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17
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal ofEcology, 2020, 10(6), 75-82, doi: 10.15421/2020_261
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Cluster analysis of morphological traits in cucumber hybrid varieties (Ukrainian Right-Bank Forest-Steppe area)
Z. D. Sych1, S. M. Kubrak1*, K. I. Velyka2, V. I. Hlevaskyi1, I. M. Sydorova1,
L. A. Shubenko1
1 Department of Genetics, Breeding and Seed Production, Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, Bila
Tserkva, Ukraine
2 Department of Foreign Languages, Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, Bila Tserkva, Ukraine
Corresponding author E-mail: kubraksweta@ukr. net Received: 05.12.2020. Accepted:31.12.2020
The influence of weather conditions on vegetable crops plays an important role in the cucumber production. The biggest amount of cultivated fields is situated in the areas that are under risk for agriculture. Our research aim is to study different cucumber heterozygous hybrid varieties. Their chemical composition, crop formation, growing season, stem thickness near the root collar, main stem length, leaf area, leaf number per plant are of great importance to form clusters, the samples of which could give the highest cucumber productivity under Ukraine Right-Bank Forest-Steppe conditions. The samples of 36 cucumber heterozygous hybrid varieties of Ukrainian and foreign breeding (Russian, Italian, French) have been studied at Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University Training and Production Center. The variety estimation of 36 heterozygous samples shows that they have 17 traits. It has allowed us to subdivide them into five clusters at the lowest level under Ukraine Right-Bank Forest-Steppe conditions. In the plant nursery, all cucumber varieties are presented by six the most common hybrid samples. There are three samples that have been bred in Ukraine (Suvenir F1, Lyaluk F1, Vodogray F1), 1 in Poland (Sremski F1) and 2 in The Netherlands (Masha F1, Crispina F1).
Keywords: Cucumber; Heterozygous hybrid; Yield; Growing season; Dry soluble substance
Introduction
A cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is the most popular vegetable crop in the world (Abbasi et al., 2020; Sarwar et al., 2017; Priyanka et al., 2016). It's the third cultivated vegetable crop in Ukraine (10 - 14%) and about 120 thousand hectares are occupied by this culture. The cucumber production is considered to be profitable, highly efficient and low-cost for Ukrainian olericulture and melon growing (Galat, 2019). However, there is an acute shortage of the cucumber production (State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2017). According to the market requirements and the conditions of the particular farms, there is a problem of poor crop yields caused by wrong breeing. In the total amount of the domestic market, 22% of cucumbers belong to the Ukrainian breeding, about 40% - to Dutch breeding, 13% - to German and the rest - to other countries. (Me'lnik, 2017; Mel'nik, 2018). The cucumber biological potential in the open ground does not always reveal in Kiev region. As a result of unfavorable weather conditions there is a possibility to get poor crop yields (Sych, 2018). Thus, the problem of the best heterozygous hybrid breeding requires a constant study of the growing season, the fruiting period, the plant biometric indices, the yielding capacity, the fruit biochemical composition. Our research aim was to consider the cucumber trait variability in order to select the most productive hybrid samples by cluster analysis.
Materials and Methods
According to the requirements of the determined methods, the research has been conducted in the experimental field of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University Training and Production Center (Dospehov, 1985; Bondarenko&Jakovenko, 200). The hybrids of Vodogray F1 have been used as a control group 1 (early-ripening varieties) and the hybrids of Samorodok F1 - as a control group 2 (medium-ripening varieties). In 2018, 2019, cucumbers were grown by the seedlingless method in the field. The plant density was about 60 thousand plants per ha. Test samples consisted of 36 cucumber heterozygous hybrids (Ukrainian, Russian, Italian, and French breeding). The obtained data have been evaluated by using multi-dimensional statistical and cluster analysis (Sych, 1993). That's why the heterozygous hybrids have been described in accordance to 17 traits:
1) The period from germination to the commercial maturity of the 1 st fruit (days); 2) The duration of the fruiting period (days); 3) The thickness of the stem near the root collar (mm); 4) The length of the main shoot (m); 5) The number of leaves per plant (amount); 6) The area of the 11th and 12th leaf (cm2); 7) The yield amount for the first 10 days (t/ha); 8) The early harvest amount (%); 9) The yield capacity (t/ ha); 10) The amount of marketable fruits in the total yield (%); 11 - 12) The amount of gherkins and picklers in the commodity part of the harvest (%); 13) The non-commodity part of the harvest (%); 14) The
amount of dry soluble substances (%); 15) The amount of total sugars (%); 16) The amount of ascorbic acid (mg/100 g); 17) The amount of nitrates (mg/kg).
