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Toshpulatov A. master's degree in geography Namangan State University Holder of Ulugbek state scholarship
CLASSIFICATION OF ENCLAVE/EXCLAVE REGIONS BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOPOLITICAL PRINCIPLES
Annotation: This article analyzes the enclave/exclave regions, one of the specific forms of units of political space, geographically and geopolitically. Also, the enclave regions of the world are grouped according to two basic (geographical and geopolitical conciliation, topological) principles as a geographical category. Nevertheless, through these principles, attention is paid to their territorial features and their place in the relations of states in geopolitical terms.
Keywords: Enclave, exclave, mainland state, surrounding state, complete enclave, semi-enclave, pure exclave, peneenclave, geotory, territorial waters, integration, neighborly relations.
INTRODUCTION
Enclaves are one of the distinctive manifestations of territorial division, characterized by the fact that in a small geographic space it is possible to form a large geopolitical situation. In particular, they are directly or indirectly related to the vast majority of existing conflicts, territorial disputes, anti-state conflicts taking place in the world [1, - P. 97].
The existence of Enclave territories is not only a geopolitical description, but also a manifestation of its geographical and geoeconomical characteristics. In order to make the world more comfortable in studying the existing enclave territories, it is desirable, first of all, to divide them into groups according to their different characteristics and carry out a systematic approach.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Enclave/exclave carried out numerous studies on the analysis of the political and social characteristics of the territories. In particular, from foreign specialists, E.Vinakurov, M.Vinogradov, S.Juravskiy, A.Koychiev, V.Maslov, E.Schuler and others were directly involved [2, - P. 6].
Russian geopolitician E.Vinokurov in his research studied the geopolitical and geostrategic aspects of the enclave/exclave areas. In his scientific research, the scientist analyzed the classification of enclaves, their different regional views, and paid special attention to the enclaves of Kaliningrad, Ceuta, Melilla as an object of study13.
13 Винокуров Е.Ю. Теория анклавов. -Калининград: Терра Балтика, 2007. - С. 342.
M.Vinogradov also analyzed the geopolitical situation, social and economic situation of the enclaves in East Prussia and their political status from 1918 to 193914.
S.Juravsky on the example of the Kaliningrad region, the formation of enclaves/exclaves, the current situation, the geographical description of economic development, the problems of socio-political development15.
In addition, the problem of enclaves in Central Asia, where the world's largest subnational enclave Sokh and several other enclaves/exclaves have been problematic for many years, has been studied by many foreign (N.Megoran, T.Zverintseva, M.Pietkiewicz, S.Saari, B.Fazendeiro) and local (R.Gabdulhakov, M.Saidov, M.Suyunov, Sh.Jumakhanov) experts. They scientific works are important sources for this field.
The results of the above scientific works are widely used in this article. Methods such as geographic comparison, grouping, and historical geographic analysis were also used. Enclave/exclave regions are divided into different groups, which are theoretically analyzed and their geographical location is explained geopolitically.
RUSULTS
The peculiarity of enclave/exclave regions is that it is possible to carry out a complex analysis through economic geographical principles. In particular, enclave/exclave regions can be analyzed on the basis of principles of geographical and geopolitical approach, topological, managerial, territorial scale [3, -P. 7]. In particular, enclave/exclave areas can be divided into categories according to the principles of geographical and geopolitical approach - enclave, exclave, mainland state, surrounding state.
Enclave (French, enclave - "lock", "encircle") is a territory that belongs to one country, but is separated from it and located within the borders of another state [5, -P. 84]. For example, Vorukh the enclave is a territorial unit of Tajikistan, but is located within the territory of Kyrgyzstan as a "continental island" and so on.
Although the term exclave (Latin, "exo" - external, "claves" - enclosed, that is, "land outside the territory and surrounded by another state") is used in reference to enclaves, these concepts do not have the same meaning. Consequently, both enclave and exclave are the same geographical entity, territory. However, if an enclave means a latitude surrounded by another geographical entity - state territory, an exclave geographical entity - is used by the state to which the territory belongs. Hence, if the separated area is enclave according to its location, it is exclave accordingly.
