CIVIC INITIATIVES (GRASSROOT MOVEMENTS) AIMED AT THE PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGEIN POST-SOVIET ARMENIA Текст научной статьи по специальности «Социологические науки»

КУЛЬТУРА И РЕЛИГИЯ

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[email protected]

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Гражданские инициативы направленныie на сохранению культурного наследия

в постсоветской Армении

Тигранян А. А.

Кафедра культурологии ЕГУ (Армения, Ереван) [email protected]

Резюме: Возникновение и рост гражданских инициатив, направленных на сохранение культурного наследия, за последние 11 лет можно считать новым «пробуждением» сознания общества, и утверждать, что оно было обусловлено как новым поколением, которое не проживало в советском режиме и не испытывало его непосредственно, так и определенным отказом от государственных подходов культурной политики РА. Росту инициатив в области культурного наследия также способствовала международная культурная политика, которая в значительной степени подчеркивает функцию сохранения общественной культуры. Их росту также поспособствовал развитие новых информационных и коммуникационных технологий. Они смогли повлиять на социально-культурные и политические события в Армении, смогли внести вклад в сохранение культурного наследия и создать новую гражданскую культуру. Фактически, то, что в течение длительного времени не удалось выполнить негосударственных организациях и западные донорам, выполнили гражданские инициативы. Появление гражданских инициатив направленных на сохранение культурного наследия в Армении указало на развитие гражданского общества, и изменило о ней советское восприятие и практику. Хотя гражданские инициативы сосредоточены на конкретных вопросах, их борьба сосредоточена на больших проблемах, таких как коррупция, олигархические рычаги, отсутствие закона, разочарование политиками и другие вопросы. В статье также рассказывается о роли гражданских инициатив в реальных ситуациях, таких как укрепление социального капитала и демократия, связывая все это с концепцией сохранения культурного наследия. Хотя гражданские инициативы смогли повлиять на культурную политику и расширить участие общественности в этой области, тем не менее им все еще необходимо преодолеть фундаментальные проблемы. Ключевые слова: сохранение культурного наследия, гражданские инициативы на сохранению культурного наследия, общественное пространство, гражданское общество, социальный капитал, государственная охрана культуры, негосударственная система охраны культуры, сообщество наследия.

Civic initiatives (grassroot movements) aimed at the preservation of cultural heritage

in Post-Soviet Armenia

Tigranyan A.H.

YSU, Chair of culturology (Armenia, Yerevan) [email protected]

Abstract: The emergence and growth of civic initiatives (grassroot movements) aimed at the preservation of cultural heritage can be considered a new "awakening" of the society's consciousness over the past 11 years, and claim that it was conditioned by a new generation that did not live in the Soviet regime and did not directly experience it as well as by a certain refusal from the state policy approaches of the RA cultural policy. International cultural policies have also contributed to the growth of cultural heritage initiatives, which greatly emphasizes the function of public cultural preservation. The development of new information and communication technologies also contributed to their growth. They were able to promote the socio-cultural and political developments in Armenia, to contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage and create a new civic culture. In fact, what has not been done for a long time by the NGOs and

western donors, grassroot movements have succeeded. The emergence of grassroot movements in Armenia has shown the development of civil society and changed Soviet perceptions and practices about it. Though grassroot movements are focused on specific issues, their struggle is focused on more problems, corruption, oligarchic levers, lack of law, disappointment with politicians and other issues. The article also outlines the role of grassroot movements in real-life situations such as strengthening social capital and democracy by linking it to the concept of preserving cultural heritage. Although the civic initiatives was able to influence cultural policy and expand public participation in the field, they still need to overcome fundamental issues.

Keywords: preservation of cultural heritage, state protection of culture, civil initiatives (grassroot movements), civil society, non-governmental organizations, public sphere, social capital, non-state protection system of cultural heritage, heritage community.

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1 -Smqmpmg^m^mh hmJum&hnhm.p]nLhhpp mpUUSjmh qpm^mhm.p]mh Ut2 hmjmh^ th "grassroots movement" mh^mhUmJp:

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3 Barkan, S. E. "Explaining Public Support for the Environmental Movement: A Civic Voluntarism Model", 2004, Social Science Quarterly, University of Maine, pp. 913-937.

