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21EARTH SCIENCES
CLIMATE AND MAN. OPPOSITION OR NATURAL STAGE OF THE EARTH'S EVOLUTION?
Apanovich I.
Mining engineer-geophysicist. Siberian Production and Geological Association.
Krasnoyarsk
Abstract
Our planet could have been formed and changed not in the way many scientists present it. Earth is part of the solar system. The energy of motion she received and receives from the star. The amount of energy received, and hence the climate on the planet is closely related to geodynamics. If we better understand how earth reorganizations took place and the climate changed in the distant past, it will be easier to predict the future of civilization. The article is devoted to the consideration of this major problem.
Keywords: Climate of the planet, greenhouse gases, geodynamics, gravity, anthropogenic impact.
Can you limit the infinite object? Not!
Are you the center of an infinite universe? Yes!
Does it depend on humans: to be or not to be the
biosphere
on Earth? Not! This is decided only by the planet
itself!
Introduction
Didn't you find the questions in the epigraph unusual? You can answer them differently. It will not change anything. But time to search for other answers will not be wasted. If you then turn to physics, mathematics, biology, astronomy, geology, philosophy - another question will arise. Why are the same natural phenomena being studied not by one science, but by their whole complex? Currently, many scientists believe that the aliens who visited the Earth had important information about the structure of the world, because their space house had already experienced the main stages of its evolution. How useful and timely for earthlings was this event? Was a person able to use information without loss if it took a lot of sciences to describe the surrounding reality? And the description of the world was taking place much later than a visit by the "cosmic experts" to Earth.
Scientists have created many theories that have the "right to life", but there are no less constructions that require a final decision. Only the problem of "global warming" gives rise to endless debate. However, the purpose of this work is not only to add new questions, but also to search for possible answers. We intend to very thoroughly (as far as possible) discuss the problem of climate change on the planet. Is our way of life, the progressive technocratic development of the human community aggravated by undesirable climate change, or are all statements of this kind "conversion of a fly into an elephant"?
The earth was "born of fire" or formed from stuck cold cosmic dust. These contradictory statements characterize the uncertainty of our ideas about the formation of geological bodies and the modern structure of the lithosphere. After all, none of the researchers was present at the birth of the Earth, but no one would argue that the process represented anything other than motion with the exchange of impulses -
gravity. This is a simple and logical conclusion. The warming up and the formation of a layered structure of the Earth's mass from cold dust in classical constructions are explained with many hypothetical assumptions. They are much smaller when using the mechanism of ejection of the earth's mass in the form of heated plasma with a composition corresponding to the set of elements of the classical table of D. Mendeleev.
Inside the planet is heated (especially in the area of transition of the lower mantle into the core), the outer shells gradually cool. But our general reasoning is useless, for example, for residents of the Netherlands, from whom the advancing sea takes part of the territory. This may be a consequence of either a rise in sea level, or a tectonic subsidence of the earth's crust in a given area, or both. The difficulty is that we do not know the true cause of what is happening. The hypothesis expressed for the first time is either refuted or finds its supporters. And to support the opinion of a reputable scientist is often more profitable than turning into an opponent. For example, at the end of the 19th century, Professor M. Neymayr proposed a mechanism for the formation of glacial lakes in Scandinavia. "During the retreat of the glaciers, the watershed broke free of ice earlier than the deep parts of the valleys. Glacial lakes were formed in which boulder sediments were collected ... " [15]. This idea was later supported by many researchers, although it is impossible to imagine a situation where ice begins to melt, not where it is warmer, but in the highlands in the region of the lowest temperatures.
Problems arise not only in relation to terrestrial tectonic rearrangements. It is known that the gradual removal of the Moon from the Earth occurs against the background of the mutual attraction of bodies and the deceleration of a moving satellite. Deceleration leads to a decrease in orbital speed, and the satellite with the same force of gravity should approach the Earth. This follows from the simple laws of celestial mechanics. Does this mean that the attraction of the moon by the earth weakens? Why are our arguments so uncertain? According to the law of world wideness, the force of interaction between two bodies depends on the product of their masses. It is not easy to measure the mass of
interacting bodies, and we can judge its magnitude at least by weighing the bodies in the earth's field. But the strength of the interaction depends on the distance between the bodies, and for us it is already an axiom. The axiom is somewhat absurd because the distance is not a material entity, and force cannot depend on an intangible substance. It is clear that we sometimes forget to add some terms showing the essence of our constructions. In this case, a simple clarification of what is meant by the force measured at different points excludes unnecessary questions.
It is even more difficult when objects of the microworld are studied. For example, in attempts to uncover the nature of magnetism, scientists constantly use such an attribute of an object as a charge. The physical nature of the charge is unknown. This is only a property consisting in the interaction of an object with other charged bodies or electromagnetic radiation (field). Demonstrating a primitive experience in the form of rubbing objects of different composition, the
And when the time value in the desired formula changes by the reciprocal, "the magnetic dipole changes sign: after all, when time is reversed, all particles will move in the opposite direction, therefore, the current will change sign" [13]. Why is a mirror used as a two-dimensional reference system?
Indeed, in this case, the projection of the vector has become equal to zero. In any other position or in a three-dimensional reference system, there will be no change in the direction of the dipole vector. What can we say if the reference system is not chosen and there is no clear idea about the properties of the particle - the carrier of charge!
Electric current - the directed movement of charge carriers moving in a conductor at a speed of millimeters per second. When turning on the switch in St. Petersburg, a light bulb connected to a single network in Vladivostok will light up almost instantly. Despite the absence of current (the bias current is not an electric current), the energy of motion for the bulb is freely drawn from the electromagnetic field. (How not to recall here the works of Nikola Tesla)? The energy that does not exist without a substance is separated by the researchers from this substance, the more they try to
"scientist" claims that he performs charge separation. The charge materialization is widely used in scientific literature. You can often read that the formula takes into account the "path traveled by the charge," or "the mass of charges," although the charge does not exist without a particle.
Having dedicated an entire book to the disclosure of the nature of magnetism, M.I. Kaganov and V.M. Zuckernik used for this purpose different electric charges in the form of a single dipole system. If you decide that a negative charge is associated with an electron, then a positive one is a positron. The lifetime of particles in such a pair is 1.25 • 10-10 s. Mathematically, such a system is likened by the authors to a vector. Not only do problems arise with an "elementary positive charge", the mysterious features, it turns out, are inherent in both the electric dipole and the magnetic in the form of a current ring. The electric dipole vector, when reflected in a mirror, changes direction, but the magnetic one does not (Fig. 1).
penetrate into the deeper world of micro-objects. The electromagnetic field does not characterize the density. Density is an attribute of the energy of this field. Charged body is a dynamically active object. This is a material system, which communicates the impulse of vortex motion, which determines its electromagnetic properties. But vortex-toroids are bound to connect like simple magnets with positive and negative poles. What prevents this? But the connection can not happen instantly. If the speed of connection to larger systems is less than the speed of movement of electrons, nothing prevents them from remaining "free". Cool the substance to reduce the speed of movement of the particles, and you get a "Cooper pair". In an atom, the force of attraction of nucleons acts on electrons, and it is not yet known in the form of what ensembles they (electrons) are present there. The world should be described by simple physical laws.