During the experimental period, there was the highest amount of rainfall (230 mm) in 2018, but there was the lowest amount of rainfall (164.8 mm) in 2019. The average annual air temperature varied from +15.9°C to + 23.6°C. The highest total amount of active temperatures was noticed during the growing season (220.8°C) in 2018, and the lowest - (222°C) in 2019. In general, the weather conditions were favourable for cucumber growing.
Results
Table 1. Cucumber hybrid interphase periods (the average indices in 2018, 2019).
Hybrid Days from germination to commercial maturity of the first fruit Fruiting days
Early ripening hybrids
Vodogray Fi
(The control group 1) 42 42
Relay Fi 41 45
Casper Fi 43 42
Chrobry Fi 42 38
Atlantis Fi 43 45
Natasha Fi 44 48
Cupid Fi 39 40
Julian Fi 45 40
Sigurd Fi 44 43
Anulka Fi 45 46
Harmonie Fi 40 38
Accord Fi 45 32
Alex Fi 42 38
Sremski Fi 43 42
Ajax Fi 42 47
Moringa Fi 39 37
Regia Fi 45 44
Krak Fi 42 39
Crispina Fi 43 34
Masha Fi 40 32
Regal Fi 44 36
Asterix Fi 45 43
Octopus Fi 45 43
Satina Fi 38 30
Patriot Fi 44 35
Sonata Fi 42 36
Medium ripening hybrids
Samorodok Fi (The control group
2) 53 51
Smak Fi 51 45
Xana Fi 52 48
Starex Fi 53 50
Estafeta Fi 55 48
Andrus Fi 51 53
Sander Fi 54 53
Suvenir Fi 52 55
Sremianin Fi 55 45
Lyaluk Fi 53 42
Among early ripening hybrid varieties, the longest growing season is inherent in such samples as: Julian F1, Anulka F1, Accord F1, Regia F1, Asterix F1, Octopus F1. The first fruits have been harvested in 45 days after germination, which is 3 days later than in the control group 1 (Vodogray F1). The cucumber fruits of Relay F1, Casper F1, Chrobry F1, Atlantis F1, Alex F1, Sremski F1, Ajax F1, Krak F1, Crispina F1, Sonata F1 have been gathered almost simultaneously with the control group (± 1 day). The medium-ripening hybrid group consists of 10 samples: Samorodok F1 (the control group 2), Smak F1, Xana F1, Starex F1, Relay F1, Andrus F1, Sander F1, Suvenir F1, Sremianin F1 and Lyaluk F1.
Such hybrids as Smak F1 (51 days), Xana F1 (52 days), Andrus F1 (51 days), Suvenir F1 (52 days) give fruits 1 - 2 days earlier then the control group. Simultaneously with the control group 2 (Samorodok F1), the samples of Starex F1 and Lyaluk F1 have been gathered on the 53rd day after germination. The first fruit formation of Sander F1 (54 days) and Sremianin F1 (55 days) starts later.
The fruiting period of the early-ripening hybrid ranges from 30 to 48 days. Some hybrids have the shortest fruiting period that is even shorter than in the control group 1 (Vodogray F1). Among them are the following: Chrobry F1 (38 days), Cupid F1 (40 days), Julian Ft (40 days), Accord Ft (32 days), Harmonie Ft (38 days), Alex Ft (38 days), Moringa Ft (37 days), Krak Ft (39 days), Crispina F1 (34 days), Masha F1 (32 days), Regal F1 (36 days), Satina F1 (30 days), Patriot F1 (35 days), Sonata (36 days). Some varieties have the longest fruiting period: Atlantis F1 (45 days), Natasha F1 (48 days), Anulka F1 (46 days), Ajax F1 (47 days), Regia F1 (44 days). The control group of Vodogray F1 has almost the same fruiting period (42 days) as Casper F1, Sigurd F1, Sremski F1, Asterix F1 and Octopus F1.
