CC BY
50
UDC 636.52/.58.086.1
COMBINED FEEDS FOR BROILERS CONTAINING TRITICALE GRAIN
Lenkova T.N., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Svitkin V.S., Post-graduate student Egorova Т.А., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Poultry, Moscow, Russia
E-mail: dissovet@vnitip.ru
ABSTRACT
Triticale is wheat ray hybrid. Grain is characterized with high nutrient value. The number of non-starch polysaccharides (NPS) in it is less than in ray. The article presents the research results on studying the efficiency of usage of triticale in combined feeds of different structure for broilers. The rational levels of its introduction into combined feed content, its digestibility and fodder nutrients usage by broilers are defined. The efficiency of combined feeds enrichment with triticale by means of enzyme preparation CelloLux-F is defined.
KEY WORDS
Broilers; Triticale; Combined feeds; Enzyme preparation.
Cereal grain is one of the main sources of easy digestible carbohydrates in combined feeds for poultry. The most widely spread are corn, wheat, barley and oat, and others. Using non-traditional grain fodders is one of the available ways to strengthen the poultry fodder base and allow saving food grain. In this connection hybrid of wheat and rye - triticale are of great interest. Its production differs with a number of agrotechniques advantages. It as well as ray is unpretentious to soil fertility, yields could reach 50-70 centner from 1 hectare. More than that, triticale differs with resistance to many fungal and viral diseases, low temperatures, their fast change, drought, waterlogging and other adverse conditions. Its production cost is below 30%, than of wheat and barley [1, 2, 3].
According to its chemical composition triticale grain has much in common with wheat but is richer in content of protein, lysine, and sulfur containing amino acids. It has a number of exchange energy - 11,9 MJ/kg vs 12,36 in wheat and 9,96 in ray [4].
But in spite of a great number of advantages this crop has its disadvantages. Thus, it contains inhibitors of trypsin and chymotrypsin, 5-alkypresorcynols, pentosans, and in less amounts in comparison with ray [5]. According to data of M.Choct [6], the content of soluble arabinoxylans (from a.s.b.) in triticale is 1,3%, insoluble - 9,5%, beta-glucan - 0,2 and 1,5%, cellulose - 2,5%, so then in wheat the value data are 1,8 and 1,6%, 0,4 and 0,4%, 2,0%, in ray correspondingly, 3,4 and 5,5%, 0,9 and 1,1%, 1,5%.
Soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NPS) differ with their ability to bind water that results in high viscosity solutions in poultry digestive tract. At the same time chymus capacity and mass increase, velocity of fodder passing through digestive tract decreases. It results in excessive microorganisms propagation including pathogenic, worsening of usage of nutrients, watering manure appearance [7].
In this connection taking into account fewness and data inconsistency on triticale grain usage in fodder production and also on enrichment of combined feeds with enzyme preparations [8, 9, 10], our research objective was to investigate the efficiency of this fodder usage in combined feeds for broilers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The research was done in vivarium of Federal State Unitary Enterprise Zagorskoe of Experimental Breeding Farm of All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute
of Poultry of Russian Agricultural Academy. Two tests were done. Each group contained 35 chickens units. Poultry management was in-cage, at the recommended climate parameters.
The first test was done with 4 groups of broilers of cross «Kobb 500» at the age of from the 1st day to the 37th day. Two phases feeding from the 5th to the 21st day and from the 22nd to the 37th day was used at chickens growing. During the first five days broilers were fed with common prestarted combined feeds. Later according to test scheme control group got full ration combined feeds with nutrition corresponding to recommendations for poultry cross containing in content 50 and 60% of wheat corresponding to the growth periods. In experimental groups 2 and 3 the wheat portion- 25 and 50% - was substituted with analogical amount of triticale. Wheat was completely substituted with triticale in experimental group 4. In all groups combined feeds nutrition was the same.
The second test was done with broilers of cross «Kobb Avian 48» at the age of from the 1st day to the 36th day. During the first five days poultry got similar prestarted combined feeds, and then combined feeds of vegetable type, having in their content 45% of triticale grain. At the same time in experimental groups (2, 3 and 4) in comparison with the control group (1) the level of exchange energy was decreased by 3,2% (10 kkal). According to test scheme the experimental groups combined feeds were enriched with enzyme preparation CelloLux-F in dozes of 50, 75 and 100 g for 1 ton of fodder correspondingly.