Claiming that an electron moving in an atom does not have a trajectory of its movement, you contradict yourself. To find the angular momentum of a particle rotating relative to the selected axis, we need the vector of the angular momentum of the particle relative to a point on this axis. There are no problems with the
Fig. 1. Reflection of the electric (a and c) and magnetic (b) dipoles in the mirror
radius-vector. In the absence of a constant direction of a rotating particle, the momentum vector is zero. This means that the angular momentum about the axis is a virtual category. In this case, it is very difficult to physically imagine such a characteristic of a particle as spin. The polarity of the systems with the vortex rotation of matter and radiation (magnetism) is observed in many cases. Therefore, the magnetizable particles generally deviate in two directions, corresponding to the two poles of the magnetizing field (this was shown in the experience of Stern-Gerlach in 1922). The speed of movement of silver atoms in this experiment was rather low, and the substance temporarily acquired a vortex rotation.
Processes in the macroworld and the world of elementary particles are not similar in scale. But nothing prevents us from saying, for example, that "a typhoon charged with enormous energy destroyed houses, bridges, roads". How did the energy fields of the Earth and the Sun interact? We are convinced that controlled thermonuclear reaction will be feasible when plasma from deuterium and tritium is heated to 150 million degrees. Nobody is embarrassed that in the depths of the Sun such reactions occur at a temperature of only 10-20 million degrees. If the mechanism of the process is not very clear, how true is the statement that the star will also warm the Earth for billions of years as well? Let's try to understand the climate problem in more detail.
Time, a globe and climate in the distant past
The nearest star not only radiates a huge amount of thermal energy necessary for the Earth. The planet received a significant impulse of energy of motion from
the star at its birth. Due to this, its deep state and appearance of the surface are constantly changing. As shown earlier, such changes occur very quickly. For example, on geographical maps created in the XVI-XVII centuries, in the area of the Mezen Bay (White Sea) an island is shown with a length of almost 110 km. (Such an object cannot be mapped erroneously). At present, only a small island of Morzhovets remains from it. On the maps of ancient geographers (approximately XIII-XV centuries), the Mediterranean Sea is much smaller. A number of islands that do not currently exist are shown (Hapgood Charles, 1966). Then only part of the modern Apennine peninsula appeared in the form of sushi. What was the climate in the area at that time?
The author has previously shown the possibility of considering the history of the Earth's evolution with a duration of not billions, but only 36 million years [1; 2; 3]. The duration of the Cenozoic era turned out to be 3514 thousand years. This does not fit into the framework of classical constructions, but allows us to present the scenario of past eras in a different light. In particular, studying the map of de Canerio (1502), C. Hapgood tried to solve the problem of unusual longitude accuracy, but the presence of progressively increasing latitude errors with distance from the equator. He noted that it is easy to "tie" the situation from the ancient portulan maps to the modern grid. Latitudinal coordinates reveal the greater the divergence, the closer to the pole the terrestrial relief is studied. In what case could such a situation? For example, if the shape of the Earth was not a sphere, but almost a toroid (Fig. 2).
There is no way to astronomically determine the same distance between the parallels, so it makes no sense to draw maps with reference to the latitude. Longitude values are more stable, and portulans are better suited for travelers. But such a toroid planet will otherwise be oriented in the external force field and otherwise accumulate the energy of the Sun.
There are arctic and antarctic regions on Earth. Hence, the difference in the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth's surface is the main condition for climate change. The change of temperature on other planets depends on it. But the Earth is surrounded by the atmosphere, and its parameters for the biosphere are the most important factor. The state of the modern
atmosphere is the result of the transformation and functioning of the hydrosphere and the earth's crust. After all, the atmosphere at the same time is different in the center of the African continent, on the East European Plain or in the region of the Hawaiian Islands. In the central part of the Asian continent in winter there are often frosts up to 50 °C. What force holds a very mobile substance (air) for whole months in the area of the Yakut "cold poles"? At the same latitude in Europe, cooling down to -30 °C is rare. Accumulating the energy of the Sun, less mobile than air, the water mass of the Atlantic softens the climate in Europe. But is it possible to find information about the climate here in the Paleozoic?
Studying surrounding objects, the person first of all estimated their form. So the science of geometry was born. From the simple concepts of mathematics went on to more complex. And thousands of years ago, scientists knew that both the sun and the planets are spherical objects. But what reasons affect the body's acquisition of a spherical shape, and have they always been spheres? After all, none of the earthlings had the opportunity to observe the formation of a star or a planet. Indeed, have you ever observed an active release of motion energy in the form of a ball? A nuclear explosion is a big toroid mushroom. Solar protuberances are huge jets of plasma. In 1993, during field work, the author was able to photograph the flight and the explosion of ball lightning (Fig. 3).
Because of shooting without a tripod, the flight path turned out to be a double line. But this disadvantage is very useful to us. A well-marked alternation of individual bulges indicates that it was not a ball, but a plasma disk or toroid. Perhaps it was the same with the "Tungus meteorite"? The hydrogen-methane comet was transformed (when moving and heated) into a toroid. In 1908, it exploded above the earth's surface in one of the regions of Eastern Siberia [Apanovich, 2014].
It turns out that when a large amount of matter is ejected, a born object cannot take the form of a ball. In mathematics, one of the geometrical characteristics of an object is the sum of the integral curvature of a surface. A ball with radius R has an integral surface curvature equal to a constant value (1/R2) - (limit), and this is a dead object.
Another thing is a toroid, whose integral curvature is equal to zero (according to the Gauss-Bonn theorem). The limit is absent, which means that the toroid is a
dynamically active clot of matter, which has a charge and is capable of interaction and transformation, energy exchange (including heat). "Three-dimensional space (static sphere) is a dead space, "dangling" in time, and four-dimensional space (elastic inverting toroid) is a living space that moves in time according to certain laws" (From the report of VN. Shikhirin in 2005 at the conference "Tore Technologies". Irkutsk).
A planet that turns out and bursts around the equator represents a mathematical abstraction. The real toroid with a significant weakening of the vortex rotation was concentrated. Apparently, in the region where the movement of the masses was opposing (and this is the southern hemisphere), a surface closure occurred. A "toroid bottom" was formed (in the topology, the toroid and the circle are homeomorphic bodies). But under the newly formed thin lithosphere the substance still possessed a considerable speed of vortex rotation. Therefore, there was a rupture of the bottom in a plane parallel to the equator. If we consider
the closure and discontinuity polar interactions, then the mathematically total conversion is zero. And it happened against the background of a decrease in the total energy of the system.
By our reasoning, we have shown the logic of turning a toroid into a sphere. The inverse transformation is possible only when exposed to the energy of motion from an external source. A similar process was observed in 1908, when the energy of a comet moving with cosmic velocity was spent on heating the substance and sending it a vortex rotation. (Recall the atoms of silver flying and magnetized in an external magnetic field). However, the gas comet in the dense layers of the atmosphere proved to be an unstable formation, and the concentration of such a substance was impossible.