In the group of medium-ripening hybrids, the hybrids of Souvenir F1 have the longest fruiting period (55 days) that is 4 days longer (51 days) than in the control group 2 (Samorodok F1). However, the hybrids of Andrus F1 and Sander F1 have 2 days longer fruiting period (53 days) than in the control group. It has been noticed that Smak F1 (45 days), Xana F1 (48 days), Estafeta F1 (48 days), Sremianin F1 (45 days), Lyaluk F1 (42 days) have shorter fruiting period.
For cucumber production, it is important to get early fruits because the price is higher and it is possible to get more profit. The yield of different cucumber varieties for the first 10 fruiting days is given in the Table 2.
In 2018, the hybrids of Cupid F1 (5.5 t/ha), Accord F1 (6.1 t/ha), Moringa F1 (5.6 t/ha) gave the biggest amount of fruits for the first 10 fruiting days, but the hybrids of Octopus F1 gave the lowest yield (2.5 t/ha). Such varieties as Relay F1, Casper F1, Chrobry F1, Natasha F1, Julian F1, Sigurd F1, Anulka F1, Harmonie F1, Alex F1, Ajax F1, Regia F1, Crispina F1, Masha F1, Regal F1, Asterix F1, Satina F1, Patriot F1 gave less yield than the hybrids of Vodogray (the control group 1). Their yield amount ranged from 3.3 t/ha to 5.0 t/ha for 10 fruiting days. Almost the same situation was observed in 2019. The hybrids of Cupid F1, Atlantis F1 and Moringa F1 had the highest fruiting index 6.2 t/ha for the first 10 days and Accord F1 - 6.5 t/ha for the same period. The hybrids of Octopus F1 and Asterix F1 had the lowest results (3.5 and 3.9 t/ha) and it was lower by 2.3 and 1.9 t/ha in comparison with the control group 1 (Vodogray F1). The hybrids of Sonata F1 had almost the same yield level (l 5.8 t/ha) as the control group 1 (Vodogray F1) for the first 10 fruiting days. A two year research has shown that on average, Accord F1 and Atlantis F1 have the highest yield of cucumber fruits (6.3 and 6.1 t/ha) for the first 10 fruiting days. However, a significant difference has been observed in this index only in the first case. The early-ripening cucumber hybrids with the highest early production index are Chrobry Ft (14%), Harmonie Ft (14%), Accord Ft (16.4%), Alex Ft (14%), Moringa Ft (14.2%), Crispina Ft (15.6%), Masha Ft (16.6%), Regal Ft (14.6%), Satina Ft (17.5%), Patriot Ft (15.1%), Sonata Ft (15.1%). The hybrids of Natasha Ft and Ajax Ft are the least productive (Natasha Ft - 11.1%, Ajax Ft - 11.2%).
In 2018, the medium-ripening cucumber hybrids of Starex F1, Sremianin F1, Souvenir F1, Xana F1 gave the highest yield for the first 10 fruiting days. They had the following results: Starex F1 - 6.4 t/ha, Sremianin F1 - 6.4 t/ha; Suvenir F1 - 6.3 t/ha and Xana F1 - 6.2 t/ha. The control group2 (Samorodok F1) gave 5.3 t/ha. Ajax F1 and Starex F1 had the highest yield index (7.0 t/ha) for the first 10 fruiting days in 2019. Andrus F1 and Laluk F1 had almost the same results as the control group (Andrus F1 - 5.8 t/ha, and Lyaluk Ft - 5.7 t/ha).
In 2018, 2019, the medium-ripening hybrids of Starex F1 and Sremianin F1 gave the highest yield (6.7 t/ha) for 10 fruiting days. Lyaluk F1 gave 5.5 t/ha and it was the lowest result. All samples had good results except Laluk F1 (5.5 t/ha) and Andrus F1. (5.6 t/ha). The biggest amount of the early production was given by Lyaluk (12.6%) and Sander (12.3%). Suvenir F1 and Andrus F1 had the lowest results. Suvenir F1 gave 9.9% of fruits, Andrus F1 - 10%.
