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1CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES AND GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD
Associate Professor USMANOVA RANO MIRJALILOVNA,
Alfraganus university
ORCID ID: 0009-0008-7594-7983
Abstract Modern humanity is already more than seven billion earthlings, thousands of large and small peoples, a huge variety of economies, cultures, religions, socio -political life. Finally, there are about 230 countries and territories, the vast majority of which are sovereign, that is, politically independent and independent states. This whole vast world is extremely diverse, complex, and contradictory, so it is very difficult to classify its constituent countries.
The term "globalization" has acquired a pronounced emotional connotation. Some believe that this is a useful process that is key to the development of the world economy in the future, and that it is inevitable and irreversible. Others are hostile, even fearful, to it, believing that globalization increases inequality between and within countries, threatens to increase unemployment and lower living standards, and serves as a brake on social progress. This paper provides a brief overview of some aspects of globalization and attempts to identify ways in which all countries can benefit from this process while maintaining a sober assessment of its potential and risks.
Keywords: Globalization, world economy, countries, resources, world market, communism, capitalism, socialism, global integration, urbanization, Country Classification.
Introduction
The division of the world economy into spheres of economic activity and the definition of the main economic relationships between them allow us not only to analyze the development trends of individual countries, but also to compare them with each other. And knowledge of classifications is extremely important for mutual study and exchange of experience in economic development.
The best classification is made up of the tasks of each organization. For example, the World Bank pays attention to the assessment of the level of economic development of each country, the UN-to social and demographic aspects, etc., but still it is possible to distinguish the classificationof countries of the world - according tothe degree of development of the market economy in international practice, all countries of the world are most often divided into three main groups: developed countries with countries with economies in transition and developing countries.
Globalisation offers the greatest opportunities for truly global development, but the pace of its spread is uneven. The process of integration into the global economy is moving faster in some countries than in others. Countries that have managed to achieve integration experience higher rates of growth and poverty reduction.
Literature Review
The problem of demographic development in the modern world is becoming increasingly important. The rapid growth of the world population, the lack of resources, the intensification of migration processes seriously complicate the provision of a decent standard of living on the planet. Demographic security is the most important component of social security. The allocation of demographic security into an independent category, equivalent in importance to economic, military, social and other types of security, is due to the deepening of the demographic crisis in a number of countries, especially industrially developed ones. In some cases, this crisis develops into a demographic catastrophe [Vishnevsky A.G., Vishnevskaya G.S., 2000: 56].
According to UN experts, in order to maximize the benefits and reduce the risks of population migration, it is necessary: To consider migration as a tool of development, a source of capital; to see in this phenomenon the most important and inevitable component of the socio-economic life of any state; to streamline and regulate the migration process [World population in 2011: 79]..
I.I. Lukashuk believes that globalization can be considered as a two-way process. On the one hand, this process increases the level of social development, on the other hand, it deepens social inequality, reduces the role of the state and, as a result, the destruction of national legal systems occurs. [I.I.
Lukashuk, 2000: 279].
Methodology
This article was written based on a literature review and analysis of relevant data sets. The data obtained was collected and analyzed. The methodological basis of this research includes a number of methods of scientific cognition, among which the main place is occupied by the method of scientific abstraction and the method of deduction and induction.
Results
Already known indicators are used to characterise the world economy: GDP per capita, the industry structure of the economy and knowledge-intensive industries, and the level and quality of life of the population..
Developed countries are characterised by a high standard of living. Developed countries tend to have a large supply of manufactured capital and a population that is mostly engaged in highly specialised activities. This group of countries is home to about 15% of the world's population. Developed countries are also called industrial countries or industrially developed countries.
Among the main features of developed countries, it is advisable to distinguish the following:
1. GDP per capita averages about $20,000 and is constantly growing. This determines the high level of consumption and investment and the standard of living of the population as a whole. The social pillar is the "middle class," which shares the values and basic foundations of society.
2. The sectoral structure of the economies of developed countries is evolving towards the dominance of industry and a pronounced trend of transformation of the industrial economy into a post-industrial one. The service sector is rapidly developing, and it is the leader in terms of the share of the population employed in it. Scientific and technological progress has a significant impact on economic growth and the structure of the economy.
