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Urazimbetova G. trainee-teacher Karakalpak State University
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TOPONYMIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Abstract. This article explores the similarities and differences between toponymic phraseological units in Karakalpak and English. It highlights that both languages have such units that refer to specific places or locations and are used to convey specific meanings or ideas. However, English has a wider range of toponymic phraseological units due to its extensive historical and cultural influences, while Karakalpak may have fewer expressions due to its smaller linguistic community. Additionally, the linguistic structures used in these units may differ between the two languages, with English often using prepositions or articles before the toponym, while Karakalpak may use possessive forms or other grammatical constructions. According to the result of the research, the comparative analysis of these expressions can provide insights into the cultural and historical aspects of both languages.
Keywords: toponymic, phraseological units, Karakalpak, English, similarities, differences, specific places, convey meanings, linguistic structures, cultural influences, historical influences.
In this comparative analysis, we will explore the similarities and differences between toponymic phraseological units in the Karakalpak and English languages. Specifically, we will examine how these units convey meanings through linguistic structures, as well as the cultural and historical influences that shape them. Additionally, we will consider the impact of being a smaller linguistic community on the development and usage of these units.
Toponymic phraseological units refer to expressions that combine a place name with other words to convey a specific meaning. Toponymical phraseological units are phrases or expressions in the English and Karakalpak languages that are based on place names. They can be classified into different groups based on their structure and meaning, such as toponymic compounds, collocations, idioms, proverbs, and expressions. These types of phraseological units add depth and cultural significance to the English and Karakalpak languages by using specific place names to convey meaning and create unique expressions. It is important to note that English and Karakalpak researchers have studied phraseology for a long time as a separate field of study, yet interest in this branch of linguistics has persisted to this day [6, 200-202]. These units can provide insights into both cultural and historical aspects of a language. In the case of Karakalpak and English, there are notable similarities and differences in the usage and construction of such units [5].
The article provides with the examples of toponymic phraseological units in English and Karakalpak languages. They are as follows:
1. New York City - a major city in the United States
2. Mount Everest - the highest mountain in the world
3. Lake Michigan - one of the Great Lakes in North America
4. Big Ben - the famous clock tower in London
5. Golden Gate Bridge - a suspension bridge in San Francisco
6. Stonehenge - a prehistoric monument in England
7. Grand Canyon - a steep-sided canyon in Arizona
8. Niagara Falls - a group of waterfalls on the border of Canada and the United States
9. Red Square - a public square in Moscow, Russia
10. Sydney Opera House - an iconic performing arts center in Australia [2].
Examples of Karakalpak toponymic phraseological units:
1. Aral Sea - a once large saltwater lake in Central Asia
2. Nukus Oasis - a city in the Karakalpakstan region of Uzbekistan
3. Ayaz-Kala - ancient fortress ruins in the desert of Karakalpakstan
4. Amu Darya - a major river in Central Asia, also known as the Oxus River
5. Kyzylkum Desert - a large desert spanning across Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan
6. Khiva - an ancient city in Uzbekistan, known for its well-preserved old
town
7. Moynaq - a former fishing town on the shores of the Aral Sea, now mostly abandoned
8. Jipek Joli - a mountain range in Karakalpakstan, also known as the Ustyurt Plateau
9. Khoja Ahmed Yasawi Mausoleum - a famous Islamic pilgrimage site in Turkestan, Kazakhstan
10. Sarykamysh Lake - a large salt lake in Karakalpakstan, known for its pink color [3].
One similarity between Karakalpak and English is the use of prepositions to connect the place name with other words in a phraseological unit. For example, in English, we have phrases like "in London" or "at the Eiffel Tower," where the prepositions "in" and "at" establish the relationship between the place name and the accompanying words. Similarly, in Karakalpak, one might say "Londonda" (in London) or "Eiffel qorganinda" (at the Eiffel Tower), using prepositions to convey the same spatial relationships.
However, there are also differences in the usage of prepositions between the two languages. English tends to use a wider range of prepositions, such as "on," "by," or "near," to express different spatial relationships. Karakalpak, on the other hand, may rely more heavily on context or specific grammatical constructions to convey similar meanings.
Another difference lies in the use of articles. English utilizes definite and indefinite articles (e.g., "the," "a/an") when referring to specific places, while Karakalpak does not have articles. This distinction can impact the way toponymic phraseological units are constructed and understood in each language.
Possessive forms also differ between Karakalpak and English. In English, possessive forms are commonly used to indicate ownership or association with a place, as in "London's attractions" or "America's capital." In Karakalpak, possessive forms are less common in toponymic phraseological units, with other grammatical constructions or word order used to convey similar meanings.
The cultural influences on toponymic phraseological units are evident in both languages. Specific places hold cultural significance, and the expressions associated with them reflect this. For example, in English, phrases like "Big Apple" for New York or "City of Lights" for Paris evoke cultural imagery and associations. Similarly, in Karakalpak, expressions like "Qaraqalpaq Eli" (Karakalpak Land) or "Nokis qalasi" (Nukus City) carry cultural connotations and historical references.
Historical influences also shape toponymic phraseological units. English has a long history of borrowing words and expressions from other languages, resulting in a rich and diverse vocabulary. Karakalpak, as a smaller linguistic community, has also been influenced by neighboring languages and cultures. This can be seen in the use of loanwords or adaptations of place names in Karakalpak phraseological units.
In conclusion, a comparative analysis of toponymic phraseological units in Karakalpak and English reveals both similarities and differences. While both languages use prepositions to connect place names with other words, there are variations in the usage of prepositions, articles, possessive forms, and grammatical constructions. Cultural and historical influences play a significant role in shaping these units, with specific places carrying cultural connotations and historical references. The smaller linguistic community of Karakalpak also influences the development and usage of toponymic phraseological units.
References:
1. Abdinazimov SH.N., PimiyazovaA.Q., Shmnazarova S.J. Hazirgi qaraqalpaq adebiy tili. Fonetika. Leksikologiya. Tashkent, 2018. - 192 bet
2. Makhmudova, Umida Ural Kizi, & Ganiyeva, Makhliyo Norboyevna (2023). NATIONAL-LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH TOPONYM COMPONENTS. Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 3 (1-2), 418-422.
3. Есемурат Бердимурат улы. Хрзирги каракалпак тили. (Лексикология) Некие «Билим» 1994. 188-бет.
4. Хисаметдинова Р.Ф. Топонимы и их дериваты в языковой системе: Автореф. дис. канд.филол. наук. -Уфа, 2000. - 21 с.;
5. Urazimbetova Zuhra Uzakbaevna (2023). REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF "BIRD/QUS" IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK
PHRASEOLOGICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD. "Экономика и социум" №4(107) 2023. www.iupr.ru
6. Urazimbetova, G., & Aytbaeva, M. (2023). ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK TOPONYMIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN LINGUISTICS. Евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(6), 200-202. извлечено от https://in-academy.uz/index.php/ejar/article/view/16868DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8023020
