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Turaboyev T.H. assistant
Department of Accounting Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS, ASSESSMENT AND FORMALIZATION OF THEIR ACTIONS
Abstract. In the conditions of market relations, quality indicators, such as reducing the cost of raw materials, materials and fuels, become decisive. This is achieved through the use of advanced structural materials, metal alloys and plastics, inexpensive materials that do not reduce product quality and reduce production waste, instead of expensive materials.
Key words: materials, raw materials, industry, price, profit, factory, transport.
Materials are the assets of economic entities in the form of raw materials, materials, purchased semi-finished products and components, fuel spare parts, other materials intended for use in the production and service process.
Comprehensive use of natural resources is necessary, it is necessary to eliminate losses and irrational spending, it is necessary to widely involve secondary resources in economic circulation, as well as by-products.
In the production process, different material values are used. They can be divided into categories depending on the method of using materials in economic entities and their use in the production process._
No A series of materials Classification of classification of materials
1 Raw material Labor items that make up the material basis of the product (ore in metal production, fluffy cotton fiber in the textile industry, etc.)
2 Basic materials These are items that are used to affect raw materials and give the product consumer properties (ferrous metals in engineering,
3 Purchased semi-finished products wood in the wood industry)
4 Supporting materials Products that have passed through the production process at a certain stage, but have not reached the final product level (motors with spindles, tires in the automotive industry)
5 Waste Labor tools and their appearance are used to create the created product (lubricants, paint, varnish, cleaning materials, etc.)
6 Dish and dish materials Small materials produced during product production (shavings, shavings, pipe cuts, etc.) Items used in packing, placing, transporting and storing products (wooden, cardboard and metal containers)
7 Spare parts Items used to increase the capacity of fixed assets (some details of machines and equipment for repair)
8 Inventory and farm equipment Household items used in business activities (openers, awls, household inventory, special items, etc.).
9 Other materials Other materials not included in the above groups (non-repairable brackets, scrap metal)
1- drawing. Classification of materials
In industrial enterprises, in addition, materials are divided into ferrous metals, rolled steel, pipes, non-ferrous metals, chemicals and khakozas depending on their technical characteristics.
Accounting information should encourage the reduction of product costs by rational use of materials, reduction of cost norms, rational storage of materials and ensuring their integrity.
The main tasks of accounting in this area are:
• control over storage of material valuables and their use at all stages;
• accurate and timely documentation of all material movement transactions; determine and reflect the costs associated with their preparation; calculation of the actual cost of materials and their balances for storage areas and balance items;
• control over compliance with established reserve norms, identify redundant materials, sell them;
• Timely billing with material consignors, control over in-progress and uninvoiced materials.
In order to successfully perform the tasks before accounting, the following are necessary: to have a price-nomenclature; defining the system of accurate documentation and document circulation; organize the inventory and selective control of material balances in the prescribed manner, reflect their results in a timely manner in accounting; extensive use of modern means of account automation.
Work products as production reserves provide the production process of the enterprise together with labor tools and labor. Work goods, unlike labor tools and labor force, are used once in the production process, and their value is fully transferred to the cost of the manufactured product.
Currently, the following methods are used in the assessment of materials:
- free market (contract) or government regulated (price list) wholesale prices. This price is determined independently by the enterprise when concluding contracts for the shipment of goods and is used in the form of the release (sale) price of the goods, indicated in the payment documents of the sender of the goods when keeping accounts and books with the sender and receiver of the goods;
- nomenclature on account price. This is the planned cost of purchased (prepared) materials, average purchase prices, etc. it can. In all cases, contract or price list prices are based on the price, and the planned (calculated) transport and preparation costs are added to it. These estimates are used in current and operational accounting of available materials and their movement.
4 - According to clause 9 of the BHMS, the actual value (value) of the purchased material values reflected in the element «Material costs»consists of the following: purchase price, import duties, product certification costs, supply and intermediary organizations payments, taxes (except taxes that are subsequently recovered from tax authorities, for example, VAT), as well as transport -preparation costs, service costs and other costs directly related to the purchase of supplies.
Marketing services and warehousing costs are not included in the cost of materials. They are transferred to the period expenses of the enterprise.
The actual cost of materials is determined only at the end of the month after accounting has received all relevant information. The movement of materials in the enterprise occurs on a daily basis, and the documents for the input and output of materials must be formalized in a timely manner, and the transactions should be accounted for as they occur. Therefore, there is a need to apply a value called fixed pre-determined account value in the current account. The estimate is the plan or contract estimate.
If contract prices are used in the current account, the amount and percentage of transportation - preparation costs are subtracted at the end of the month to deliver to the actual cost.
In cases where plan prices are used, the amount and percentage of the actual cost difference from the plan is determined every month. This indicator makes it possible to evaluate the process of preparation of materials. Transport preparation costs or the difference from the plan price are calculated not by each nomenclature number of materials, but by groups of materials. Basically, the balance of materials per month and their income during the month are taken.
The following valuation methods are used to determine the actual cost of materials written off as production costs:
- according to the average cost (straight-line) or the AVEKO method -dividing the total cost of materials by their quantity and deducting them based on the average prices obtained;
- first income - first exit according to average estimates. FIFO method - the prices of the first batch received for production and the prices of the next batch are deducted in turn;
- based on estimated average prices, last-in-first-out, LIFO methodmaterials are written off first according to the prices of the last lot in production, from the lowest to the highest.
In the weighted average (AVEKO) method, the cost of each unit of the same consumables is determined by the weighted average cost of those remaining at the
beginning of the period and purchased or produced during the same period. The average is calculated at the end of the period or at each additional admission, depending on the situation of the economic entity.
It is not advisable to use plan estimates in today's currency depreciation. In this case, it is better to use the FIFO and AVEKO methods.
Today, it is recommended to use the FIFO method in accordance with paragraph 17 of the 4th BHMS when writing off materials for production. In this method, the first purchased inventory unit is the first to be sold or used for production, and therefore, the remaining inventory at the end of the period is the last purchased or produced unit.
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