3. The business structure of developed countries is heterogeneous. The leading role in the economy belongs to powerful concerns—TNCs (multinational corporations). The exception is a group of some small European countries that do not have world-class TNCs. However, the economies of developed countries are also characterised by the widespread use of medium and small businesses as a factor in economic and social stability. This business employs up to 2/3 of the economically active population. In many countries, small businesses provide up to 80% of new jobs and affect the sectoral structure of the economy.
4. The state of developed countries is an active participant in economic activity. The goals of state regulation are to create the most favourable conditions for the self-growth of capital and maintain the socio-economic stability of society. The most important means of state regulation are administrative and legal (developed systems of economic law), tax and budgetary (funds of the state budget and social insurance funds), and monetary and state property.
5. The economies of developed countries are characterised by openness to the world economy and a liberal organisation of the foreign trade regime. Leadership in global production determines their leading role in world trade, international capital flows, and international monetary and settlement relations. In the field of international labour migration, developed countries act as host countries.
Countries with economies in transition include:
1. The former Socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia; the successors of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia-Bosnia and Herzegovina; the Republic of Macedonia; Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; and Montenegro;
2. Former Soviet Republics—now CIS countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan;
3. Former Baltic Republics: Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia If we talk about the term "transition economy", then it is used to characterise the transformation of the economies of socialist countries into market economies.
The transition to the market required a number of significant changes, which include:
1) denationalisation of the economy, requiring privatisation and stimulating the development of non-state enterprises;
2) development of non-state forms of ownership, including private ownership of the means of production;
3) formation of the consumer market and its saturation with goods.
The first reform programmes consisted of sets of stabilisation measures and ivatization. Monetary and fiscal restrictions were supposed to bring down inflation and restore financial balance, while liberalising external relations was supposed to bring the necessary competition to the domestic market. The economic and social costs of the transition were higher than expected. The prolonged economic downturn, high unemployment, the decline of the social security system, the deepening of income differentiation, and the decline in the welfare of the population were the first results of the reforms. In many countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the share of public spending in GDP is high—at least 30-50%. In the process of market reform, the standard of living of the population decreased and inequality in income distribution increased: about 1/5 of the population was able to raise the standard of living, and about 30% became poor.
One group includes the former Soviet republics, which are now united in the CIS. Their economies exhibit different rates of market transformation.
Developing countries: 132 low- and middle-income countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Daue to the great diversity of developing countries in the international economy, it is customary to classify them both by geographical features and by various analytical criteria.
The most important criteria for identifying developing countries are a special place in the system of economic and political relations, the level of economic development, specific features of reproduction, and features of the socio-economic structure.
Developing countries are still major suppliers of raw materials and fuel to the world market, despite the fact that the share of developing countries in Western fuel imports has slightly decreased in recent years. As suppliers of raw materials, they depend on the import of finished products, so today the share of developing countries in world exports is only about 30%, including in the supply of industrial products (21.4%).
There is a classification of developing countries according to the level of economic development, measured by GDP per capita:
1) countries with high per capita incomes comparable to those in developed countries (Brunei, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Singapore);
2) countries with average GDP per capita (Libya, Uruguay, Tunisia, etc.);
3) poor countries of the world. This group includes most countries in tropical Africa, South Asia, and Oceania, as well as a number of Latin American countries.
Another classification of developing countries is related to the level of development of capitalism as an economic system. From this point of view, the following groups of developing countries can be distinguished:
1) these are states where state, foreign, and local capital predominate. The state's economic activity is state-capitalist in content. In these countries, the involvement of foreign capital in the local sector is high. These countries include Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, and a number of smaller countries in the Asia-Pacific region.
2) The second group of states is the largest. Their peculiarity is that here capitalism is represented by" enclaves", and sometimes very isolated ones. This group includes countries such as India, Pakistan, the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, North Africa, and several Southeast Asian countries (the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia).