The planet in the distant past, the formation of external shells and the central part. The earth could greatly change its shape. Compared to the geodynamics scheme presented in 2017 [3], we have not yet found significant contradictions in the constructions. Indeed, "geological and paleontological data show that over the past several hundred million years the Sun has been shining about as much as it is now" [14]. So the other
According to our chronology, the average Carboniferous time must be placed about 14 million years ago. Using the "Gondwansky" extensive glaciation and the "Eocene summer" as the main "benchmarks", we determine that during the first stage the rotational speed of the planet for 11.25 million years at 270o was 24 degrees per million years. That's 8.64 arcseconds per century. If we assume that the region of Southern Europe was slightly changing its position on the earth's surface, then the temperature of 30 °C in the Eocene was quite real here. A further turn with a calculated speed of 0.985 million years occurred within an angle of 23.64°. In this case, there was a change in the shape of the planet and the associated movement of
was the planet. (Even in the Arctic, you can find, for example, coal, formed in the Early Carboniferous period). It is believed that in the Paleogene, the average annual temperature on a large part of the planet (this is reliably established for the mainland of Europe) exceeded +30 °C. Such a high temperature of the air and the earth's surface is currently observed only as an average monthly summer for the equatorial regions of Africa.
In the geodynamic model used here, the toroid received an initial impulse for rotation in the meridional plane when it was ejected from the solar interior, and it gradually formed into a spherical body. The rotation contributed to the fact that the non-spherical planet was heated by the Sun very unevenly. And if in the Eocene the Earth was turned to the sun as shown in Figure 4, then an average annual temperature of 30 °C in the region of polar and temperate latitudes is quite possible. Next, we will show the refined sequence of planet turns in the meridional plane. The subpolar arrangement of Gondwana in the era of the Stone-Permian glaciation will be considered established (Fig. 4).
the southern continents to the equatorial region [2].
The next stage (up to a well studied on characteristic deposits of the Late Pleistocene glaciation) lasted 1.75 million years. After that, about 14 thousand years were spent on the melting of glaciers and the colonization of the planet by anthropoids, which to some extent left traces of their stay. And it is precisely this stage that is most difficult to decipher, since there are many artifacts that need to be linked in a single system. The meridional turn of the planet with the accepted speed to the temporary maximum of the Late Pleistocene glaciation is 42o. This allows us to explain the currently recorded decrease in the angle of 23.5o (but at a different speed). But in this case, in Earth
Fig. 4. The dependence of the warming of the earth's surface on the position of the body in the solar system and the changing shape of the planet
history, we do not receive conditions for the accumulation of glaciers in the polar regions. The problem is solved more successfully, if we assume that the turn was more. The equatorial plane of the Earth for some time was parallel to the plane of the ecliptic (Fig. 4). Having passed this position, the frozen planet began to be warmed by the Sun better, large glaciers melted.
However, the angle of 23.5o decreases, and it is required to explain the change in the direction of the meridional turn. Of course, it is possible to attract the precession of the planet (with its axis) for this, but we risk complicating the construction with "pure mathematics". The planet-gyroscope is capable of maintaining its orientation in space for a long time. But the alignment of such a gyroscope with the attraction of the sun during the periods of the solstices occurred with one sign (the angle of inclination decreased) against the background of the meridional turn. It looks simple and happens quickly for a planet that does not change the orientation of the axis of rotation relative to the ecliptic from other causes. We need to find the cause that caused the almost spherical planet to increase the speed of movement and make a meridional turn at an angle of 89.86o (Fig. 4). Calculation shows that, before the present situation, the Earth had to turn at a speed of 50.94o over a million years (18.3 seconds per century). The most likely cause we can consider the impact of the Moon, which (as it is believed) hit the Earth's gravitational field about 1.5-1.7 million years ago. There was a change in the angle of the Earth's axis on a rotating planet and a relatively quick return of such a gyroscope body to its original position. This could be the cause of cataclysms, the mention of which is preserved in historical documents.
Recall that information of this kind exists, but its assignment to the category of "scientific" depends more on the will of the researcher. Apolonius of
Rhodes, chief superintendent of the Library of Alexandria, wrote in the III century that there used to be no moon on earth. The Mayans in their chronicles, dating back to the days before the flood, have no information about the existence of the moon. Their night sky is illuminated not by the Moon, but by Venus. The Bushmen in South Africa also claim in their legends that there was no moon in the sky before the flood. Indeed, the feature of the Earth-Moon ligament badly corresponds to the laws of planetary dynamics. Therefore, it can be assumed that when bodies converge, the non-spherical Earth received an additional impetus (to the gravitational influence of the Sun) and began to unfold with an increased speed. The change in the movement of the massive gyroscope planet was significant, and this happened during a period when both oceans and a full-fledged biosphere already existed.
Since we do not know the details of combining space bodies into a single system, our constructions are only assumptions. However, we were able to put together more facts, point out one of the ways to give a logical explanation of the causes of global glaciation, the rapid melting of glaciers and the flooding of large land areas. Studying the details of the process is a matter of the future. And much can be clarified when revising the time frame. An example is the classic glaciation of Scandinavia. The existing glacier from about 8 to 17 thousand years ago could not create favorable conditions for human habitation. But Swedish archaeologists in the sea at a depth of 10-20 m found objects of activity of people in the Skone Peninsula and in the Gulf of Hano (Fig. 5). It is difficult to determine the age of finds. If they are obtained many thousands of years, and this will be a stage with glaciation, the problem will become even more complicated.
Fig. 5. The ratio of the size of the isostatic uplift of the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and the areas of finds of traces of the activity of ancient people. 1 - isolines and values in meters: a - depths of the sea, b - equal heights of the rise of the earth's surface; 2 - places of artifacts found by Swedish archaeologists
The removal of the ice load and the rising of the block of the earth's crust was compensated by raising the sea level by 150 m. Why then did the Norwegian fjords have a depth of hundreds of meters (the maximum depth of the Sogne-fjord is 1308 m)? Despite the obvious signs of the influence of tectonics (this is reflected in the formation of gorges in the fault zones), we see numerous flooded valleys.
Arguing about the isostatic upwelling of the earth's crust, researchers usually act mathematically correctly. True, calculations are often made under an a priori given ratio of objects. This is clearly seen in T. Tsuboi. The magnitude of the shield elevation is directly proportional to the product of the ice density and the thickness of this layer and is inversely proportional to the density of the substrate into which the block is immersed [22]. It is a priori given that a block without ice (on average more dense) is hypsometrically located above that with an ice "cap". Obviously, the author's conclusion should be understood as the dependence of the block's ascending on the "lack of ice", which is very unusual.
After all, the buoyancy (although this is not exactly isostasy) of the block of the earth's crust depends on the ratio of its weight and buoyancy. Equality in this ratio means a neutral state. Increasing the volume of the block with a density of 2670 kg/m3 in 2 times and half of it taking up ice (917 kg/m3), we obtain the weighted average density of 1793 kg/m3. The
weight of the block increased only 1.34 times. Classical physics asserts that the changed body should emerge, especially if an already submerged block of the earth's crust receives an additive of a less dense substance. Whether this fully applies to the valleys of Norway, flooded as a result of the melting of the ice "cap", remains to be seen. With regard to climate change, we will focus on the presence of extensive Antarctic continental glaciation. Geophysical materials show that Antarctica under the ice is more like an archipelago, rather than an elevated continent. It is possible that the predicted high-latitude warming will not look like a catastrophe if in the future the continent will partially submerge, giving way to fresh water of the glacier.