14 Виноградов М.В. Восточнопрусский анклав в межвоенный период (1918-1939). Дис. кан. наук. - Санкт-Петербург, 2003.
15 Журавский С.В. Российский анклав: Возникновение, состояние и тенденции социально-политического развития. На примере Калининградской области РФ. Дисс. кан. полит. наук. - Москва, 2000. - С. 136.
The mainland state is the country that sees the enclave as its component [7, -P. 18]. It should be the main country in relation to the enclave, with the capital of the country located in it, and in terms of population and area several times larger than the enclave. For example, Nakhichevan is an exclave region belonging to Azerbaijan. The criteria given (location of the capital, demographic potential, territorial scale) are based on Caspian Azerbaijan, so it is a family state16 or the mainland state in relation to Nakhichevan.
The surrounding state is a country that encloses the enclave but does not belong to it. If the enclave is completely located within a particular state, the surrounding state is one, and if it is located between several states, the surrounding state is corresponding. For example, the state of Lesotho enclave is located entirely within the Republic of South Africa. In this case, the RSA is the host country17 of Lesotho.
By classifying enclave/exclaves according to their location, ie on the basis of the topological principle (Greek, "topos" - place), their territoriality is more clearly expressed, and they are divided into types such as complete enclave, semi-enclave, pure exclave, peneenclave [3, -P. 10]. They can also be divided into the complex of enclaves and water-island enclaves. This shows the different territorial views of the enclave/exclave, taking into account the extent to which the enclave is surrounded by the surrounding state, the specificity of the connection with the mainland state.
A complete enclave is a geographical and geopolitical entity that is surrounded on all sides by a single state and whose external relations take place through the territory of that state. Complete enclaves can be an enclave-state (it is a completely independent state and does not belong to any state. That is, they will have a surrounding state and it will be the main state itself. For example, San Marino, Vatican, Lesotho) or an enclave area belonging to the parent state (Table 1). This view of the enclaves necessitates a warm geopolitical relationship between the mainland state + the surrounding state + the enclave. This is because the interaction between the enclave and the family state takes place in the space of a third party, in particular, the weak or normative implementation of geoeconomic trade and foreign economic relations depends on the surrounding and mainland state relations.
16 Robinson G.W. Exclaves // Annals of the Association of Americal Geographers, 1959. September. №49. P. 283-295.
17 Whyte B. Bordering on the Ridiculous? A Comparison of the UAErle and Cooch Behar Enclaves // The Globe, 2002. №53. P. 43-61.
Complete enclave areas
№ Complete enclaves The mainland state The surrounding state Territory (km sq) Distance to the main state (km)
1 Artsvashen Armenia Azerbaijan 40 3,3
2 Barxundarli Azerbaijan Armenia 22 0,73
3 Brezovica pri Meltiki Croatia Slovenia 0,03 0,1
4 Buesingen on the High Rhine Germany Switzerland 7,62 0,689
5 Vorukh Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan 130 3,7
6 The tomb of Suleyman Shah Turkey Syria 0,018 27
7 Djangail Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan 0,042 0,76
8 Dekelia power plant Cyprus Great Britain 0,161 3,617
9 Dubki Russia Estonia 0,97 1,96
10 Western Qalacha Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan 0,88 2,36
11 Campione d'Italy Italy Switzerland 2,68 0,72
12 Xylotymbou Cyprus Great Britain 0,947 2,114
13 Tigranashen Azerbaijan Armenia 19 3,85
14 Cyprus refugee camp Cyprus Great Britain 0,28 3,613
15 Llivia Spain France 12,83 1,644
16 Madxa Oman UAE 75 30
17 Medvej e-S ankovo Russia Belarus 4,54 0,57
18 Medjurieche Bosnia & Herzegovina Serbia 3,958 1,13
19 Myunsterbildxen Germany Belgium 1,826 0,02
20 Myutsenix Germany Belgium 12,117 0,02
21 Naxva UAE Oman 0,1 3
22 Ormidia Cyprus Great Britain 1,694 3,983
23 Retgenervald Germany Belgium 9,98 0,02
24 Ruitzhof Germany Belgium 0,937 0,02
25 Ruikshlak Germany Belgium 0,016 0,02
26 Sarvak Tajikistan Uzbekistan 8,4 1,2
27 Sokh Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan 236 11