The marketable fruit yield and its index changes every year in the plant nursery. The results primarily depend on the sample genotype and the weather conditions (Table 3). In 2018, a high yield was given by such varieties as Atlantis F1 (51.3 t/ha), Cupid Ft (45.0 kg/m2) and Sremski Ft (44.1 t/ha). Octopus Ft and Satina Ft had low results (20.4 and 21.7 t/ha) as well. It was managed to gather the yield of Relay F1, Cupid F1, Anulka F1, Sremski F1, Moringa F1, Krak F1 with the same results (42.3 t/ha) as the control group 1(Vodogray F1). In 2019, the highest yield was given by the early-ripening hybrids of Atlantis F1 (53.0 t/ha), Relay F1 (47.0 t/ha), Cupid F1 (47.1 t/ha), Sremski F1 (48.3 t/ha). The lowest result was given by such varieties as Octopus F1 (26.2 t/ha) and Satina F1 (28.6 t/ha). A two year study of different cucumber hybrid yield capacity has shown that hybrids of Atlantis F1 have significantly higher results (52.2 t/ha.). Another samples have significantly lower results: Casper F1 (39.1 t/ha), Chrobry Ft (37.2 t/ha), Natasha Ft (37.0 t/ha), Julian Ft (32.7 t/ha), Sigurd Ft 34.3 t/ha), Harmonie Ft (30.0 t/ha), Accord Ft (38.3 t/ha), Alex Ft (37.2 t/ha), Ajax Ft (34.9 t/ha) ), Krak Ft (39.3 t/ha), Crispina Ft (32.7 t/ha), Masha Ft (28.9 t/ha), Regal Ft (32.2 t/ha), Asterix Ft (30, 3 t/ha), Octopus Ft (24.5 t/ha), Satina Ft (24.0 t/ha), Patriot Ft (34.6 t/ha), Sonata Ft (37.7 t/ha). Lewis stability index ranges from 1 to 1.4 in the early-ripening group of cucumbers. Moreover, hybrids of Atlantis F1, Cupid F1, Krak F1 and especially Harmonie F1, Ajax F1, Octopus F1 have turned out to be the most adapted to the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. There is a big amount of marketable fruits belonging to the early-ripening hybrids in the total yield. Among these hybrids are the following: Regia Ft (95%), Moringa Ft (94%), Anulka Ft (93%), Krak Ft (93%), Crispina Ft (93%), Masha Ft (92%), Ajax F1 (92%), Sigurd F1 (92%). The least amount of marketable fruits has been given by Chrobry F1 (82%).
Table 2. Cucumber yield.for the first 10 fruiting days.
Hybrid
Vodogray Fi (The control group 1)
Yield for the first 10 fruiting days t/ha
2018
2019
Early ripening hybrids
Average index in 2018. 2019
Early yield index
5.3 5.8 5.6 12.6
Relay Fi 4.8 5.5 5.2 11.8
Casper F1 4.5 5.3 4.9 12.5
Chrobry Fi 5.0 5.3 5.2 14.0
Atlantis Fi 6.0 6.2 6.1 11.7
Natasha Fi 3.5 4.6 4.1 11.1
Cupid F1 5.5 6.2 5.9 12.8
Julian Fi 4.1 4.5 4.3 13.1
Sigurd Fi 3.8 4.6 4.2 12.2
Anulka Fi 4.5 4.9 4.7 11.4
Harmonie Fi 3.5 4.8 4.2 14.0
Accord Fi 6.1 6.5 6.3 16.4
Alex Fi 5.0 5.3 5.2 14.0
Sremski Fi 5.3 5.3 5.3 11.5
Ajax Fi 3.3 4.5 3.9 11.2
Moringa Fi 5.6 6.2 5.9 14.2
Regia Fi 4.3 5.3 4.8 12.0
Krak Fi 5.2 5.4 5.3 13.5
Crispina Fi 4.7 5.4 5.1 15.6
Masha Fi 5.0 4.5 4.8 16.6
Regal Fi 4.3 5.i 4.7 14.6
Asterix Fi 3.5 3.9 3.7 12.2
Octopus Fi 2.5 3.5 3.0 12.2
Satina Fi 3.8 4.6 4.2 17.5
Patriot Fi 4.8 5.6 5.2 15.1
Sonata Fi 5.2 5.8 5.5 14.6
HIP05 Medium ripening hybrids 0.58
Samorodok Fi (The
control group2) 5.3 5.8 5.6 10.4
Smak F i 5.7 6.3 6.0 11.7
Xana Fi 6.2 6.8 6.5 11.0
Starex F i 6.4 7.0 6.7 10.5
Estafeta Fi 5.5 6.i 5.8 11.0
Andrus Fi 5.3 5.8 5.6 10.0
Sander Fi 5.8 6.4 6.1 12.3
Suvenir Fi 6.3 6.9 6.6 9.9
Sremianin Fi 6.4 7.0 6.7 11.7
Lyaluk Fi 5.2 5.7 5.5 12.6
HIP05 0.08
Table 3. Cucumber hybrid yield in the plant nursery.