About the scale of anthropogenic impact on climate
Did the inhabitants of the Earth observe a destructive anticyclone? Of course, not every anticyclone is good, but at this time the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of inhabitants is not required. Do physicists often deal with positrons in their experiments? Why are there many electrons, but no positrons? As far as we are right, stating that the anticyclone is the absence of cyclones in this area? Perhaps in the form of cyclones, the planet intensively emits the energy of motion, consisting of its own impulse and solar, transmitting it to the surrounding matter. This is clearly seen from Figure 6.
Fig. 6. Formation of anticyclone as antipode structure under the influence of cyclones in the northern hemisphere of the planet. The arrows indicate the direction of rotation of the substance of the atmosphere.
The warm air flow emitted by the planet in the northern hemisphere always starts rotation in its southern part, since the impulse P1 is greater than P2. The descending cold air is very weakly connected with the rotating planet.
Therefore it receives an impulse only from the cyclone air mass, acquiring a rotational movement in a clockwise direction. But most often the atmosphere of the anticyclone is inactive. How constant is the mixing of atmospheric matter, and how does this affect the climate? The mass of the earth's atmosphere is estimated at 5.15 1018 kg [9]. In addition to the main components in the gas mixture of the atmosphere contains water vapor. At a temperature of 20 °C and a relative humidity of 60 %, for every kilogram of dry air there is 0.00806 kg of water vapor.
At this concentration, 41.6 1015 kg of water vapor is contained in the entire atmosphere. Using data from
reference books of the end of the last century, we previously calculated that at normal pressure and a temperature of 0 °C, only the troposphere can contain 36.72-1015 kg of water vapor [2]. We will use this value in our comparative estimates. It is believed that water vapor is one of the most effective heat-trapping gases. The "Concise Meteorological Dictionary" states that the "greenhouse effect" is due to "the protective action of the atmosphere in the process of the radiant heat exchange of the Earth with the world space. The atmosphere is quite well transmitted to the earth's surface by solar radiation, but the long-wave radiation of the earth's surface is strongly absorbed by the atmosphere (mainly water vapor). The atmosphere, thus heated, sends counter-radiation to the earth's surface, largely compensating for the radiation loss of heat by the earth's surface. Without the atmosphere, the average temperature of the earth's surface would be -
23 °C, in fact it is +15 °C". Of course, molecules and carbon dioxide, and methane even better screen the heat emitted by the planet, but they are much smaller. The role of human activity in the generation of these gases is also obvious, but the most complete picture is given by calculations.
The solar constant is 1369 W/m2 [20]. Seventy percent of the incoming heat is spent on heating the atmosphere, land and the ocean [16]. In calories, it will be 229 cal/sm2. For the year the planet gets 3685 1021 calories. The water vapor content in the atmosphere cannot be constant, because the planet is an evolving system. If the Earth in its movement slowly approaches the Sun and warms up - the mass of water vapor in the atmosphere increases. By cutting down forests and contributing to the drying up of rivers, a person aggravates these transformations. Building an industrial community with increasing water consumption in thousands of factories and plants is another factor contributing to the warming of the earth's surface and atmosphere. Imagine that only 1/100 of the solar heat received by the planet (due to low efficiency) is spent on the evaporation of the water of oceans, rivers and lakes. 580 calories of heat are consumed for evaporation of 1 gram of water (58 104 calories per 1 kg). During the year, 63534 1012 kg of water are transferred to the gaseous state.
Due to the circulation of matter vapor condenses and enters the reservoirs and on the surface of the planet in the form of precipitation. Suppose that only 1/1000 of this mass of steam every year remains in the atmosphere, not having time to participate in the natural circulation due to the fact that the planet constantly receives an additional portion of thermal energy. It is easy to calculate that in this case, in just 578 years, the mass of water vapor in the troposphere will double. We can say that in the period from 1440 to 2018, water vapor in the atmosphere was twice as large. True, this is just a guess. But the well-known rule about the equality of the amount of precipitation and their evaporation is subsequently valid for a closed system. Our planet, interacting with the space environment and changing the parameters of the habitable outer shell, is not a closed system.
But what really happens? We know that boiling water is its transition to steam. This process can be carried out either by heating the liquid or by lowering the pressure. Nonequilibrium systems in the natural world evolve. This means that when the temperature of the atmosphere and the Earth's surface on planets like the Earth increases, a process with positive feedback must be included. The increase in heating leads to more evaporation of water, which in turn reduces the pressure in the atmosphere and even more evaporation. Shielding heat over time, the atmosphere "works" more and more efficiently. At the same time, the level of the world ocean may remain unchanged. After all, increased heating contributes to the melting of continental glaciers, which replenish water supplies. When evaluating only a few parameters, one gets the impression that there is a balance in the system.
Volcanoes are an independent supplier of water vapor. According to the Smithsonian Institution, our
planet is covered with 1532 peaks, which have erupted at least once in the last 10000 years. From the Mountain Encyclopedia, one can learn that in 1980 there were 947 volcanoes in the rank of "active" (among them even objects with very insignificant activities in the form of fumarole). It also reports that annually 5-6 km3 of material is carried by volcanoes to the surface of the Earth. For a rough calculation of the incoming thermal energy, we assume that the temperature of the material carried is 800 °C (the temperature of the outgoing gas jets of dry fumarole is in the range of 650-1000 °C; [4]). Considering that the cooling of 5.5 km3 of a gabbro-diabase type with a heat capacity of 900 J/kgK (lava density of 2600 kg/m3) to 20 °C occurs per year, we determine the amount of heat 240 1016 calories. Such heat can convert 4.138 1012 kg of water into steam. If a year in the atmosphere remains 1/1000 part, it will be 4.138-109 kg of water vapor.
Additional entry into the atmosphere of water vapor and other gases occurs directly from active volcanoes. At the beginning of 2017, 17 volcanoes were active (data from the Internet). The number of gases emitted by them is unknown, but a rough calculation can be performed using the (apparently not very accurate) Internet available in the Gorely volcano. This is a special volcano, so the estimated amount of the product may be too high. "About 11 thousand tons of hot volcanic gas, every day with the roar ejected from Gorely, form a cloud visible from afar - the "calling card" of the volcano" (data from November 28, 2014). With an average water vapor content in the gas mixture of 20 % [17], this will amount to 2.2 million kg per day (for the year 803 million kg). If all 17 volcanoes "work" in the same way, the value will increase to 13.6 billion kg per year.
Hydrocarbon fuel - a supplier of thermal energy, carbon dioxide and water vapor. It is known that coal can contain from 4 to 16 % of water [11]. On average, we can assume that in the coal of any field of water 10 %. In 1987, approximately 46108 tons of coal were mined in the USSR and developed countries. Increase this value (at the expense of small countries) to 50 108 tons. Suppose that all this coal has been burned. 5 108 tons of water vapor was released annually. The beginning of the industrial revolution can be considered the year 1850. This means that during this time about 835 108 tons of water vapor entered the atmosphere. Thermal energy during the combustion of coal can evaporate much more water per year than to get it from coal. With an average calorific value of this fuel of 5.85 106 cal/kg, 5 1013 kg of water will be evaporated annually.