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by Q. Hoare and G. Nowell Smith. London: Lawrence and Wishart. 1971. p. 285.):

5 Batliwala, S., "Grassroots Movements as Transnational Actors: Implications for Global Civil Society." Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 13(4): 2002, pp.393-409. (p. 396).

6 Kempton, W., D. C. Holland, et al. (2001). "Local Environmental Groups: A Systematic Enumeration in Two Geographical Areas." Rural Sociology ,66(4), pp. 557-578.

7 Rochester, C., Paine, A.E., Hewlett, S. Zimmeck, M., "Volunteering and Society in the 21st Century". Palgrave: Macmillan, 2010, p.38-42.

8 Edwards, M., Global civil society and community exchanges:

A different form of movement. Environ. Urban. 13(2), 2001,

pp. 145-149 (p. 145).

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9 The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, Elevent edition, Incorporated Springfield,Massachusetts,U.S.A., https://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grassroots (21.01.2019).

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11 Jantulova, St'ovickova, M. "Analyza procesu profesionalizace v obcanskem sektoru ocima jeho akteru", Socialni studia (1), 2005. pp.131-146, (p.143).

12 Smith, D.H., 'The Rest of the Nonprofit sector: Grassroots Associations as the Dark Matter Ignored in Prevailing "Flat Earth" Maps of the Sector'. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 1997b, 26 (3): pp.114-131.

13 Cmhnijp ¿hhmm^h^nq U n^ qhmmljmh 2mm ImqJm-Ihp^nipjnihhhp^ qnp&nihhnipjmh npn2 qh^phpniJ hhmpm^np t, np hpmhp nihhhmh ^mpAmmp^nq m2^m-mml^ghhp, pmjg L^hb^ pmqmpmg^m^mh hmjum&hnhnip-jmh ImJm^np, h2mhmlniJ t ImJm^npnipjmh mh-uml, npp ^mp&mmp^niJ U qhlm^mp^niJ t faJp^ Uu ImJm^np mhqmJhhp^ ^nqJ^g:

14 Smith, D.H., "Grassroots Associations Are Important: Some Theory and a Review of the Impact Literature". Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 1997a, 26 (3), pp.269-306.

15 Lnijh mhqnil tg 294:

16 Tocqueville, A., Mansfield, H. C., & Winthrop, D., Democracy in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2000.

17 Kaldor, H. M., "Global Civil Society: An Answer to

War".Cambridge: Polity Press. 2003, p. 19.

ЬшЦЬЬр^ иЪЦишршипър^ииЬрпШ ^^mJ t Uu ^ЬЦ шпшU&UшhшmЦnLрJnLU, пр ^Ьр-g^U^u шр^пъЬрр цЬшр t php^ hmfrpm;]^ oqntrn: UjU qntrn шqшш дш^шкшЦр LgUh^nt A.U ^t, ^^шр^пц ш2^шшшкр Цш^ ршр^ Цш^р^ цриЬпрпШ ^Ь^-пр ЦшqtfшЦhpщnLрJшU Цш^ fctfp^ hшJшp18: niurn^, hph pmqmpmg^m^mU Um^m^tnUnLpjnLUp ^ hmU^nL^jmU ^pU-^^рЬЬр^ т^Ъ^шЬ ¿i^U^, шцш ш]Ь ЦярЦ^^ ^р

£шцшршд^шЦшЬ иш^ш^Ьпипър]пъииЬрр, ршд^ ^рЬЬд шп^и цр^шЬ ЦпЬЦрЬш ^и^р^д, ^ршЦшкшдкпъи hU 2шт ш^Ьф ркцшрЛ-шЦ qnpЬшпnL]рUhp, ор^ЬшЦ ипд^ш^шЦшЬ Цшц^-шш^^ ширшцкцпъир: Uju ЦпЬшЬришпъи 2шш q^шUшЦшUUhp (Л. ФшриЬЬ19, U. ^пЬф^Ьр20,

5пъЦп]шиш21, S. Ст^фд22) U2ntJ hU ^Ъ-Uhp^ J^gngn^ ипд^ш^шЦшк Цш-

ппъдишЬ Цшрипрпър]шЬ иши^Ь; fib-Uhpnui ЛшиишЦдпрши ЬЬшЬшЬрп^ шЬЬшшЬЬрр ^шитшЦпЫ hU ЬширищЬшитр ^итшЬтр/шЬ ¿Uhp, прр цршшрЩпЫ t nptqhu «ипдршш-ЦшЬ Цшщршш1»:

18 Dekker, P., Halman,L., "Voluntering and Values: An Introduction' A Cross-Cultural Perspective". New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, 2003. pp.1-17.

