CC BY
14
UDC: 796.89 DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-3-38-44
Comparative analysis of height and weight indices among elite representatives
of sprint crawl and stayer swimmers
Svetlana N. Karpova12*, Aleksandr A. Zhuravlev'
1St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation 2 St. Petersburg Peter the Great Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-6874-2217, karpova090878@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-5590-4395, a.zhur-040166@mail.ru
Abstract: The article presents a comparative analysis of height and weight indices among elite sprint-crawl swimmers and stayer swimmers. They take part in the World Championships and the Olympic Games, specializing in the following distances: 50 m free-style, 100 m freestyle and 800 m free-style, 1500 m free-style. The work contains tables. Tables 2 and 3 reflect the definite height and weight indices of the world leaders among the representatives of the sprint crawl at 50 m free-style, 100 m free-style distances and stayer swimmers specializing in 800 m free-style and 1500 m free-style distances. Apart from these indices tables present the following: the winners at the distances, the country they represent, the result. We define the following positions: the countries, the representatives of which became the winners as often as possible and the dynamics of the results at the distances. Materials. The article considers the results of the authors' research works concerning the analysis of the performances of elite sprintcrawl swimmers and stayer swimmers at the Olympic Games and World Championships. We determined the dynamics of the results, the distribution of the prize-winning countries during the period of the competitions, height and weight indices. Research methods. Information sources analysis and summarizing, pedagogical observation, video analysis of competitive activity of sprint-crawl swimmers and stayer swimmers, the received data analysis. Results. The authors revealed the dynamics of short and long distances inclusion in swimming at the Olympic Games and World Championships. We showed the dynamics of results, presented the leading countries in each discipline. We fulfilled a comparative analysis of height and weight indices among sprint swimmers and stayer swimmers, including data of the last Olympic Games and the World Championship. The obtained results would help to make an analysis of various methodologies used in the training process of the countries-winners. The results can form the base for making changes in the training process, directed toward its effectiveness improvement, starting from initial training till the level of high qualification. Conclusion. The analysis of the performances results among the best sprint swimmers and stayer swimmers within 21 years has shown a fairly high height index both among the representatives specializing in short and long distances. However, the best results don't belong to the representatives with the greatest height and weight indices. This gives a reason to believe that along with the general increase of height and, as a rule, body weight, the methodology would be a decisive factor that allows to reveal the athlete's potential.
Keywords: performances analysis, swimming, stayer swimmers, sprint swimmers, winners, world leaders, the Olympic games, World championships, height and weight indices.
For citation: Svetlana N. Karpova, Aleksandr A. Zhuravlev. Comparative analysis of height and weight indices among elite representatives of sprint crawl and stayer swimmers. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(3): 31-36. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-3-38-44.
Introduction
One of the main objectives of the leading world powers in sport is receiving medals, winning competitions [1-3]. In order to realize this objective the specialists create, analyze different methodologies of the training events organization [4-5]. Together with different variants of control and selection, each athlete goes through the procedure of anthropometric tests. They are important, as they
are included into the system of constant analysis of educational-training process, the influence on organism estimation and the result of the held with the athlete events. Especially important the aspect of selection is in swimming. This sport is a kind of sport, where the greatest amount of medals is gained, including different distances swimming with different styles. It gives an opportunity for a country to take the leading position at a sports arena. That
is why it is necessary to study and use the results of anthropometric studies in order to orient an athlete toward the definite specialization.
Materials and methods
The following methods were used in the work: information sources analysis and summarizing, pedagogical observation, video analysis of sprintcrawl swimmers and stayer swimmers competitive activity, the received data analysis. It is important to analyze the achievements of the leading powers in each discipline of swimming. The article analyzes the period of 21 years, during which the Olympic Games and World championships were held in water sports. Tables 2-4 present the results of the held height and weight indices study among the
Table 1
The order of free-style short and long distances inclusion into the Olympic Games (OG) and World
Championships (WCh) among women
leaders of the world swimming at short and long distances, the dynamics of the performances results change. Table 1 presents the order of the considered distances inclusion in swimming.