In 1985, around 2.5-1012 kg of oil with condensate was produced in the world [10]. With a calorific value of 10700 cal/g of oil, burning it releases 26.75 1018 calories of energy. During the year this heat can evaporate 4.611013 kg of water. Natural gas production is also quite impressive. The average calorific value of this fuel is 9.3 • 106 cal/m3. In 1980, approximately 1413 • 109 cubic meters of fuel were pumped out of the earth's interior. The heat from burning this whole product can evaporate 226.6 1011 water. Table 1 summarizes the results of calculations. The obtained
values convince us that it makes no sense to take into account the accumulation of heat and the evaporation of water when burning wood, using radioactive elements in nuclear power plants, and the effects of other minor sources of heat generation. For 168 years
of industrial development of the human community, the water vapor content in the troposphere through evolutionary transformations of the planet itself could increase by 29 %.
Table 1
The amount of water vapor entering the troposphere from different sources of thermal energy
Heat source Water vapor entering the troposphere (n-1012 kg) for a year, and its 1/1000 part (n-109 kg) Addition per year to the current amount of steam in the troposphere, % Accumulation for 168 years,%
Warmth of the sun 63534 0,173 29
Volcanoes (lava) 4,138 0,000011 0,0018
Volcanoes (gases) 0,0136 0,000000037 0,0000062
Coal 50,4 0,000137 0,023
Oil and condensate 46,1 0,000125 0,021
Natural gas 22,66 0,000062 0,01
With the same lag of condensation intensity from evaporation (in a non-equilibrium system), sources associated with human activity give an increase of only 0.054 %. It is easy to calculate that the doubling of the water vapor content in the troposphere of the planet due to the burning of fossil fuels will occur in 308 thousand years. It turns out that human activity is negligible compared to natural processes. The reasons for apparent significant climate change should be sought only in the evolutionary transformations of the overall system.
Measuring the amount of energy of motion coming from the sun is not very difficult. It is more difficult to assess the contribution of the deep heat of the planet to the overall balance. In the Asian part of the northern ocean, there exists the Great Siberian Polynya - a band of open water and young ice that regularly forms behind the external edge of fast ice in the area from the island of Bolshaya Begichev in the Laptev Sea to the Bear Islands in the East Siberian Sea. Most often, the influence of winds and sea currents is attracted to explain the natural phenomenon. But it is in the southwestern part of the Laptev Sea that tectonists show the southern extremity of the mid-oceanic ridge "resting" against the continent. This structure is the area of receipt of deep thermal energy to the earth's surface. The tectonic zone does not end at the coast of the sea. The areas of the Pleistocene-Holocene volcanism are known on the continental continuation of the zone: Indigirsky, Eastern part of the Stanovoy Range, East-Sikhote-Alin. Try to get an explanation from the best tectonist researcher on the reasons for the cessation of volcanic activity in this belt of the earth's crust. It can be said that such activity is weakening, but it can be assumed that thermal energy accumulates at a depth, since the formation of the mid-ocean ridge cannot stop suddenly. Does the formation of this global structure fit into the time frame of human existence? The answers are from tens of millions of years to several thousand with Hyperborea that still existed "yesterday". Measurement of the temperature of the deep waters of the Arctic Ocean is very rare.
But it is the "youth" of the Arctic Ocean with modern active tectonics that can be the reason for the growth of the average annual temperature in the northern hemisphere of the planet. We are not surprised at the instantaneous manifestation of deep forces in the form of a powerful earthquake. Why, then, the rapid change in the structure of the lithosphere in the arctic expanses, which served as the discovery of the paths for the rise of deep heat, cannot cause a sharp increase in the average annual temperature in the northern hemisphere? In the XX century in the Arctic did not appear many industrial enterprises. The change in the slope of the axis of rotation of the planet is such that the polar regions should receive less and less energy from the Sun (the angle between the axis of rotation of the Earth and the ecliptic plane is currently increasing). If a planet turns into a ball with a decrease in gravity at high latitudes, then the number of "heavy greenhouse gases" held in the atmosphere should also decrease. However, the atmosphere of the north warms up faster than in other areas. So, you need to learn how to measure the temperature of the planet itself.
Very slow climate change can be due to little noticeable reasons. Heat energy is only the energy of motion. Will the heat dissipation by the planet change if the vortex motion of the radiation is weakened - the intensity of the total magnetic field decreases? Of course, since any movement-interaction is an exchange of energy. And this interaction takes place both in the bowels of the planet and in the near space. But to what extent has the interaction of the Earth's magnetosphere with the surrounding cosmic matter, the total magnetic field with the structures of the mantle and the core, been studied in detail? These questions have no answers yet. So far we are only trying to understand how the planet works. It has not yet come to the study of changes in its dynamics, although in a evolving system, changes occur every second. Even measuring the acceleration of gravity in a given area several times over a decade, it is not possible to detect changes. The total gravitating mass remained the same, but the structure of the strata could change. Having measured a vertical gradient
several times over this period, we will fix the changes. But it is a very expensive pleasure.
Venus is a good example. It has a powerful atmosphere and almost zero magnetic field. Of course, Venus currently receives more heat from the Sun than the Earth. But the spherical shape of Venus and the absence of a magnetic field can be confirmation of the above considered scenario of the evolution of surface shells. The extinction of the activity of the planet, turning into a dead ball, creates conditions for reducing the dispersion of internal thermal energy into space. Eternity and the constancy of movement is the main reason why such energy of a cosmic body must be transferred to parts of the system. This means that the surface shells will be heated. The products of volcanic eruptions are mixed with water vapor, forming a poisonous atmosphere.
There is also the most imperceptible reason capable of influencing the planet's climate, and only a specialist geologist can judge its role. We are talking about thermal energy transported to the earth's surface by the substance of convective cells of the mantle. In adherents of the "tectonics of lithospheric plates" such cells successfully move blocks and megablocks of the lithosphere. In the author, they are also dynamically active and appear in the role of toroidal mantle structures (TMS). The point is not in the name, and in one, and in the other case, the heated substance transfers heat, heating the earth's surface and atmosphere. To argue about changing the deep heat flux with time can only be based on a specific model of the formation and evolution of our planet. In our model, the
hot toroid ejected by the Sun turns into a spherical body. Such a transformation is logical to consider as the sequential formation of smaller and smaller vortex structures that perceive portions of the motion of the initial pulse [2]. From the position of impulse conservation (excluding heat radiation into space), a system in the form of a single structure (toroid) with heavy traffic turns into a complex set of systems (smaller) whose total motion is equal to the original impulse. But in terms of climate change is not the main thing. The main thing is that with the formation of many structures, more supply channels (zones) appear for the supply of thermal energy of the Earth's interior to the surface (Fig. 7). The Sialic fragment of the Earth's primary lithosphere is composed of the most ancient rocks. It is possible that TMS with a radius of approximately 3500 km, as well as a higher rank (with a radius of 1750-1800 km), are already functioning here. The deep heat in many zones comes to the surface, warms the crust, contributes to methane emissions from the permafrost of Siberia.
In Figure 7, we showed some tectonic elements in relation to the regions of the northern hemisphere, where an increase in average annual temperature was recorded (data from the "Internet"). The average temperature of the earth's surface in 2016 was 0.99 °C higher than the average in the middle of the twentieth century. Since the end of the XIX century, the average temperature of the Earth's surface has increased by 1.1 degrees (materials on temperature changes correspond to data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the USA).