19 ФшриЬЬр £Ъ-ЬЬрр пщ^ц ЦЬрщп^ ЦшщЬд ипд^ш-^шЦшЬ Цшщ^шш^^ ЬЬш пр ипд^ш^шЦшЬ Цшщ^-шш^р ^кш^пр^Ш-и t ЬЬЬд фn^шqцhдnLр]шh ЬшршрЬ-рпър]пъЬиЬрпъи: Ъш Ьшк щЬцпъи t, пр Ьрр ршцшршд^ш-ЦшЬ hhpqpш44шЬnLр]шh дшЬдЬрр ЬЬ, ^иЦ фn^шq-цЬдпър]пъЬи пъ 4и^шЬпър]пъЬр ^ршЬ^шЬ, шщш шпш2шЬт.и t «ипиЬЛфшЬ» ипд^ш^шЦшЬ Ц]шЬр (Putnam, R. D.,"Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community", New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000):

20 U. тЬишЦЬт^ ЬшишЛ.ш]Ь, рЬк Ьш^ш^Ьп-Ьпър]пъииЬр^ тЬтЬишЦшЬ шqцhдnLр]nLhp Jшpq^hшl_ t, рш]д цршЬр Цшркпр ЬЬ ипд^ш^шЦшЬ Цшщ^тш^^ ^кш-^пришЬ тЬишЬЦ]пъи^д (Toepler, S., "Grassroots Associations Versus Larger Nonprofits: New Evidence from a Community Case Study in Arts and Culture', Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly " 32 (2), 2003, pp. 236-251, (p. 238)):

21 Spthu^u ЛпъЦпъ]шишЬ h2m.J t, пр £Ъ-ЬЬрр ЬЬпЫ U п^ЬцшдЬпЫ ЬЬ «ипд^ш^шЦшЬ Цшщ^тш^р», прЬ ширш-^h^^m-J t ЬЦштишир ршцшршд^ЬЬр^ фп^ш-цшр^ ^и^шЬпър]шир, hшJшqnpЬшЦдnLр]шJp U J^J-]шЬд иштшрЬ^пъ щшmpшumшЦшJnLр]шJp (Фукуяма, Ф., "Доверие. Социальн^1е добродетели и путь к процветанию", М., 2004):

22 2. Ст^фд^ щhцJшJp Uu fib-р ипд^ш^шЦшЬ Цшщ^-

Цшркпр ршцшцр^^Ь ЬЬ, прр Jtb цЬр t ^шцnLJ Ьшк fiZ-Ь qшpqшдJшh qnpЬm.J (Stiglitz, J.,"Towards a new Paradigm for Development: Strategies, Policies, and Processes", Prebisch Lecture, UNCTAD, Geneva October 19, 1998):

ßmqmpmg^mlmU Um^m^hnUnLpjnLUUbp^ U ¿4-ühpfr mmpphpnLpjnLUUhpp: ßL-ühpp smpphp hü ^m2snüm^hu qpmüglmb, ümu-ümq^smg^mb ¿^-ühp^g ü^ 2mpp mnmügpm-j^ü Inqühpnl, mjq plmü üpmüg ImnnLglmbp U np^müühp^ püqnLüümü ¿.Uhpp, nmqüm^m-pnLpjnLüü nL qnpbnqnLpjmüühp^ q^ümüngp, üpmüg Inqü^g osmphplpjm ^^ümüum^npümü ühpdnLüp U qnünpühp^ oqünLpjmüp ¿m^ml^-ühLp23: ¿mgnqnLpjmü hmuühLnL ^müm^mph^ü üpmüp m^ml^ümü hü müü^gm^mü qnpbnqnL-pjnLüühp^ U qmüq^mbmj^ü ünp^Lfrqmg^mj^ nmqümlmpnLpjnLüühp^ü, Lmjünphü oqsmqnp-bnLü ung^mLm^mü Lpmslmü^gngühp^ U mjL sh^ünLnq^m^mü hümpm^npnLpjnLüühp lmq-ümlhp^ümü U ünp^L^qmg^mj^ hmümp: ßL-ühp^ U ¿^-ühp^ ImnnLglmbpmj^ü U pn^müqm-Imj^ü smpphpnLpjnLüühp^ ümu^ü ]nuhL hü 2ms ümuümqhsühp, npnüg^g hü inhnLqhü-pnLpqp U Uph^üum^pp24: Hhpg^üühpu ^pü-qnLü hü, np pmqmpmg^m^mü üm]mÄ.hnünLp-jnLüühpü nLühü ü^ 2mpp pünLpmqp^ühpp, npnüp hm^munLü hü ¿^-ühp^ mnmü&ümhms-InLpjnLüühp^ü.