28 North Sokh Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan 0,0261 2,3
29 Shahimardan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan 90 14,8
30 Junghols Austria Germany 7,06 0,01
31 Yukhari Askipara Azerbaijan Armenia 37 1,3
32 Yaradulla Azerbaijan Armenia 0,16 0,2
The table was formed by the authors Origin: Все анклавы мира [8]
Most of the complete enclaves are located mainly near the mainland state border. For example, in the feudal era, property may have been divided among individuals, given as gifts and presents, or become a unit of another structure as a result of unreasonable restrictions. That leaves a lot of "pieces" of each other on the territory of the two countries. This is the case in India and Bangladesh, Germany and Belgium, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. If the integration process between the two countries develops, the enclaves will not cause any geopolitical inconvenience, but if not, it can be used by countries as a kind of "geopolitical weapon" and, as a result, many problems will arise.
A semi-enclave is a territorial form of enclave that has access to the sea on the one hand, separated from the main country (in some cases uninterrupted). In this case, the enclave area, unlike the complete enclave, will be open on the one hand, and the possibility of conducting foreign economic relations in this direction will increase. However, its main land relations remain dependent on the surrounding state. This is because the boundaries of the semi-enclave passing through the land must always be greater than the shoreline. In particular, the state of Gambia in Africa can be taken as an independent semi-enclave state, and the province of Temburong in Brunei as a corresponding semi-enclave territory. This means that the geoeconomic potential of semi-enclave areas is much higher than that of complete enclaves. Some of these types of enclaves are located away from the family state (Table 2). This is due to their historical nature. Because many of them are former colonial centers and remnants of the colonial system. For example, Ceuta and Melilla Spain are former colonial areas, and so on.
Semi-enclave areas
№ Semi-enclaves The mainland state The surrounding state Territory (km sq) Distance to the main state (km)
1 Akrotiri Great Britain Cyprus 121,6 3100
2 Alaska The USA Canada 1 717 856 847
3 Gibraltar Great Britain Spain 6,5 1535
4 Maktaaral Kazakhstan Uzbekistan 1 800 connected
5 Melilla Spain Morocco 13,4 153
6 Musandim Oman UAE 1 800 73,3
7 Okusi-Ambenu Timor-Leste Indonesia 817,23 56,6
8 Poynt-Roberts The USA Canada 12,65 15,86
9 North Ireland Great Britain Ireland 13 843 21,5
10 North-Western Corner THE USA Canada 318,81 21
11 Sent-Marten France The Netherlands 53,2 6327
1 Ceuta Spain Morocco 18,5 25
13 Sint-Marten The Netherlands France 34 6819
14 Temburong Brunei Malaysia 1 304 8,5
15 Elm-Poynt The USA Canada 0,98 1,56
16 Erenkey The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Cyprus 2,5 7,5
The table was formed by the authors Origin: Все анклавы мира [8]
Some semi-enclaves will exist without disconnection from the mainland state. In particular, Maktaaral district of South Kazakhstan entered the territory of Uzbekistan in the form of "U". Its three sides are connected with the regions of Uzbekistan, and only one side is connected with the territory of the family state. The northern part of Maktaaral is completely separated from the mainland state by the Chordara Reservoir, and only land transportation and economic contacts are possible from Uzbekistan to the South Kazakhstan region. In this sense, it is, in a sense, a peneenclave.
Pure exclave is a category that can indicate the importance of using the term exclave in relation to enclave areas. For example, an area separated from a particular parent country can be an exclave for the family state and an enclave for the surrounding state. But what if the enclave is located within several countries rather than within one country? In this case, the area separated from the mainland state, but bordering on several states - is a pure exclave [7, -P. 19]. Pure exclave regions also have a distinct advantage over complete enclave, i.e., if its foreign economic relations and connection with the mainland state do not take place through one state, it can take place with another country (Table 3).