Hybrid
2018.
Yield t/ha
2019
Lewis
Average index stability in 2018. 2019 index
Marketable fruit amount in the total yield%
ripening hybrids
Vodogray Fi (the 87
control group 1)
42.3 46.3 44.3 1.1
Relay Fi 41.0 47.0 44.0 1.1 85
Casper Fi 35.9 42.3 39.1 1.2 85
Chrobry Fi 36.1 38.3 37.2 1.1 82
Atlantis Fi 51.3 53.0 52.2 1.0 83
Natasha Fi 31.9 42.0 37.0 1.3 85
Cupid Fi 45.0 47.1 46.1 1.0 87
Julian Fi 31.2 34.2 32.7 1.1 89
Sigurd Fi 31.0 37.6 34.3 1.2 92
Anulka Fi 39.3 42.8 41.1 1.1 93
Harmonie Fi 25.3 34.7 30.0 1.4 84
Accord Fi 37.1 39.5 38.3 1.1 87
Alex Fi 36.1 38.3 37.2 1.1 83
Sremski Fi 44.1 48.3 46.2 1.1 90
Ajax Fi 29.5 40.2 34.9 1.4 92
Moringa Fi 39.4 43.6 41.5 1.1 94
Regia Fi 35.9 44.3 40.1 1.2 95
Krak Fi 38.5 40.0 39.3 1.0 93
Crispina Fi 30.4 34.9 32.7 1.1 93
Masha Fi 30.4 27.4 28.9 1.1 92
Regal Fi 29.4 34.9 32.2 1.2 90
Asterix Fi 28.6 31.9 30.3 1.1 87
Octopus Fi 20.4 28.6 24.5 1.4 88
Satina Fi 21.7 26.2 24.0 1.2 89
Patriot Fi 31.9 37.2 34.6 1.2 87
Sonata Fi 35.6 39.7 37.7 1.1 90
HIP05 4.5
Medium ripening hybrids
Samorodok Fi (the
control group 2) 51.4 56.2 53.8 1.1 88
Smak Fi 48.7 53.9 51.3 1.1 83
Xana Fi 56.5 62.0 59.3 1.1 86
Starex Fi 60.8 66.5 63.7 1.1 85
Estafeta Fi 50.2 55.6 52.9 1.1 85
Andrus Fi 53.4 58.4 55.9 1.1 84
Sander Fi 45.0 54.3 49.7 1.2 83
Suvenir Fi 65.8 68.2 67.0 1.0 83
Sremianin Fi 54.7 59.9 57.3 1.1 84
Lyaluk Fi 41.5 45.5 43.5 1.1 84
HIP05 2.75
In the medium ripening hybrid group the samples of Starex F1 gave better yield results (60.8 t/ha in 2018 and 66.5 t/ha) in 2019. The hybrids of Suvenir Fi had the highest yield (65.8 t/ha in 2018 and 68.2 t/ha) in 2019. The hybrids of Lyaluk Fi gave the worst results (41.5, t/ha in 2018 and 45.5 t/ha) in 2019.
For the experimental period, the hybrids of Starex F1, Suvenir F1, Xana F1, Sremianin F1 have been noticed to have a bigger amount of cucumber fruits by 9.9; 13.2; 5.5 and 3.5 t/ha than the control group 2 (Samorodok F1).
The adaptation peculiarities of the medium ripening hybrid plants are of great importance for the high yield production. The change of Lewis stability index is seen well in the Table 3. The hybrids of Suvenir F1 are adapted better (1) to Ukraine Right-bank Forest-Steppe, but the hybrids of Sander F1 are adapted worse (1.2.), all other hybrids have 1.1 of Lewis stability index. All 36 cucumber hybrid variety samples have been studied according to 17 traits and they have been grouped in one big cluster that ranges from 0 to 100 Euclidean units (EU). Moreover, this index was 100 EU in 2018 and 62 EU - in 2019. The index difference depends on the weather conditions that have not been favorable for recent years (there is less rainfall) (Figure 1).