pmqmpmg^m^mü üm]mÄ.hnünLpjnLüühp

• lusmhnLpjnLü ümuüm^gmj^ü dnqn-Ipqm^mpnLpjmüp,

• mü^usmhnLpjnLü ^pn^hu^nümLühp^ü U q^sm^mü hhsmqnsnLpjnLüühp^ü,

• hmüpmj^ü pmpopnLpjmü 2h2smqpnLp-jnLü, hplmpmdmü^hs ü^msm^ühp^ ^pm-Imümgümü ^mhmüg,

• ^hsm^mü ^m2snüjmühp^ shum^h-s^ ühpdnLü,

hmumpm^mlmü Imqüm^hp^nLpjnLüühp

• hm^ms ^pn^hu^nümL mü^üm^mqü^ü U ^mu^l ümuümlgnLpjmüp,

• hmllmbnLpjnLü sh^ünLnq^m^mü LnL-bmüühp^ü,

• ^hsm^mü ^m2snüjmühp^ q^ppnpn2-ümü hmusmsnLü:

23 Um ümU pmqmpm^mü npn2nLü t, np^ ü^mmm^ü t ühbmgühL ^phüg Lbq^s^ünLpjnLüp hmüpnLpjmü m^p^ü U ]unmm^bi_ ^üqntüühp^g, ph üpmüp «qpmüsmlhpühp» hü:

24 Freudenberg, N., and Steinsapir, C., "Not in Our Backyards: the Grassroots Environmental Movement. In R. E. Dunlap and A. G. Mertig, American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990, Philadelphia, Taylor & Franci: 1992, pp. 27-37.

Pmjg mühpmdh2s hüp hmümpnLü püqqbnL, np mju smpphpnLpjnLüühpp ¿hü ü2mümlmü, ph ßL-ühpp Im^hp ¿mühü ¿^-ühp^ hhs: Lpmüp Impnq hü LpmgühL ü^üjmüg25:

Fü IhpmphpnLü t ü2m^nLpmj^ü dmnmü-qnLpjmü ^mh^münLpjmü pmqmpmg^m^mü üm]mA.hnünLpjnLüühp^ü, m^m üpmüg h^üüm-lmü ü^msm^p n^ ü^mjü ^mh^mümpjmü pmqmpmlmümpjmü ipm mqqhgnLpjnLüü müh-ümLü t, mjL dnqn^pq^ imppmqb^ nL ihpmphp-ümüp^ ^n^n]nLpjnLüp mjq mpdhpühp^ ülmsümüp, mjüpmünl, np üpmüp Impnqm-ümü ^üpünLpnLjü hmqphmphL ü2m^nLpmj^ü dmnmüqnLpjmü ^mh^mümpjmü ]üq^pühpp: Uju ü^msml^ hmümp üpmüp ^hsp t lhüs-pnümgühü hmüpmj^ü mgm^gnLpjnLüp, nh-unLpuühpp U Imqüm^hp^lhü mpqjnLümlhs ^n^n]nLpjmü hmümp26: U2m^nLpmj^ü dmnmüqnLpjmü pmqmpmg^m^mü üm]mÄ.hnünLp-jnLüühpp hmumpm^nLpjmü hmüqh^ nLühü ümU pmpojm^mü ^mpsmlnpnLpjnLü, U m^m-hn^nLü hü hmühpm2]nLpjmü qqmgnqnLpjnLü27: Ung^mLm^mü 2mpdümü shunLpjnLüp ^üqmü t, np mju qh^pmü ümuüm^^gühpp püqhmünLp hmlmsnl hü ü^üjmüg hhs ^m^lmb hmünLü ^n^n]nLpjmü28:

U2m^nLpmj^ü dmnmüqnLpjmü qmhqm-ünLpjmü qnpbnLü pmqmpmg^m^mü üm]mÄ.hn-ünLpjnLüühp^ mühpmdh2snLpjnLüp ^mjüm-üm^nplmb hü ü^ pmü^ ^ms^mnühpn^: ^is-^mnühp^g üh^p 21-pq qmp^ ümpsmhpmlhp-ühpü hü (qLnpmL^qmg^mü, mühmüqmpdnqm-ImünLpjnLüp, müsmpphpnLpjnLüp U mühm-smlmümgümü qnpbpüpmgühpp), npnüp gpü-gnLü hü mühms^ hmümjüp^ü ^mslmühLnL

25 Op^üml, ¿^-ühpp Impnq t^ü ^phüg ^np^p ühp^m-jmgühL üm]m^hnünLpjmü ]üphp^ü, ^u^ lhp2^üühpu Impnq hü mlrn^lmgühi_ ¿^-ühp^ü: ¿^-ühpnLü m2]msnq mühmsühpp hmim] ü^müni.ü hü ßL-^ü ^phüg nLüm-InLpjnLüühpnl m2mlghLnl lhp2^üühp^u, ^u^ npn2 qh^-phpmü spmümqpmü hü ^nphpqmrnlm.pjm.ü oqühLnl üm]m^hnünlpJnlüühp^ mqqhgmlpJmü ühbmgümüü nL püqjmjüümüp:

26 Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G.A. and Kalof, L., "A Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Support for Social Movements: The Case of Environmentalism." Human Ecology Review 6(2), 1999, pp.81-97.

27 Jenkins, J. C., "Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements." Annual Review of Sociology 9:1, 1983, pp. 527-553.

28 Stallings, R. A., "Patterns of Belief In Social Movements: Clarifications from an Analysis of Environmental Groups." The Sociological Quarterly ,14:4, 1973, pp. 465-480.

qqmgntüp, ]qntü hü ^njh^m^ ^üpüntpjmü ü mühms^ lm^p: b/ mjq pmgp ipmgühint hmümp mnmügpmj^ü ü2mümlntpjntü ntü^ ü2m-lntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjntüp, pmü^ np /hpg^üu lmpnq t /hpmlmüqühi hmümjüp^ mju qqmgntüp29 ushq&hin/ hmüm]üpümü ü^gm/mjp, ]pmühin/ ü ^m2s^mühin/ ^üpüntpjntüp, m/müqntjpühpp ü mpdhpühpp: Phügmü^ü Pmpphpp mju lnüshpusntü ümü püqq&ntü t ü2m^ntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjmü qnp&üm^mü ü2mümlntpjntüp hmümjüp^ «lmnntgümü» qnp&ntü ü 2h2sntü, np ü2mlntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjntüp lmnntg/m&pmj^ü mqqhgntpjntü ntü^ hmümjüp^ hmümp30: U^üüntjü dmümüml ü2m^ntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjntüp ü^musntü t hmümjüp^ pmpopntpjmüp ü ^üpüntpjmü qqm-gnqntpjmüp31, mjü ümü «hmüpmj^ü pmp^p» t, npp mühms^ü nL lnihls^/^ü lmpnq t mqm-hn/hi hmümjüp^ü ^msmlmühint qqmgntün/: ntdhqmgühin/ ümpqlmüg ü 2pgmlm ü^gm-/mjp^ ü^gü lm^hpp, ü2m^ntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjntüp ü^musntü t lmjntüntpjmüp: ßmü^ np müpnqg m2]mphntü ü2m^ntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjmü pmqmpmlmüntpjntüp mjiüu ^üpü^2-]mü ^hsntpjntüühp^ ühüm2ünphp ¿t ü ü^-gmqqmj^ü 2ms lmnntjgühp^ /hpmqqmj^ü lmqümlhp^ntpjntüühpp ühpqpm//m& hü ü2m^ntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjmü ^mh^müntp-jmü pmqmpm^müntpjmü ühg, ntus^ ü2mlnt-pmj^ü dmnmüqntpjmü ^mh^müntpjntüp üntjü^hu ^hsp t /hpmqqmj^ü ümlmpqmln/ L^ü^: ßmqmpmg^m^mü hmumpmlntpjntüp hmüqhu qmin/ pmqmpmg^m^mü üm]mÄ.hn-üntpjntüühp^ shupn/, lmpnq t ]pmühi ^h-sntpjntü^g mülm] qnp&nqntpjntüühpp ü2m-lntjp^ ^mh^müntpjmü ninpsntü ü ü^mushi ü2m^ntjp^ dnqn/pqm/mpmgümü u^qpntüp^ü:

1990-m^mü p/mlmüühp^ü, ü2m^ntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjmü umhümüntüp32 /hpm&/hg m/h^ Lmjü hmjhgm^mpq^: U2m^ntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjntüp msmgm/ m/h^ mls^/ qhpmlmsmpntü shqm^mü, h/pn^mlmü ü üm^mpqm^ühpntü ü qmpÄ.m/ ü2m^ntjp^ ninpsntü lhüspnümg/m& pmqm-pm^müntpjntü: Uju ünpmg/m& nt2mqpntp-jntüp shqm^mü ^üpüntpjmü hmüqh^ m^nq qinpmimgümü hmlmnml lnqüü tp:

U^gmqqmj^ü hmüpntpjntüp ^p pmqümp^/ lnü^hpmüuühp^, lnü/hüg^mühp^ ü hmümdn-qn/ühp^ dmümüml pmqü^gu püqq&hi t hm-ümjüp^ ühpqpm//m&ntpjmü ü pmqmpmg^m-lmü üm]mÄ.hnüntpjntüühp^ lmpünpntpjntüp ü2m^ntpmj^ü mpdhpühpp ^mh^müümü qnp-bntü. 1996 p. 3№LbU40-^ «tymlnjpji ü qmpqmgümü hmiSm2lumphmjJiü hmüAümdnqn-i/p» hpm^mpmlhg «Uhp utnhqömqnpömlmü pmqlímqmünLpJnLÜp» qhlntjgp33, npp lmpün-phg ü2mlntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjmü ninpsntü pmqmpmg^m^mU hmumpmlntpjmü ühpqpm/-/w&m.pjni.Up: Zmü^ümdnqn/p, hm2/^ mnühin/ dmnmüqntpjmü ^mh^müntpjmü ^hsmlmü ü^msmlühp^ ü ü^gngühp^ ü^gü mühmüm-^msmu^müntpjntüp, mnmgmplntü t ü^gmq-qmj^ü gmüphp qnpbmqphi pninp smp^p^ lm-üm/npühp^ü pmp^ lmüp^ qpuünpümü hmümp ü i^ühi «U2mlnLpmj^U dmnMUqrn.p]mU lmüm-/npühp»: Lpmüg ü2smlmü mnmphintpjntüp l^ü^ ü^mushi nqg ümpqlntpjmü üjntpmlmü lmü üjntpmlmü dmnmüqntpjmü ^mh^mü-ümüü nt müpm^üqümüp, oqsmqnpbhin/ dm-ümümlml^g sh^ü^lmü" oqsmlmp q^shi^p-ühp^ smpmbümü, dmnmüqntpjmü ümu^ü q^sh^pühp^ hmpusmgümü ü ü2mlntjpühp^ ü^gü m/hi^ fanpp ^n^püpnüümü ü hmpqmüp^

Rosenstein, C., "How Cultural Heritage Organizations Serve Communities: Priorities, Strengths and Challenges". The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C. , 2006 p.1.

30 Barber, B. R., Managing Europe's Cultural Heritage: A Democratic Perspective. In Visies op erfgoed in Vlaanderen en Europa. Visions of Heritage in Flanders and Europe. Optiques de gestions du patrimoine en Flandre et en Europe, edited by Joris Capenberghs, Jan Cools, and Patrick De Rynck, Culturele Biografie Vlaanderen vzw, Antwerpen, 2003. pp. 80-84.

31 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization, International Council on Monuments and Sites

International Committee on Risk Preparedness, United Nations

Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Heritage and Resilience:

issues and opportunities for reducing disaster risks. Fourth Session of the Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction

(Geneva, 18- 23 May 2013).