3) The third group is the least developed countries in the world, approximately 30 countries with a population of about 15% of the population of the developing world. The capitalist structure in them exists in fragments. These capitalist "enclaves" are mostly represented by foreign capital. 2/3 of the least developed countries are located in Africa. In the pre-capitalist sector, natural connections predominate. Almost all spheres of employment for the population are traditional ways of life. The only driving force behind development in most of them is the state. The share of manufacturing in GDP is no more than 10%, GDP per capita is no more than $300, and the literacy rate is no more than 20% of
the adult population. These countries have little chance to improve their situation on their own, relying only on internal forces.
Key indicators of the world economy development. "The World in 2021", 2022 [All calculations were made on the basis of databases: The World Bank Group "World Development Indicators"; International Monetary Fund "World Economic Outlook", "International Financial Statistics".) KEY INDICATORS OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN 2021
(based on purchasing power par ties in 2021)1
GDP, billion US GDP growth rate, Share of world of GDP per
dollars % GDP, % capita, USD
United States 22996.1 5.7 15.69% 69370
Singapore 635.3 7.6 0.43% 111728
Turkey 2953.9 11.4 2.01% 35025
China 27206.1 8.1 18.56% 19280
India 10193.5 8.7 6.95% 7387
Russia 4494.2 4.7 3.07% 30625
Uzbekistan 296.7 7.4 0.20% 8667
RANKING OF COUNTRIES BY TOTAL GDP AND PER CAPITA, PPP 20212
GDP, bil ion US dollars GDP per ca pita, USD
1 CHINA 27206.1 1 1 Luxembourg 132,775
2 USA 22996.1 2 Singapore 111 728
3 Japan 5606.6 3 Macau, China 74 831
4 Russia 4494.2 4 USA 69,370
5 Turkey 2953.9 5 Turkey 35,025
6 Kazakhstan 543.4 6 Russia 30,625
7 Uzbekistan 296.7 7 Uzbekistan 8,667
Globalization. Its positive and negative aspects
In history, the process of globalisation dates back to the XVI—XVII centuries, began to develop actively due to economic growth in Europe and the Great Geographical Discoveries. After the Second World War, globalisation continued at an accelerated pace, as evidenced by The extreme point in the development of globalisation in the twentieth century was the creation in 1995 of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) with the aim of liberalising international trade and regulating trade and political relations among member states, as well as the emergence of the Internet.
One of the main reasons for it was, of course, the transition from an industrial type of society to a post-industrial one and the increase in information contacts between countries. Other reasons for the formation of the globalisation process were the development of the international economy, the cooperation of states, and the emergence of transnational corporations and economic unions. The development of the tourism business and the increased interest in studying the culture and history of other countries; the need to jointly solve global problems by the world community is also one of the reasons for the development of such a phenomenon as globalization.
Currently, there are four main forms of globalisation:
1 Source-Mirovaya ekonomika: uchebnoe posobie (World Economy: a textbook) / E. G. Guzhva, M. I. Lesnaya, A.V. Kondratiev, A. N. Egorov; SPbGASU. - St. Petersburg, 200,
Key indicators of the world economy development. "The World in 2021", 2022 (All calculations were made on the basis of databases: The World Bank Croup "World Development Indicators"; International Monetary Fund "World Economic Outlook", "International Financial Statistics".)
2 Source-Mirovaya ekonomika: uchebnoe posobie (World Economy: a textbook) / E. G. Guzhva, M. I. Lesnaya, A.V. Kondratiev, A. N. Egorov; SPbGASU. - St. Petersburg, 200
l.The first form is economic. Its essence is to expand economic ties between states, joint production, and international trade. A striking example is the creation of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the WTO
2—The second form of globalisation is political. This includes creating political alliances and military blocs (NATO, UN, SCO), reducing the sovereignty of states, and solving global political problems of interaction not by individual countries but by the entire world community.
3. The third form is social. This is a rather controversial form of globalisation because it reflects the intensification of migration processes related to both economic and political reasons: the difference in wages, living standards, and security between "rich" and "poor" countries.
4. The fourth form of globalisation is spiritual. Its essence lies in the development of world tourism, which led to the emergence of the new term "universal heritage". The creation of UNESCO is a vivid example of the development of a spiritual form of globalization.
Considering the various forms and topical issues of globalisation, it is impossible not to mention its consequences, which can be both positive and negative.