Connections between distances
Fig. 1. Euclidean distances between cucumber hybrids of different clusters (on average in 2018, 2019). C_1 - Vodogray F1 (the control group 1); C_2 - Relay F1; C_3 - Casper F1; C_4 - Chrobry F1; C_5 - Atlantis F1; C_6 - Natasha F1; C_7 - Cupid F1; C_8 - Julian F1; C_9 - Sigurd F1; C_10 - Anulka F1; C_11 - Harmonie F1; C_ 12 - Accord F1; C_13 - Alex F1; C_14 -Sremski F1; C_15 - Ajax F1; C_16 - Moringa F1; C_17 - Regia F1; C_18 - Krak F1; C_19 - Crispina F1; C_20 - Masha F1; C_21 - Regal F1; C_22 - Asterix F1; C_23 - OctopusF1; C_24 - Satina F1; C_25 - Patriot F1; C_26 - Sonata F1; C_27 - Samorodok F1 (the control group 2); C_28 - Smak F1; C_29 - Xana F1; C_30 - Starex F1; C_31 - Estafeta F1; C_32 - Andrus F1; C_33 - Sander F1; C_34 -Suvenir F1; C_35 - Sremianin F1; C_36 - Lyaluk F1.
All hybrid varieties can be divided into three groups: close (from 0 to 30 EU), medium-distant (30 EU) and distant (over 30 EU). Due to the fact that at a high distant level the number of clusters decreases very rapidly and a variety classification index is not of great importance. The analysis has been conducted at the lowest level. The hybrids of Suvenir F1 (P.34) have formed the first cluster that is the most distant from others. This variety has been bred at the Institute of Vegetable and Melon growing of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. It belongs to the medium-ripening group (52 days). It is characterized by a long fruiting period (55 days). In addition, it has a high yield capacity of 67.0 t/ha. This hybrid is the most suitable for growing under Ukraine Right-Bank Forest-Steppe conditions. Its stability index is one.
The heterozygous hybrids of Lyaluk F1 (C.36), Sander F1 (C.33), Sremianin F1 (C.35), Andrus F1, (C.32), Estafeta F1 (C.31), Starex F1 (C.30), Xana F1 (C.29); Smak F1 (C.28) and Samorodok F1 (C.27) (the control group 2) have formed the 2nd cluster. All of them belong to the medium-ripening hybrids (the period from germination to the first fruit formation is 51 - 55 days). They have been bred by breeders of Ukraine, Poland and Turkey. These hybrids are similar in morphological traits. They have almost the same stem diameter near the neck of the root (1.4 cm - 1.3 cm, except Estafeta F1 (P.31) and Sander F1 (P.33) 1,5 cm), the number of leaves per plant (33, except for Lyalyuk F1 (P.36) 35, Sremianin F1 (P.35) 34 and a control group 2 (Samorodok F1 (P.27)) 32), the leaf area (83 - 89 cm2). The yield of this group ranges from 43.5 t/ha to 63.7 t/ha (Lalyuk F1 (P.36) and Starex F1 (P.30)).
All samples, belonging to the second cluster, have similar traits. To some extent, they resemble. The standard has been established and it can present these traits.
The hybrids of Lyalyuk F1 (P.36) indicate the smallest sum of Euclidean distances between samples. This variety has been bred at the Institute of Vegetable and Melon growing of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. According to the maturity group, it belongs to the medium-ripening varieties. After the shoot germination, it becomes mature in 53 days. On average, its fruiting period lasts for 42 days. The length of the main shoot reaches 1.54 m that excels almost all other samples
of this cluster. The biometric index shows that the plant of this variety has a strong thickened stem (14 mm), good foliage, large leaves. The amount of early yield is 5.5 t/ha (12.6%). In 2018, 2019, the average yield was 43.5 t/ha. The third cluster is small. It consists of such hybrids as Masha F1 (p. 20) and Crispina F1 (p. 19). They belong to the early-ripening group and have almost the same fruiting period (32 - 34 days). These hybrids have similar biometric index. The thickness of the stem near the root collar is 14 mm, the average number of leaves - 27, the leaf area - 81 cm2 (Masha F1) and 80 cm2 (Crispina F1). They have almost the same marketable fruit amount in the total yield. The hybrids of Crispina F1 have given 93% of marketable fruits and the hybrid of Masha F1 - 92%.