For example, to travel from the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan to the country's capital, it must pass through Armenia or Iran. This means that there are two options for contacting the family in one way or another, which makes exclave a bit easier.
Table 3
Pure exclave areas
№ Pure exclaves The mainland state The surrounding states Territory (km sq) Distance to the main state (km)
1 The Gaza Strip Palestine Egypt, Israel 360 33,84
2 Dekelia military base Great Britain Cyprus, The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 129,3 3150
3 Dubrovnik-Neretva Croatia Montenegro, Bosnia & Gersegovina 1781 2,37
4 Cabinda Angola DRC, Congo 7 273,25 49
5 Kaliningrad Russia Polen, Lithuania 15 125 365
6 Nakhichevan Azerbaijan Armenia, Iran, Turkey 5 502,75 25,2
7 French Guiana France Surename, Brazil 83 846 6 530
The table was formed by the authors Origin: Все анклавы мира [8]
Almost all of the pure exclave territories are relatively large in terms of territorial scale. Although they are one of the main components of the country, the reason for the separation of the family from the state as a colony, as a consequence of which it was occupied (Fr.Guiana), the problems of the civilized border (Gazzo), can be associated with the national-territorial border (Nakhichevan), which is carried out without taking into account the territorial integrity.
Peneenclave is a territory that is not separated directly from the main territory, but is forced to carry out with the country, which surrounds the relations due to the inconvenience of natural conditions in connecting with it. Although they are not enclave in terms of geographic location, it is possible to research them as a view of enclave regions for the existence of a specific problem. Typically, the peneenclaves form a at regions, which is difficult to pass through the mountain range or other [2, - P. 29]. Consequently, communication with the main territory takes place only through the neighboring country, and in this respect is as inconvenient as enclaves. Most of the Peneenclaves are located in Europe and originated in the extreme regions of the Alps and the Pyrenees
(Table 4). If such activities are carried out, such as the emergence of peneenclave, the passage of a tunnel or other communication route from the mountain that is blocking it from the mainland state, the drying of the swamp, the transport of communication routes from the forest, such enclave features will be eliminated.
Table 4
Peneenclave areas
№ Peneenclaves The mainland state The surrounding state Territory (km sq) Approximate population (kishi)
1 Kleinwalsertal Austria Germany 96,85 4 900
2 Crimea Russia Ukraine 26 081 4,7
3 Os de Civis Spain Andorra 0,1 160
4 Peon de Velez de la Gomera Spain Morocco 0,04 150
5 Xinterriss Austria Germany 0,1 60
The table was formed by the authors Origin: Все анклавы мира [8]
For the need to cross the territory of the surrounding country for the transition from peneenclave to the mainland state, it is desirable that the relations between the two countries are in a positive state in order that there will be no problems in moving. If the opposite situation is observed, unpleasant processes can occur. The reason why the problem of peneaenclave in the peneenclaves in Europe is not overlooked from a geopolitical point of view are the good neighborly relations in them, the consistency of the integration process and the like factors.
The complex of enclaves is a group of enclaves located in a ball in one place with a very small territorial scale, and since enclave/exclaves are part of one another, it is much more difficult to analyze them separately, similar to complete enclaves.
Table 5
Areas in the form of the complex of enclaves containing several enclave
areas
№ The complex of enclaves The mainland state The surrounding state Territory (km sq) Distance to the main state (km)
1 Baarle-Nassau (8) The Netherlands Belgium 0,151 0,027
2 Baarle-Hertog (22) Belgium The Netherlands 2,345 0,039
3 Cooch Behar (102) Bangladesh India 69,695 0,01 - 0,1
4 Cooch Behar (92) India Bangladesh 49,728 0,01 - 0,1
The table was formed by the authors Origin: Все анклавы мира [8]
The special mention of the complex of enclaves is due to the fact that the enclaves they contain are very small, close to each other and have a complex territorial structure (Table 5). In particular, there were 102 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh, but among those enclaves there were 21 small enclaves belonging to Bangladesh. An interesting fact is that inside the enclave there were another exclave (Figure 1), the area belonging to India was 0,007 km2. In addition, there were 71 enclaves with an area of 47 km2 belonging to Bangladesh located within the territory of India, among which several exclave areas of India with an area of 0,17 km2 were located [7, -P. 153]. Currently, India and Bangladesh have almost resolved the problems of the Cooch Bihar enclave through mutual land swaps [4].