Results and discussion
Table 2 shows the winners with the result, country, which they represent in sprint distances in swimming - 50 m free-style and 100 m free-style. Table 3 shows the winners in stayer distances 800 m free-style and 1500 m free-style at the Olympic Games and World championships, starting since 2001. The distances were introduced into the program of the competitions gradually. It is reflected in table 1.
Distance OG WCh
50 m free-style 1988 1986
100 m free-style 1912 1973
800 m free-style 1968 1973
1500 m free-style 2020 2001
Tables 2 and 3 present the results starting since introduced among women. WCh 2001, when the distance 1500 m free-style was
Table 2
Height and weight indices among the winners of the Olympic Games and World championships at 50 m
free-style and 100 meters free-style distances
Year of the competition organization Дистанция 50 м в/с Дистанция 100 м в/с
Winner at a distance, country, result Height, cm Weight, kg Winner at a distance, country, result Height, cm
2001, WCh Inge de Bruijn (Netherlands) 24,47 178 60 Inge de Bruijn (Netherlands) 54,18 178 60
2003, WCh Inge de Bruijn (Netherlands) 24,47 178 60 HannaMaria Seppälä (Finland) 54,37-54,37 175 65
2004, OG Inge de Bruijn (Netherlands) 24,58 178 60 Jodie Henry (Australia) 53,84 176 63
2005, WCh Libby Lenton (Australia) 24,59 167 60 Jodie Henry (Australia) 54,18-54,18 176 63
2007, WCh Libby Lenton (Australia) 24,53-24,53 167 60 Libby Lenton (Australia) 53,40-53,40 167 60
2008, OG Britta Steffen (Germany) 24,06 180 60 Britta Steffen (Germany) 53,12 180 60
2009, WCh Britta Steffen (Germany) 23,73 180 60 Britta Steffen (Germany) 52,07 180 60
2011, WCh Therese Alshammar (Sweden) 24,14 179 63 Jeanette Ottesen (Denmark) 53,45 Aliaksandra Herasimenia (Belarus) 53,45 178, 176 78,60
179 63 Jeanette Ottesen (Denmark) 53,45 Aliaksandra 178, 76 78, 60 67
2012, OG Ranomi Kromowidjojo (Netherlands) 24,05 178 67 Ranomi Kromowidjojo (Netherlands) 53,00 178 67
2013, WCh Ranomi Kromowidjojo (Netherlands) 24,05 178 67 Cate Campbell (Australia) 52,34 179 60
2015, WCh Bronte Campbell (Australia) 24,12 179 60 Bronte Campbell 185 70
2016, OG Pernille Blume (Denmark) 24,07 171 58 Penny Oleksiak (Canada) 52,70 Simone Manuel (the USA) (52,70) 186, 180 68, 67
2017, WCh Sarah Sjöström (Sweden) 23,69 185 70 Sarah Sjöström
2019, WCh Simone Manuel (the USA) 24,05 180 67 Simone Manuel (the USA) 52,04 180 67
2020, OG Emma McKeon (Australia) 23,81 180 60 Emma McKeon (Australia) 51,96 180 60
2022, WCh Sarah 185 70 Mollie 175 62
Sjöström O'Callaghan
(Sweden) 52.67
23.98 (Australia)
Table 3
Height and weight indices among the winners of the Olympic Games and World championships at 800 m
free-style and 1500 meters free-style distances
Year of the
competition organization
800 m free-style distance
Winner at a distance, country, result
Height,
cm
kg
Weight,
1500 m free-style distance
Winner at a distance, country, result
Height,
cm
kg
Weight,
2001, WCh
Hannah Stockbauer (Germany) 8.24,66
174
63
Hannah Stockbauer (Germany) 16.01,02
174
63
2003, WCh
Hannah Stockbauer (Germany) 8.23,66
174
63
Hannah Stockbauer (Germany) 16.00,18
174
63
2004, OG
Ai Shibata (Japan) 8:24.54
176
63
2005, WCh
Kate Ziegler (the USA) 8.25,31
183
73
Kate Ziegler (the USA) 16.00,41
176
63
2007, WCh
Kate Ziegler (the USA) 8.18,52
183
73
Kate Ziegler (the USA) 15.53,05
183
73
2008, OG
Rebecca Adlington (Great Britain) 8.14,10
179
71
2009, WCh
Lotte Friis (Denmark)
8.15,92
184