I would like to note that the positive aspects include, first of all, the development of the world economy: the creation of production in countries where it will cost less, the opportunity to join the latest achievements of countries with a lower level of production development, as well as a significant expansion of exports and imports. Another advantage of globalisation is the international division of labour, which helps to improve product quality and reduce production time and costs. The joint resolution of conflict situations by states and the desire to conduct a dialogue on the current political problems in the world help to create a favourable environment around the world.
And there are also negative aspects of globalization. The spread of global production standards contributes to the loss of national features. The global economy also increases the difference in financial power between developed and third-world countries, exacerbating the poverty of the latter and consolidating the dominant influence of the former. The rivalry of countries for leading positions in the world in all spheres, especially in economics and politics, leads to local and global armed conflicts, which cause civilians to suffer.
There are other global problems related to the relationship between society and nature. This group includes energy, environmental, food, and other issues. The global energy problem is the problem of providing humanity with fuel and energy both now and for future generations.
Today, there is another urgent problem in the relationship between a person and society: the demographic problem. The consequences of the demographic problem are extremely terrible and are already showing themselves in our time. The reasons for this problem are: first, demographic explosions, as a result of which there is an increase in the world's population; second, a shortage of drinking water and low yields due to climatic conditions; third, a reduction in agricultural land; and, of course, the ecological situation. Researchers argue that to solve this problem, it is necessary to use scientific technologies, as a result of which the yield of agricultural crops will significantly increase. But scientists do not exclude various types of mutations that can affect people after eating genetically modified foods.
This problem also includes the food crisis, unemployment, civil wars, refugee migrations, and social instability. Several solutions can be proposed to solve this problem. First, it is necessary to develop recommendations for the implementation of demographic policy in each individual state. Secondly, it is necessary to conduct a stable population census in order to track indicators of population growth or decline.
There is also an environmental problem. The ways to solve the environmental problems associated with ozone hole areas are as follows: first, it is necessary to replace the current fuel with more environmentally friendly ones; second, to introduce technologies for absorbing carbon dioxide; and third, to plant trees en masse because they are able to synthesise oxygen.
I would like to note that without the appropriate human qualities and the global responsibility of each person, it is impossible to solve any of the global problems. It is also impossible without the unification of all the peoples of our planet; each of us must understand that regardless of skin colour, language, cultural differences, and differences in social systems, we are all human beings and we are
united by basic values. Especially important is the fact that we need to deal not with the consequences of global problems but with their causes.
1. This study allows us to conclude that there are many unresolved issues on our planet. First, they touch upon the vital issues of all countries and peoples in the world. The fate of future generations of people around the globe depends on their decisions. Second, virtually none of the problems under consideration exist on their own. All of them are closely intertwined, complementing each other and complicating their solution, which requires a comprehensive approach. Third, a distinctive feature of global problems is their inseparable connection with such spheres of activity in the world community as politics and economics. Fourthly, these problems need to be resolved at the international level, and this is possible only through the efforts of the entire international community and all countries. Fifthly, these problems need urgent and immediate resolution. The possibility of human survival as a biological species depends on this. 2. Global environmental problems of our time: 1. Problems associated with the irrational use of natural resources include: raw materials; energy; food; and loss of biological diversity.
2. Problems caused by anthropogenic impacts on natural resources include environmental pollution, global climate change, and problems in the World Ocean. 3. Problems resulting from a violation of the balance in the "society-nature" system include: pandemics and epidemics, including those caused by various viruses; adverse environmental consequences of militarization and armed conflicts; environmental migration; environmental crime; and environmental extremism.
The widening gap between leading Western and developing countries is a negative feature of globalization. In the works of many scientists, the term "globalisation is displayed. For example, the outstanding German economist, philosopher, and sociologist Karl Marx in the 19th century pointed out that world capital will rise, and the world economy will become more and more homogeneous. Thus, the world is dominated by poverty on the one hand, and concentration of wealth on the other. The combination of all these factors leads to social inequality, which leads to global changes in the world economy.