The 4th cluster consists of such varieties as Regia F1 (C.17), Krak F1 (C.18), Moringa F1 (C.16), Sremski F1 (C.14), Ajax F1 (C.15), Anulka F1 (C.10), Atlantis F1 (C.5), Alex F1 (C.13), Chrobry F1 (C.4), Casper F1 (C.3), Relay F1 (C.2).
The period from germination to maturity of the first fruit ranges from 41 to 45 days, except Moringa F1 ((P.16) - 39 days). All these samples belong to the group of early ripening hybrids. The amount of gherkins ranges from 3.3% (Anulka F1 - P.10) to 6.0% (Atlantis F1 - P.5) in the crop yield.
A common representative of Polish breeding is Sremski F1 (P.14). The period from germination to the first mature fruit is 43 days, and its productivity - 42 days. The yield biometric and biochemical index of this hybrid occupies an intermediate value. The fruit yield for the first 10 fruiting days is 5.3 t/ha, and the amount of early harvest - 11.5%. The yield of this hybrid is 46.2 t/ha.
The fifth cluster has been formed by 13 hybrids: Sonata F1 (P.26), Patriot F1 (P.25), Satina F1 (P.24), Octopus F1 (P.23), Asterix F1 (P.22), Regal F1 (P.21), Accord F1 (P.12), Harmonie F1 (P.11), Sigurd F1 (P.9), Julian F1 (P.8), Cupid F1 (P.7), Natasha F1.6), the control group 1 (Vodogray F1 (C.1)). They all belong to the group of early ripening hybrids (the growing season varies from 38 to 45 days). The fruiting period varies between 30 (Satina F1 (P.24)) and 48 (Natasha F1 (P.6)) days. According to biometric index, the plants of these hybrids are well developed and densely leafy. They have a thick stem near the root collar (13 - 14 mm). The main shoot length is 1.3 m - 1.65 m and the leaf area is 69 - 78 cm2.
The best sample of the fifth cluster belongs to the control group 1 (Vodogray F1 (C.1)). It has been bred at Donetsk Institute of Vegetable and Melon growing Research Station of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. This is an early-ripening hybrid, that has a long-stem (length of the central stem - 1.4 m) and leaves of medium size (78 cm2). Its growing season and fruiting period are 42 days. In 2018, 2019, this hybrid gave 44.3 t/ha. The marketable fruit yield consisted mostly of pickles - 65%.
Conclusion
The study of 36 heterozygous cucumber hybrids has been conducted according to 17 traits under Ukraine Right-Bank Forest-Steppe conditions. It has allowed to classify them at the lowest level and to identify five clusters. The first cluster has been formed only by one hybrid (Suvenir F1). The second cluster has been formed by such hybrids as Lyaluk F1, Sander F1, Sremianin F1, Andrus F1, Relay F1, Starex F1, Xana F1, Smak F1 and the control group 2 (Samorodok F1). The hybrids of Lyaluk F1 are the most common for these samples. The third group has been formed by hybrids of Masha F1 and Crispina F1 (both are of equal worth).
The fourth cluster includes eleven samples: Regia F1, Krak F1, Moringa F1, Sremski F1, Ajax F1, Anulka F1, Atlantis F1, Alex F1, Chrobry F1, Casper F1, and Relay F1. Sremski F1 is a common hybrid of Polish breeding for this cluster. The hybrids of Sonata F1, Patriot F1, Satina F1, Octopus F1, Asterix F1, Regal F1, Accord F1, Harmonie F1, Sigurd F1, Julian F1, Cupid F1, Natasha F1, Vodogray F1 (the control group 1) have formed the 5th cluster. The best sample of this cluster is considered to be Vodogray F1. Consequently, all different cucumber hybrids of the selected samples from the plant nursery are represented by 6 the most
common representatives, three samples of which have been bred in Ukraine (Suvenir F1, Lyaluk F1 and Vodogray F1 (Control group 1)), one in Poland (Sremski F1) and two hybrids (Masha F1 and Crispina F1) in the Netherlands.
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Citation:
Sych, Z.D, Kubrak, S.M., Velyka, K.I., Hlevaskyi, V.I., Sydorova, I.M., Shubenko, L.A. (2020). Cluster analysis of morphological traits In cucumber hybrid varieties (Ukrainian Right-Bank Forest-Steppe area). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 75-82. I (CI)E^^MI This work Is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