It can be seen that over a wide area, warming amounted to more than 1 degree in just 100-120 years. And these are not areas with the most developed industry and a large population. So there are other reasons. The shown toroidal structure of the planet-hexahedron (its diameter is about 10-10.5 thousand kilometers) with an ascending mass movement in the central part has an axial counterclockwise rotation. Its marginal part in the form of a plunging sublithospheric substance forms in the earth's crust a long-lived zone of tectonic rearrangements.
The zone can be associated with the location of areas of the Pleistocene-Holocene volcanism in Siberia, the presence of Cenozoic faults in the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, and the shear deformations of the mid-ocean ridge, and constant movements of megablocks along the San Andreas fault, and deep earthquakes in the Pyrenean region. The zones of destruction of the lithosphere were also formed as a result of the impact of toroidal mantle structures (TMS): West European and Angarsk [1]. Of course, our
constructions are averaged, but the ratio of objects is not accidental. Indeed, the maximum temperature increase (more than 1.5 °C) is recorded in the region of the West Siberian Lowland, where faults have long been identified, active not only in the Paleozoic, but also in the Cenozoic. True, the temperature anomaly should not be considered in absolute terms. If at the beginning of the XIX century there existed a region of low average annual temperatures, then the observed change is only the alignment of the temperature field.
In the mainland, monitoring of the temperature situation is not difficult. In the oceanic expanses of the dynamics of the lithosphere - the secret behind seven seals. Mid-ocean ridges with existing and emerging gaps are a reliable sign of the presence of heated mantle masses in these areas. Measuring the temperature of the waters in the oceans is made sporadically, it simply does not have enough money. If you ask residents of southeastern Asia about the reasons for the frequent occurrence of typhoons that destroy their homes, no one will remember about carbon dioxide. Thousands of
tons of water, flooding the coastal areas, come from the warming ocean. Heating air at 10 °C results in an almost twofold increase in the amount of water vapor ("fuel for a typhoon") in its composition. And this is the result of changes in temperature in a particular part of the ocean.
At the end of the last century, the attention of scientists was drawn to such changes in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. The main factor is considered to be the emergence of warm water masses across the entire Pacific Ocean, resulting in the formation of a "seasonal surface current in the eastern Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Ecuador and Peru, which occurs sporadically when cyclones pass in the equatorial zone" [16]. So some scientists characterize the course of El-Nino, linking its formation and movement with the action of the winds. Others indicate that water heating with the emergence of El-Nino occurs in the warmest region of the Pacific (and the entire world) ocean - in its western part of the tropical zone [21]. But here the toroidal structure with the upward movement of masses serves as the dynamic component of the planet's lithosphere [1]. The geoid surface in this area is elevated to 120 m (according to the GEM-8 model). The periodic increase in the amount of generated thermal energy indicates a large-scale restructuring. It is clear that it is not by chance that the area of the El-Nino origin is within the tectonic zone, where the destruction of the lithosphere occurs (Fig. 7). The
calculations made above and the existing situation show that people in the surrounding areas cannot expect a quiet life, regardless of the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Our constructions are not easy to verify. There is as yet no reliable data on the change in the deep heat flux in the region under study. However, the intensified melting of the mountain glaciers of Greenland and the sea ice of the Arctic is a reality. When meteorologists report that 50 years ago in spring, the air temperature in Krasnoyarsk was 10-15 °C lower than today, it makes you wonder. Perhaps this is a local anomaly regarding the regional course of temperature? There is no definite answer. Moreover, the information available for analysis is not always objective and scientific. Let us compare several graphs of temperature changes in the northern hemisphere, used by both supporters and opponents of the global warming hypothesis. The often-depicted "stick" temperature curve is perceived ambiguously (Fig. 8).
Is the global change the difference in values within 0.2-0.4 °C? The local temperature anomalies depicted are probably related to the exceptional nature of the sample used in the analysis. For example, it would be interesting to know whether ice skating skated on the ice of the Yellow River at the time when the English Channel or even the northern part of the Black Sea froze.
Apparently, our conclusions should be preceded changes. The ejected heated substance must, with time, by a comparison of many data. It is necessary to give up the initial impulse, expend the obtained amount remember that a living real planet cannot exist without of movement. The formed screen in the form of the
lithosphere allowed organic life to develop, since optimal conditions for temperature and humidity were created. But these conditions are not eternal. For an evolving planet, this is one of the stages with an unknown duration so far. The same small TMS, formed close to the surface, are also suppliers of additional portions of the deep heat, and serve as a kind of screen that prevents the free release of heat from even deeper shells of the Earth. The lithosphere and the mantle of the planet are stratified like the atmosphere or hydrosphere. There are pros and cons in everything. The intake of deep heat while stratifying water masses, ensuring the diversity and scale of life in the oceans and continents. The water shell interacts with the air, and it is from this interaction that we can be "both cold" and "hot".
About the "mystery of the Gulf Stream" Speaking about global climate change, it is impossible to ignore the problem of the existence of warm ocean currents, because this is the most characteristic phenomenon in the dynamics of the hydrosphere. "Solar heat and winds are what drives the water of the oceans," say oceanologists and hydrologists [16]. But does this rule apply to the most powerful Antarctic Circumpolar Current? The direction of the movement of water in it (from west to east) is subject to the influence of Coriolis force, which twists the moving substance in a clockwise direction. True, the main reason for the movement of water is considered to be westerly winds in this zone of the "roaring forties". The water mass moving approximately in the same latitudinal belt warms up almost evenly. Of course, the movement of the winds helps to disperse the water river, but after its formation. Possibly, the water coming from the central part of the prototoroid, in a rotating system, gained momentum and, as a more mobile substance, began to rotate from
west to east. And the current was formed in the basin of the geoid. (It is very important).
The Gulf Stream originates in the Caribbean, where the conditions for warming the entire water column are most favorable. (The area is not only equatorial, but also with modern volcanism). Thanks to the rotation of the planet, the heated water mass receives an impulse of movement to the east. But, most likely, these conditions are sufficient for the formation of only a local flow, provided that the portions of cold water are continuously supplied to the heating area. Oceanologists explain that the flow of still warm water of the Gulf Stream in the north sinks into cold waters, thus ensuring the existence of counterflow and constant circulation. Immersion of a less dense substance into a denser substance is physically difficult to explain, even with the involvement of changes in salinity of water. Therefore, try to find other reasons.
The displacement (in the general stratified column) of cold water to the south is a sign of the existence of a gravitational bias. Marine gravity survey materials show that gravity anomalies in the Glenney reduction in the South Atlantic are about 100-150 mGal more intense than in the North (Fig. 9). The distribution of the values of gravity even at the present time may indicate the features of the tectonic structure of the lithosphere and characterize the mechanism of the opening of the oceanic depression in the past. The immersion of the Icelandic-Faroese ridge at 1300 m, where drilling revealed the presence of lavas with an age of less than 20 million years, poured out "on land, not under water", occurred in the late Miocene (according to I.A. Rezanov). In the South Atlantic, this process began earlier. After all, there are data on the structure of the mid-ocean ridge in the Equatorial Atlantic.