A similar process is observed in enclave complexes in the Netherlands and Belgium. Their complexity is that conflicts between government and the population can lead to geopolitical problems. It is precisely this phenomenon that has created a positive situation in the integrated the Netherlands and Belgium, and a problematic situation in India and Bangladesh. This requires systematic work to regulate and study their activities.
Island enclaves are areas within the territorial waters of another state. Consequently, enclave areas can be located not only in the geography but also in the hydrotorium of the surrounding state.
Coastal countries have their own territorial aquatic environment in the coastal zone. In addition to this 12 mile18 (19,308 km) independent zone, states will also be governed by a special economic zone with a radius of 200 miles (321.8 km) [9]. The islands within these control zones are the enclave islands.
/ INDIA _\ / WPP^B INDIAJ \ ESSilKv BANG: _J INDIA L^r^Yff^ I * *4 H ^ ' O 4» INDIA k 2 <? 1 INDIA < < ■ft m \ ^ ^ ¿ BANGLADESH / > \ _i / 1/2 ( r-^
Figure 1. Third-order the complex of enclaves of India & Bangladesh [10]
18 1 sea mile - 1,609 km. Mh^h https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHna
Table 6
The island enclave, which is located in the territorial waters of the
territories
№ Island enclaves The mainland state The surrounding states Territory (km sq) Distance to the main state (km)
1 Alusemas Spain Morocco 1 257 999 158
2 Apipe Argentina Paraguay 320 1,1
3 Kita-Sueno Colombia Nicaragua 290 762,7
4 Likoma Malawi Mozambique 17 55
5 Martin-Garsia Argentina Uruguay 1,84 0,9
6 Perexil Spain Morocco 0,15 15,5
7 Serrana Colombia Nicaragua 322 683
8 Torres Australia Papua New Guinea 220 43
9 Filomen Uruguay Argentina 23 1,7
10 Chafarinas Spain Morocco 0,525 170,9
11 Chisumulu Malawi Mozambique 101,4 7,6
12 Entre-Rios Argentina Paraguay 36 1,3
The table was formed by the authors Origin: Все анклавы мира [8]
In the process of international relations, the law on fishing in territorial waters and oil and gas extraction from the sea shelf is of decisive importance [2, - P. 34]. The island enclaves have a situation similar to continental complete enclaves but, above all, the presence of the opportunity to freely carry out the movement on the water. In particular, for the establishment of a geo-economic environment, it will be possible to establish export-import relations through overseas sea vessels (however, it will also be necessary to conclude an agreement between the territorial waters and the surrounding state). In addition to the sea enclaves, there are also world lake enclaves, that is, the water enclaves of Likoma and Chisumulu are islands located in the Moose aquatoria of Lake Nyasa (Table 6). Although the island does not have a relative problem connecting with the outside world in enclaves, the use of resources around the enclave is not allowed. Otherwise, this situation can become one of the causes of geopolitical conflict problems. DISCUSSION
Enclave/exclave is focused mainly on their geopolitical characteristics and state-owned relations by many experts in research related to the territories. Therefore, in order to shed light on their common features, it is of particular importance to highlight the territorial location, geographical conditions, geo-economic opportunities of these "geopolitical Islands". CONCLUSION
From the point of view of the territorial scale, enclave/exclave although the territories are much smaller than the mainland state, the geostrategic
situation ensures the balance of relations between states. In this regard, it is desirable to constantly study them and develop recommendations.
References:
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