Triticale grain of variety "Nemchinovsky - 56” was used in the tests. In 100 g it contained (%): moisture - 9,8, crude protein - 13,5, fat - 2,57, fibre - 2,06, calcium - 0,06, phosphorus - 0,4, lysine - 0,4, methionine - 0,24, cystine - 0,26, threonine - 0,35.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the Table 1 data it runs that the safety of poultry flock in all groups was 100%, except experimental group 2, though the deviation was not determined with fodder factors. Broilers live weight depended on the level of triticale introduction into combined feed. So, at the 14th day age the tendency to decrease the chickens live weight by 5,0% in group 4 where wheat was completely substituted with triticale was defined. During the nest age periods of poultry growth the tendency remained. By the end of broilers growing period poultry average live weight in group2, where 25% of wheat was substituted with triticale, was at the level of control group; lower by 1,2% - in group 3 (50% of wheat substitution with triticale). At the 100% wheat substitution with triticale the average live weight of chickens was lower by 5,3%, than in control. At the same time female chickens was less by 5,2% (P<0,01), cockerels - by 5,4% (P<0,01).
Table 1 - Results of test 1
Indicators Group
1-c. 2-exp. 3-exp. 4-exp.
Safety of flock, % 00 97,1 100 100
Average live weight in the 37th day age, g 2050,3 2047,5 2026,2 1941,5
% to the control 100,0 99,9 98,8 94,7
incl.. female chickens 1881,9±23,0 1894,4± 17,1 1865,5±16,1 1784,7±21,9**
cockerels 2218,8±32,7 2200,6±30,9 2186,9±48,1 2098,2±17,6**
Fodder consumption per 1 unit., kg 3,53 3,53 3,44 3,23
Fodder costs per 1 kg of live weight gain, kg 1,76 1,76 1,74 1,70
Digestibility, % : Fodder dry substance 74,2 73,9 72,1 71,8
protein 91,3 90,1 89,7 88,1
fat 86,5 85,8 85,0 84,5
fiber 12,9 12,0 8,5 7,2
Nitrogen usage, % 53,4 52,1 51,7 50,3
With increase of triticale amount in combined feeds (50%- and the 100% wheat substitution) poultry consume them worse: in group 3 - by 2,5%, in group 4 - by 8,5%. At the same time fodder costs per 1 kg of live weight gain in the experimental groups were the following: in group 2 - at the level of control group 1, in group 3 - by 1,1% lower, in group 4 -lower by 3,4%.
The obtained deviations of efficiency in broilers experimental groups compared with the control depended on digestibility and their usage of fodder nutrients. Thus, if group 2 did not have considerable deviations with the control group according to these indicators, in groups 3 and 4 digestibility of fodder dry substance was worse by 2,1 and 2,4 %, protein - by
1.6 and 3,2%, fat - by 1,5 and 2,0%, fiber - by 4,4 and 5,7%. Nitrogen usage was lower by
1.7 and 3,1%.
Slaughter yield of eviscerated poultry carcass of experimental groups 2 -4 was 70,071,1% vs. 70,9% in the control group. Viscera mass of chickens of the experimental groups was in the physiological standard range. Significant deviations in these indicators between groups were not observed.
Chemical analysis of broilers breast and leg muscles showed that, there weren’t any considerable deviations between groups. Correlation of irreplaceable replaceable amino acids in the breast muscles was 1,0-1,05 , in the leg muscles - 0,94-0,96.
Content of vitamins A, E u B2 in chickens’ leaver was in the range of physiological standard and did not depend on the level of triticale in ration. Results of test 2 are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 - Results of test 2
Indicators Group
1 -K 2-o 3-o 4-o
Safety of flock, % 100 100,0 100 100
Live weight (r) at the age of: 46,5 46,5 46,5 46,5
day ±1,5 ±1,5 ±1,5 ±1,5
7-days 131,7 136,6 133,1 132,9
±2,2 ±2,1 ±2,4 ±1,8
14- days 412,1 425,7 426,6 427,4
±7,5 ±8,8 ±10,1 ±8,5
21-days 813,9 856,5 840,9 827,9
±10,1 ±13,3 ±16,0 ±10,3
28-days 1324,4 1380,7 1357,9 1328,9
±20,6 ±20,7 ±20,9 ±13,7
36-days 1897,8 1994,4 1982,3 1957,1
% to the control 100,0 105,1 104,5 103,1
incl. female chickens 1762,0 1869,4 1835,3 1859,5
±24,6 ±29,6** ±22,8* ±21,7**
% to the control 100,0 106,1 104,2 105,5
cockerels 2033,5 2119,3 2129,3 2054,7
±25,3 ±46,1 ±36,7* ±23,1
% to the control 100,0 104,2 104,7 101,0
Fodder costs per 1 kg of live weight gain, kg 1,78 1,70 1,69 1,72
% to the control 100,0 95,5 94,9 96,6
* - P<0,05, ** - P<0,01
It runs that the usage of CelloLux-F influenced the results of broilers fattening, they depended on the preparation dozing. So, broilers safety in all groups was 100%. Chickens live weight of experimental group 2, getting 50 g of enzyme preparation per 1 ton of fodder, deviated from the control at the first week of broilers growing by 3,7%, at the second - by 3,3%, at the third - by 5,2% , at the fourth - by 4,2%. At the end of poultry fattening (the 36th day age) it was at the level of 5,1%, and by female chickens weight the deviation was 6,1% (P<0,01), by cockerels - 4,2%. Increase of dozing of CelloLux-F to 75 g/ton (experimental group 3) allowed to obtain the difference in broilers live weight with the first control group in the following range: at the 1st week - 1,1%, at the 2nd - 3,5%, at the 3rd -
3,3% , at the 4th - 2,5%, at the age of 36 days - 4,5%, including female chickens - 4,2% (P<0,05), cockerels - 4,7% (P<0,05).