"The immersion of the near-fault ridges and plateaus in a space about 550 km wide in the axial part of the ridge occurred not earlier than 5 million years ago. Existence in this part of the ocean is quite likely in the Eocene or even in the Miocene-Pleistocene of an overland - insular or continental bridge, which served as a barrier between the deep depressions of the South and North Atlantic" [19]. Agree that the existence of an almost single continent here 200-300 thousand years ago represents this stage of earth history in a different light.
Solving the problem of correct counting in geology would have allowed us to obtain more rigorous evidence in the search for the causes of the origin of the Gulf Stream. Nevertheless, researchers have long ago obtained significant correlation coefficients in empirical relationships, reflecting the relationship of gravity anomalies with the age of the ocean floor: Ag = 175 + 16 • t1/2 - for the North Atlantic; Ag = 167 + 18 • t1/2 - for the South Atlantic [7]. (In the above formulas gravity in mGal, time in millions of years). The average value of anomalies can be taken as 180 mGal for the northern region and 300 mGal for the southern one (Fig. 9).
The calculation gives 97656 and 54597000 years, respectively. According to our chronology, it turns out that the formation of the oceanic depression, filling it with water, forming a cold bottom current and a warm surface countercurrent, began at the end of the Eocene (2395000 years ago) and ended in the late Pleistocene (26912 years ago). Nature created the necessary physical conditions. A channel has been formed for the movement of generated energy carriers at the existing difference of gravitational forces. (Recall the transfer of electrical energy over long distances). The process was successful if the disclosure of the oceanic depression somewhat outpaced the intensity of water inflow. Such a thermogravitational cycle is a stable structure not only because of the slow expenditure of a pulse by a large mass of water. The current will function as long as the drop in gravity and differences in the scale of heating of the upper layer of oceanic waters persist. The distribution of gravity anomalies is the current state of the geophysical field! In the era of the formation of the flow anomalies could look more contrast.
How does the water-air earth envelope work?
In the vast deserts of our planet there is practically no permanent population. There are almost no rivers and lakes, collecting the basis of organic life - water. But the hydrosphere is not only the seas, rivers and lakes, it is the atmosphere that is humidified in different areas unequally. Is the water vapor content in the atmosphere correlated with the amount of air in the water? The question is not simple, since even the dynamics of the atmosphere has not been fully studied. Nevertheless, it is known from physics that at a certain minimum pressure, water as a liquid almost completely turns into vapor. True, observing the boiling of water, we will not be able to determine when nitrogen, oxygen and other gases are released from a liquid, and when water is released. The state of the atmosphere saturated with water vapor is about the same extent uncertain. Cloudless sky - a sign that the atmosphere in this area
is represented by gas.
But what can a man in the street say about the parameters of this gas? Its composition can be roughly likened to a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen molecules as a percentage of 78:22 (for an approximate analysis, this is sufficient). Moving fast, we feel the impact of air and know that its density is 1.28-1.29 kg/m3. It will be useful to estimate the parameters of such a substance, taking as a unit of calculation a water molecule with a volume of 27 10-30 m3. It is easy to calculate that there are 26.867-1024 molecules in a cubic meter of nitrogen-oxygen air, which can be likened to an ideal gas. How compact can you "pack" them in a cubic meter? Of course, at a speed of chaotic movement of particles about 500 m/s, nature cannot pack them. But in our abstract analysis it is not so important. And all the packed molecules will occupy a volume of 0.7254 dm3. Apparently, the fact that almost all matter of a cubic meter of atmosphere occupies less than one liter, there is a special meaning. For the average man, the airless space is just emptiness. In reality, all the gaps between the molecules of gases are filled with a poorly fixed substance in the form of smaller particles. For us, it is important that atmospheric air is capable of concentrating molecules of water and other gases (including man-made).
In every cubic meter of an ideal gas, molecules cannot be more than 44.615 moles of a substance. Therefore, the entry of water vapor into the troposphere under certain conditions should lead to the displacement of more massive molecules (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide) and decompact the air mass. Indeed, low pressure cyclones in their central part are well known to earthlings. However, the troposphere is warming is not the same. Concentrated in droplets and microscopic ice particles of water vapor turn the air mass into a non-ideal gas. As we have seen, the volume for the accumulation of such material in the atmosphere is sufficient; therefore, dense cumulonimbus clouds periodically descend into the lower layers of the atmosphere, giving up the accumulated moisture of the earth's surface.
The lower part of the terrestrial air ocean is considered to be the homosphere, where intense turbulent mixing of matter takes place. In general, the state of the atmosphere is variable. As was shown above, both the solar-terrestrial connections and the natural transformation processes in the earth's envelopes can contribute to the heating of the earth's surface, atmosphere and water mass. On the one hand, the increased amount of incoming water vapor leads to a partial decompaction of the atmosphere and an increase in its thickness, but in general it contributes to the creation of a more massive air-water coat. The increased pressure of such a fur coat allows more gas molecules to stay in the water. But this is offset by a large general warming up of the atmosphere and the earth's surface. Hence, it is possible that the rate at which the gases and vapors of the water itself dissolved in the water enter the atmosphere will become so great that the influence of the pressure that holds the gases in the water cannot withstand it. In the region of the atmosphere-hydrosphere, alignment will occur with the
formation of some almost homogeneous mixture.
The molecular weight of water vapor is 2.993 • 1026 kg. The nitrogen molecule is "heavier" 1.55 times, oxygen - 1.77 times, and carbon dioxide - 2.44 times. It turns out that the most intense water evaporates from the surface, and also loses nitrogen. (Nitrogen is represented in the atmosphere with a maximum content). Carbon dioxide can be present in water for a longer time. Perhaps this is a factor explaining the relatively slow increase in CO2 content in the atmosphere compared to water vapor.
It became clear to the reader a long time ago that in the first place we put water vapor as the cause of the warming fixed in the northern hemisphere. Indeed, despite the tropospheric turbulence, the maximum number of CO2 molecules is exchanged by the earth's surface with its flora, the water mass and the lower layer of the troposphere. If the thermal radiation of the Earth is delayed to the maximum (with reradiation) by a layer of clouds, then the role of carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas may be small. This follows not only from the inconsistency of a sharp change in the average temperature in the northern hemisphere (Fig. 8) to a monotonous increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the air. Global warming cannot be linked with the growth of CO2 content by many authors of solid works. Figure 10 we used from the published work [5]. True, the smoothed temperature graph was replaced by a
more differentiated curve from the work of A.B. Herman [8]. (The "temperature benchmarks" are 12 °C for the Gondwana glaciation and 26 °C for the Cretaceous period).
Immediately, we note that the figure should be perceived primarily as evidence of the existence of enormous difficulties in solving the climate problem, and even more so when considering the evolution of the biosphere in this bundle. To reduce the degree of uncertainty, we have identified a global component in the overall temperature change. The basis for this was the estimates of the parameter values found in many constructions. In addition, we have assumed that the overall temperature rise almost to the end of the Mesozoic is associated with an increase in the area of the continents formed from the primary heated substance of the planet. This course of temperature ended at the beginning of the era of the formation of modern oceans. The figure also shows that the shown increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere not only did not always lead to warming, but could act in the opposite way. If you do not take into account possible inaccuracies in the estimates and the average global temperature and carbon dioxide content (if available, the curves will display random coincidences), then one of the explanations already exists. It is based on the laws of thermodynamics.