72
Alessia Filippi (Italy) 15.44,93
186
65
2011, WCh
Rebecca Adlington (Great Britain) 8.17,51
179
71
Lotte Friis (Denmark) 15.49,59
184
72
2012, OG
Katie Ledecky (the USA) 8.14,63
178
65
2013, WCh
Katie Ledecky (the USA) 8.13,86
178
65
Katie Ledecky (the USA) 15.36,53
178
65
2015, WCh Katie Ledecky (the USA) 8.07,39 178 65 Katie Ledecky (the USA) 15.25,48 178 65
2016, OG Katie Ledecky (the USA) 8:04,79 178 65
2017, WCh Katie Ledecky (the USA) 8.12,68 178 65 Katie Ledecky (the USA) 15.31,82 178 65
2019, WCh Katie Ledecky (the USA) 8.13,58 178 65 Simona Quadarella (Italy) 15.40,89 170 55
2020, OG Katie Ledecky (the USA) 8:12,57 178 65 Katie Ledecky (the USA) 15:37,34 178 65
2022, WCh Katie Ledecky (the USA) 8:08.04 178 65 Katie Ledecky (the USA) 15:30.15 178 65
For more complete statistical analysis we also and weight among the winners and among all gathered height and weight indices of the swimmers. prizewinners at the distance. Table 4 presents the They took the second and the third places at the results. distance. We defined the average indices of height
Table 4
The average height and weight indices among the winners and all prizewinner of the Olympic Games and World Championships since 2001 at the following distances: 50 m free-style, 100 m free-style, 800 m freestyle and 1500 m free-style
The average height and weight indices 50 m free-style 100 m free-style 800 m free-style 1500 m free-style
winner prizewinners winner prizewinners winner prizewinners winner prizewinners
Рост, см 177,7 178,5 178,6 178,5 178,5 174,3 178,6 178
Вес, кг 62,6 63,8 64,2 64,5 66,8 65 65,8 65,2
The results of the held research work show that within 21 years in general height and weight of the swimmers increased. The average height of the swimmers almost doesn't differ among the representatives of short and long distances. The weight is not significantly bigger among stayers. Favorites at stayer distances in most cases are the athletes from the USA. Especially we should define Katie Ledecky (the USA). She won a lot of medals and awards within 10 years, including the average
distances. At short distances during recent years some advantage was among the athletes from Australia, 20 years ago they took the first places with the athletes from Netherlands.
Conclusion
The analysis of the performances results among the best sprint swimmers and stayer swimmers within 21 years showed a fairly high height index both among the representatives specializing in
short and long distances. However, the best results don't belong to the representatives with the greatest height and weight indices. This gives a reason to believe that along with the general increase of height and, as a rule, body weight, the methodology would be a decisive factor that allows to reveal the athlete's potential.
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Submitted: 01.09.2022 Author's information:
Svetlana N. Karpova — Candidate of pedagogics, 1associate professor, St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 190000, Russia, St. Petersburg, B. Morskaya str., House 67; associate professor, St. Petersburg Peter the Great Polytechnic University, 194064, Russia, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya str., 29, e-mail: karpova090878@mail.ru
AleksandrA. Zhuravlev—Senior lecturer, St.Petersburg State University ofAerospace Instrumentation, 190000, Russia, St. Petersburg, B. Morskaya str., House 67, e-mail: a.zhur-040166@mail.ru