Thus, the world is dominated by poverty on the one hand and the concentration of wealth on the other. The combination of all these factors leads to social inequality, which leads to global changes in the world economy. Thus, globalisation is an irreversible process and a new stage in the global economy.
The financial market has had a huge impact on globalization. Humanity has learned to make money by playing on the stock markets and issuing loans. The term "globalisation" is used primarily to refer to the rapidly accelerating integration of many local national economies into a single global market. Adherents promote the abolition of import and export quotas and tariffs, the unhindered movement of exchanged goods, and thus the creation of the WTO. One of the largest is the WTO. The creation of this World Trade Organisation marked the emergence of a new national organisation whose rules on trade issues superseded the national laws of the states that adopted these rules. At the same time, the WTO interprets trade cases so broadly that they include not only trade issues but also policy and ethics issues.
Rich countries: First, among the positive aspects for the host country, namely, the larger the corporation (USA, ranked 1st), the more profitable it is: obtaining additional resources, increasing production and employment, stimulating competition, and receiving additional tax revenues from the state budget. Secondly, there are also negative consequences: external control, displacement of national businesses from the most attractive areas, increased instability of the national economy, and tax evasion by big businesses.
For the world economy, the development of such large corporations provides, on the one hand, the stimulation of globalisation and the growth of its unity; on the other hand, it contributes to the emergence of economic authorities acting in private interests that may not coincide with public or political interests. And all this leads to an aggravation of socio-economic inequality in the context of globalization.
There are three main groups of global integration: 1. Economic globalisation is a rapid increase in the flow of goods, investments, loans, exchanges of people and ideas, and information, as well as the
expansion of the geography of their distribution. 2. Social globalisation is a tendency to integrate the socio-economic and cultural activities of participants in public life. 3. Political globalisation manifests itself in the institutionalisation of international political structures.
Thus, the globalisation of the world economy has both positive and negative consequences. The positive consequences are associated with increased labour productivity as a result of the deepening international specialisation of production and the rapid spread of technologies, as well as increased production volumes and per capita income.
Negative consequences include an increase in inequality between countries, a weakening of national sovereignty, and national state regulation. Both the positive and negative aspects of globalisation are quite contradictory. After all, in fact, in the long run, the globalisation of the economy is the future of humanity.
I would like to note that the Republic of Uzbekistan also brings its problems to the world level. This is confirmed by the participation of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly. In this speech, issues concerning the fate of all humanity were raised, such as climate change, the fight against hunger and inequality. Let's list the main problems:
1. Thanks to the policy pursued in the republic aimed at improving the standard of living of the population, since 2017 the poverty level in Uzbekistan has halved, and by 2030 it is planned to decrease to 7 percent.
2. There is an acute problem with drinking water in the Republic and they decided to increase the supply of drinking water to the population several times.
3. Today, Central Asia continues to fight the tragedy of the Aral Sea, which is becoming one of the regions most vulnerable to climate change. Uzbekistan, to the best of its ability, continues to direct efforts to eliminate the consequences of the Aral tragedy, which is a global problem. In recent years, green zones with drought-resistant plants have been created on the dry bottom of the Aral Sea, covering an area of 1.7 million hectares.
4. I would like to emphasize that over the past thirty years the air temperature in the region has increased by one and a half degrees. This is twice the global average warming. As a result, about a third of the total area of glaciers disappeared. If this trend continues, then in the next twenty years the flow of two large rivers in the region - the Amudarya and Syr Darya - may decrease by 15 percent. Per capita water availability is expected to decline by 25 percent and crop yields by 40 percent.1
Conclusion
Summing up, we note that all these problems pose a threat to global security in general. They generate a number of extremely negative consequences, such as environmental degradation, famine, food shortages, lack of drinkable and watable water, reduction of biological diversity, climate change, ecological migration, increased morbidity and premature death of people, mass genetic deviations, social tensions, increased crime, and armed conflicts over the possession of natural resources, resources.
Globalisation is a completely normal and inevitable phenomenon of the information society, and the task of states around the world is to achieve maximum positive results and minimise negative ones, because only under this condition will globalisation fully benefit all of humanity. References
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1 Address by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the 78th session of the UN General Assembly
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Address by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the 78th session of the UN General Assembly