The adiabatic theory of the greenhouse effect is presented in the book "Development of the Earth" [18]. The theoretical and real averaged values of the temperature of the Earth's surface and the lower part of the atmosphere of the Earth and Venus were compared. The conclusions are quite specific. "So, when mentally replacing the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere of the Earth with carbon dioxide, but with the same pressure (1 atm.), the average surface temperature decreases (and does not rise, as is commonly thought) by about 2.4 °C".
Indeed, the inverse ratio of the values for the Carbon-Perm line and for the first half of the Cretaceous period is very clear. In other areas of the geochronological scale (corrected age values are given) the situation is not so unambiguous (Fig. 10). But in the course of evolution, the earth's surface received and receives thermal energy from the Sun and from its own depths. The number of heated rocks on the surface increased faster than their cooling. Mainly in the Cretaceous period, the depressions of the modern oceans were intensively formed. This stage is described in reference books as "one of the greatest marine transgressions in the history of the Earth". Already from the beginning of the Cretaceous period, marine organisms (in an increased quantity) began to use carbonates for their vital activity. This could be one of the reasons for reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Another reason is that the stage has reached the time of large-scale coal formation (late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous), as some researchers believe, leading to the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere and a decrease in carbon dioxide content. But the oxygen content from the end of the Jurassic period begins to decrease. This discrepancy can be explained by the fact that the curves reflect processes of different globality and by the fact that the interrelation of the acting factors is not always clearly manifested.
Indeed, for the formation of coal-bearing sediments, it is necessary to implement a chain of transformations: transgression, turning the planet into a favorable position for the development of flora, reducing the oxidizer content of deposited organic matter. And it would be logical to consider such a chain in a single bundle. Volcanism and magmatic activity in this area increase the temperature of the atmosphere, but burn excess oxygen. In shallow basins, organics will be buried and later transformed into fossil coal. Perhaps it is not by chance that periods of intense volcanism and magmatism are followed by epochs of large-scale coal accumulation: Devonian - stone-coal-Permian, and Triassic - Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. True, the implied processes are hardly possible if separated by intervals of many tens of millions of years.
Apparently, the stage should also be considered in the same aspect, starting from the Middle Paleozoic and ending with the Gondwan glaciation. Starting from the late Silurian, vascular plants were intensively formed, covering the whole land by the end of the Devonian period [12]. Carbon dioxide was consumed in the formation. However, there is no minimum on the curve. In the Devonian, the still heated iron-containing
substance was oxidized, and the stratum of the "red ancient sandstone" was formed. But oxygen is also abundant. This means that the increased amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can be attributed to the peculiarity of the composition of this shell of the newly formed planet.
The Gondwan glaciation fits into the greenhouse "thermodynamic scenario", although the scale of the anomalies on the curves do not correspond well enough. An anomaly of CO2 content can be linked to regression, the flow of gas from the seas to the atmosphere and cooling of the earth's surface, although the location of the supercontinent at this time in the high-latitude region of the planet may be sufficient to explain glaciation (Fig. 4).
The Permian-Triassic period looks almost opposite to relatively Devonian (Fig. 10). On many continents, this is a time of large-scale manifestations of volcanism, the arrival of large amounts of igneous material in the upper horizons of the earth's crust and atmosphere. On the one hand, this is a possible decrease in the influx of solar heat and cooling. But from the beginning of the Permian to the middle of the Triassic periods, we see an increase in temperature. This means that the heat was supplied by the still unexplored continents, and also influenced the rotation of the planet in the meridional plane, which moved Gondwan to a position favorable for receiving the thermal energy of the Sun. The minimum oxygen content is possible if this gas was intensively involved in reactions with hot magmatic matter, in the destruction of vegetation.
Existing information and our analysis unequivocally show that climate change is the result of the combined influence of many factors. To decipher the connections in the formation of objects of the biosphere as a derivative of a changing abiotic situation (including climate) most often fails. Researchers are trying to attract even cosmic factors to help, apparently forgetting about the existence of an inextricable link between all components of the system. Suffice it to recall the era of the rapid conquest of land spaces by flowering (angiosperm) plants. At the time, Charles Darwin called this episode of earthly history "disgusting mystery". However, would the flora and fauna (we are talking about pollinating insects) change so drastically during the Cretaceous if the toroidal (vortex) structures (rebuilding the lithosphere) did not function, did modern oceans form, would the atmosphere not change?
Speaking about the composition of the primary atmosphere, O.G. Sorokhtin suggested that "in addition to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the early Archean methane, which is formed during the oxidation of iron with water in the presence of carbon dioxide", should have accumulated [18]. This hypothesis is very interesting, but we are more interested in the fate of "Archean water". How much water vapor did the Archaean atmosphere contain at a pressure of 2-3 times the current value? This is a difficult question. Even later, "at the maximum of the development of the Archean atmosphere, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide exceeded 5 atm. with a partial pressure of nitrogen of about 1 atm., therefore, the total pressure of
the atmosphere then (about 2.7 billion years ago) exceeded 6 atm." [18]. It is difficult to estimate the value of the average global temperature of the earth's surface in such a distant past, therefore, in the "maximum development of the Archean atmosphere," the atmosphere could be dry. Another thing is the atmosphere of the Phanerozoic planet. However, up to the Cretaceous, the terrestrial vegetation was different. And one of the reasons for this may be different atmospheric moisture.
Conclusion
The change of the earth's climate is an objective reality, although (if we don't depict patriotism in relation to nature) we don't care about the planet. The main thing - how it will affect our existence. The paleoclimatologist A.A. Velichko has no doubt that "man and mankind is not a new isolated category. They are part of an extremely complex system formed in the border zone of the lithosphere and atmosphere (troposphere) of our planet, and they are a natural step in the overall evolution of this system" [6]. We are also accustomed to consider ourselves part of nature. But what was disturbed in the evolution of the general system at the moment when the "Neolithic revolution" somewhat "obscured" the existing (previously pronounced) influence of the natural environment on the development of human society? The Sahara Desert or Antarctica did not become densely populated. If we look for objects that are little affected by the natural environment, then they are microorganisms that are present almost everywhere. Is the unity of nature and man real? Are we building or destroying our home, or is it just an intermediate station for a person?
Like any interaction, our existence is a violation of the original structure of the system (changing it). The fallen meteorite broke the structure of the planet, but became part of it. Human civilization is also involved in the general course of evolutionary change. How this happened, we do not know, but we can not be free from the general system. You can attribute the results of interaction to the category of "negative" or "positive", it will not change anything. The sun is involved not only in the generation of chlorophyll, but also in the useless (in our opinion) heating of sands and desert rocks. Nature has a single goal - the transformation of the energy of motion. Climate change is part of this transformation. The northern hemisphere is the continental region of the planet to the maximum extent. It is here at the present time - "the kitchen of the weather". The arrival of the Arctic masses of the atmosphere in low latitudes, warming and saturating them with "fuel for hurricanes" are the main causes of climate change on a global scale. Carbon dioxide in its natural or man-made form has little effect on it. The general condition of the water-air envelope changes, causing the organisms of flora and fauna (including humans) to either adapt or disappear from their natural
habitat.
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