when consumed (Huang et al., 2018). Rattan (2010) opined that alkaloids are lethal to insect pests, while Acheuk and Doumandji-Mitiche (2013), reported grain/seed protectant properties of flavonoids.
Table 3 - Effects of Erythrina senegalensis leaf powder on % germination o treated maize grains
at 336 hour after treatment (HAT)
Conc. Of leaf extract (g) Hour After Planting
72 96 120
0.0 12.50a 55.00a 92.5a
2.0 7.50a 55.00a 95.00a
4.0 12.50a 45.00ab 92.50a
6.0 15.00a 52.50ab 87.5a
8.0 30.00b 55.00a 97.50a
10.0 15.00c 42.00b 87.5a
LSD 1.05 1.02 1.30
Note: Mean followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P=0.05).
Table 4 - Correlations between Weevil perforation index (WPI) and Mean Weight Loss (MWS)
N WPI MWL(g)
WPI 6 1.000
MWL (g) 6 0.770 1.000
60 n
50 -
« 40 -
■2 30 -
as
=£2
¡¡3
* 20 H
10 -
2 4 6 8 Conc. of leaf extract (g)
10
10
8
6
- 4
2
0
I Weevil Perforation Index (WPI) ■Mean wt loss (g)
Figure 1 - Effects of Erythrina senegalensis leaf powder on WPI and Mean Weight Loss
At 96 and 120 hours after planting (HAT), treated grains under 0.0g/100g, 2.0g/100g and 8.0g/100g concentrations had the highest % germination. The % germinations were significant (P<0.05) at 72 and 96 HAP, and not significant (P>0.05) at 120 HAP, where there
0
2
0
was over 85% germination across the treatments (Table 3). This corroborated previous findings Gorindan et al (2010), positing that no negative effect on germination of treated maize and pulse grains treated with neem and mahogany extracts, and black gram (Piper nigrum L) powder respectively. The optimal %germination of 97.5% was obtained under 8.0g/100g concentration on the leaf extract, thus, elucidating the effectiveness of the leaf powder as a good seed-dressing option, which could enhance preservation of planting stock.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed high potential of leaf powder of E. senegalensis (L) against maize
weevils at high concentration of extract, resulting in low grain damage, thereby preserving
the viability integrity of the treated maize grains.
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