Maximum preparation dozing (100 g/ton) was less efficient in comparison with 50 and 75 g, though broilers live weight was higher than in the control, by 0,9; 3,7; 1,7; 0,3; 3,1% correspondingly to poultry age 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks and 36 days. At that female chickens live weight was higher by 5,5% (P<0,01), cockerels - by 1,0%. Thus, high (45%) triticale level in combined feeds of vegetable type, and correspondingly anti nutrient factors, being contained in it, are successfully neutralized by means of enzyme preparation CelloLux-F.
An important factor that provides the economy of broilers growing is fodder costs per 1 kg of live weight gain. In the experimental groups this indicator was lower than in controle 1, by 4,5% (group 2), 5,1% (group 3) and 3,4% (group 4), in spite of the fat that in these groups combined feeds contained the lowed level of exchange energy.
The improvement of chicken broilers growing indicators was determined with higher indicators of digestion and fodder nutrients usage under the influence of the enzyme preparation in the experimental groups (Table 3).
So, broilers of group 2 digested fodder dry substance by 5,3%, protein - by 3,6%, fat -by 3,4%, fiber - by 7,1% better than their counterparts of the control group. Nitrogen usage was higher by 4,7%. Deviations from analogues of group 1 in group 3 were: according to fodder dry substance digestibility - 4,4%, protein - 2,9%, fat - 2,3%, fiber - 6,5% in the favor of the experimental group. According to nitrogen usage the deviation was 3,5%.
Table 3 - Digestibility and usage of fodder nutrients by broilers, %
Indicator Group
1 -K 2-o 3-o 4-o
Digestibility: dry substance 72,5 77,8 76,9 75,7
protein 88,9 92,5 91,8 90,9
fat 85,3 88,7 87,6 87,0
fiber 10,5 17,6 17,0 16,5
Usage: nitrogen 51,7 56,4 55,2 54,4
Usage of the maximum dozing of the enzyme preparation did not provide considerable increase of digestibility and fodder nutrients usage in comparison with experimental groups 2 and 3. At this chickens better than in the control digested fodder dry substance by 3,2%, protein - by 2,0%, fat - by 1,7%, fiber - by 6,0%, used nitrogen - by 2,7%. From our point of view, the obtained results can be explained with the following: according to the principle of enzyme preparation effect positive result is obtained when the definite substrate amount corresponds to the definite enzyme amount. In this case the dozing of CelloLux-F is appeared to increase.
Calculation of combined feeds costs spent on broilers growing showed that they correspond to: in control group 1 - 1657,73 rubles, in experimental group 2 - 1598,06 rubles, in experimental group 3 - 1584,75 rubles, in experimental group 4 - 1591,87 rubles, they were lower than in the control by 3,6; 4,4 and 4,0% correspondingly. As the result the economic effect from usage of CelloLux-F taking into consideration chickens live weight and fodder consumption in experimental groups 2 and 3 was 145,9 and 148,37 rubles, in experimental group 4 - 118,35 rubles.
CONCLUSION
The obtained results allow concluding the possibility to use triticale in combined feeds for broilers in the amount of 25-30% without negative effect on their productivity. Complete substitution of wheat with triticale (50-60% from fodder mass) decreases chickens productivity. Combined feeds of vegetable type of decreased energy nutrition containing 45% of triticale grain should be enriched with enzyme preparation CelloLux-F in a doze of 50-75 g per 1 ton of fodder.
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