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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MACHINE TOOLS FOR MACHINING Гущин Иван Олегович, Сибирский государственный университет науки и технологий имениМ.Ф. Решетнева, г. Красноярск E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. Machines with numerical control are considered. The classification of machines according to the main types and purposes of their application is presented. Key words: machine with numerical control, workpiece, thread.
A CNC machine is a machine with numerical control. It allows you to produce parts according to a pre-prepared program with high accuracy, repeatability and speed. There are different types of CNC machines.
CNC milling machines are among the most popular types of CNC machines with built-in tools that are used for drilling and cutting. Milling machines create and convert special programs consisting of letters and numbers (G-code) to route the spindle in various ways. After placing the workpiece inside the milling machine, the computer takes control. The computer code directs and instructs every movement and action of the spindle and tools for cutting and converting the workpiece into a specially designed part with high precision. Threading, drilling, turning, face milling and ledge milling are some of the common functions that a CNC milling machine can perform. CNC milling machines have configurations from three axes to six axes [1].
CNC plasma cutting machines are similar to CNC milling machines in that they perform the same function - cutting materials. However, CNC plasma cutting machines use a plasma torch to cut materials, while the milling machine uses a milling cutter. The main requirement for CNC plasma cutting machines is that whenever plasma cutting is used, the material or the workpiece must be electrically conductive. Typical materials used as plasma cutting blanks are brass, copper, aluminum, steel and stainless steel. This can also be attributed to the disadvantages of plasma cutting. The CNC plasma cutting machine is equipped with a powerful burner capable of cutting even the most durable materials such as titanium and steel. First of all, CNC plasma
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cutters are used in heavy industry, such as shipbuilding, automotive, chemical production and industrial steel construction sites.
CNC lathes work by rotating the workpiece at high speed while the blade/knife is applied to the surface to produce the desired product. Lathes, as a rule, are best suited for cylindrical, conical or flat products. This is a clear distinction between CNC milling machines and lathes, because CNC milling machines can work with any shape. Although CNC lathes are considered less precise and versatile compared to a CNC milling machine, they cost less and are great for quick and simple jobs. The advantage of CNC lathes is that the machine is smaller and more compact, which increases their portability. The machine is also characterized by the ability to rotate the workpiece during operation. CNC lathes have a spindle that can rotate and rotate raw materials to a position programmed and controlled by a computer. Usually CNC lathes have two axes. The Z axis, which represents movement along the chuck, controls the length of the workpiece. The X-axis, which represents the movement perpendicular to the chuck, controls the diameter of the workpiece. Although additional configurations are possible, this is its main form. The tools used for cutting the workpiece are fed in a straight or linear path along the rotating rod workpiece. The machine then applies the subtraction method, that is, removes the material along the circumference of the material until the desired diameter for the individual design is reached. Since the machine has the function of rotating raw materials, it requires and has fewer axes to move its tools, which leads to their smaller form factor. CNC lathes are mainly used because of their ability to create external and internal elements on the workpiece, such as drilled holes and threads [2].
CNC laser cutters resemble CNC plasma cutters in their ability to cut solid materials. However, the CNC laser cutting machine uses a powerful and high-focus laser to perform the task, unlike plasma cutting, which uses plasma (ionized gas). Since lasers have a smaller contact point and spread compared to torches, CNC laser cutting machines usually provide a higher level of accuracy and better surface quality compared to CNC plasma cutters. In addition, CNC laser cutters are much more expensive compared to CNC plasma cutters with similar characteristics (precision and cutting depth). However, CNC plasma cutters provide higher cutting power because plasma is quite durable compared to lasers. They are mainly used for cutting plastic, metals and hardwoods. Depending on the density and strength of the materials, the laser intensity can be adjusted to easily cut through the material. In CNC laser machines, the shape of the material is often sheet-shaped. The laser beam then moves back and forth across the material to make an accurate incision. The laser heating effect vaporizes or melts the workpiece, creating an accurate cut. CNC laser machines can often create different designs compared to other cutting machines.
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CNC waterjet cutting machines, as the name suggests, use high-pressure water jets to cut materials. Typically, CNC waterjet cutting is used when the material being processed is temperature sensitive and can melt at high temperatures, such as plastic and aluminum. Although these machines can only cut with water, usually additional abrasive materials such as garnet (mineral) or aluminum oxide are added to the water for more efficient cutting. A CNC waterjet cutting machine is more expensive than a plasma cutter with similar characteristics. But it costs less compared to a CNC laser cutter with similar characteristics. One of the disadvantages of a CNC water jet cutter is that it is usually slower than CNC plasma cutters and CNC laser cutters [3].
The CNC grinding machine uses abrasive tools to smooth and finish the finished product. Grinding machines are commonly used in applications requiring extremely high precision, such as machining engine parts. Typically, the product is first created with a rough surface on a CNC milling or lathe, and then moved to a CNC grinding machine for final processing. CNC grinding machines come in various types, such as flat grinding machines, roller grinding machines and cylindrical grinding machines. There is a wide variety of types of abrasives used for grinding, such as CBN coated or fiberglass, diamond grinding wheels, aluminum oxide and grinding wheels with ceramic mixture, and many others [4].
Литература:
1. ЧПУ станки [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: https:// intechnology.ru/about/articles/klassifikaciya-stankov-s-chpu/ (дата обращения: 23.07.2023).
2. Плазменные и токарные станки [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: https://vseochpu.ru/stanki-s-chpu/ (дата обращения: 23.07.2023).
3.Станки с гидроабразивной и лазерной резкой [Электронный ресурс]. -Режим доступа: https://vektorus.ru/blog/ustrojstvo-lazernogo-stanka.html (дата обращения: 23.07.2023).
4. Шлифовальный станок [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: https:// umelyeruki.ru/shlifovalnyy-stanok-s-chpu-chto-eto-takoe/ (дата обращения: 23.07.2023).