32 U2mlrn_jpp hmumpmlntpjmü lmü hmumpmlmlmü ]uüp^ hnqUnp, üjntpmlmü, üsm/np U qqmgüntüpmj^ü mnmüàümhmmlnLpJnLÜühp^ hmüm]ntüp t ü püqqplntü t mp/hum^ nt qpmlmüntpjmü, lhügmq^, ü^mu^ü m^ph-Lnt ntq^ühp^, hümpm/npnLpJnLÜühp^, mpdhpmj^ü hm-ümlmpqhp^, m/müqntjpühp^ nt hm/msmi^pühp^ mü-pnqgntpjntüp ü mjü dmnmüq/mb t mügjmi uhpntüqühp^g, ü ^mh^mü/ntü t ühplm ü mqmqm uhpntüqühp^ hmümp (Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity adopted by the United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2002).

33 UNESCO World Commission on Culture and Development, UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO (31st Session), Paris, 15 Oct.-3 Nov,2001.

^pmüfmü hmfmp: ¿mü^ümdnqnlp mjq «qmp-mmlnpnLpjntüühpp» hmü^ühg ümU UU^-/ Imfmlnpühp/ü (UNV) U mnmgmp^hg püqjmj-ühj_ /phüg 2p2müm^px ühpmnhjnl f?m4nL-pmj/ü dmnmüqntpjni.üp:34 2001 p.-/ mqp/i/ 5-7-p ^npmnpnqnif mhq/ ntühgml «tfmnmüqnt-pjmü» hmfmp qmmmu^mhmmni üm^mpmp-ühp/ h/üqhpnpq hlpnqm^mü ^nü^hpmüup35, npp hmjmmpmpnLpjntü püqntühg f?m4nLpm-j/ü dmnmüqntpjmü ninpmnif Imfmlnpmlmü ImqJmlhpqnLpjntüühp/ lmf f/mlnpnLfühp/ qhp/ fmu/ü (^npmnpnqjmü hn^m^mq/p 2001): Uju hn^m^mq/pp pmümjp qmpàml hmgnpq" 2005 p. hnlshfphp/ 27-/ü f^mlnLpmj/ü dm-nmüqntpjmü mpdhp/ fmu/ü 2p2mümlmj/ü Inü^hüg/mj/ (mjuqhu ^n^mb $mpnj/ lnü-ihüg/m) püqntüfmü hmfmp: $mpnj/ lnü-ihüg/mü ünp üh^ümpmünLpjntü rn^hg «f?m-Intpmj/ü dmnmüqntpjntü» pmqmqp/^/ü mjü lhpm&Umlhpqhpl npqhu «dmnmüqntpjmü hmfmjüp»: ^nhilbhgjimh «dmnmhqnipjmh hm-fmjhpp» umhfmhnif t npiqhu mbgjmjpg dm-nmüqlmb bjnipmljmh U nt üjmpml/mb nh-unipuhtpji mifpnrgnLpjnLb, npp npn£nLf t rfmpqlmbg pbpbnLpjnibp uhipmlmbnipjnLbJig mblmju, npiqhu mbpbijhmm qmpqmgnq mp-dhpbhpji, hmfaqfmbpbhpp, q/iinhipptäpp U mlmbIJnLJpbhpp mpinmgn[nif U mpiamhmj-rnntf: Ujü mpinmhmjinnif t mjü ulqpnüpp, np nqmhtqmtoiLfp pbpbmblqmwml t, mji bmnm-jrnf t mühminmlmü U hhlinpl pmpopnip-jmüp: Ujü ühpmnntf t 2pgm^m f/gmlmjp/ pnjnp muqhlsühpp, npnüp mnmgmüntf hü dmfmüml/ U dnqn^pq/ ^n^mqqhgntpjmü mpqjnLüpnif: dmnmüqntpjmü hmfmjüpp pmq-Imgmb t mjü fmpqlmüg/g, n^php qümhm-mntf hü f2m4ntpmj/ü dmnmüqntpjmü Inü^-phs muqhlsühpp, U hmumpm^m^mü qnpbn-qntpjmü f/gngnl qmhqmüntf U ^n^müghpi. mqmqm uhpntüqühp/ü:36 ^nü^hüg/mü ümU ^müm^ntf t f^mlntpmj/ü dmnmüqntpjmü ülmsfmfp mühmmm^mü U In^h^m/l qm-

34 UNESCO, Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage, World Heritage Committee, Twentieth session,Merida, Yucatan, Mexico,2-7 December 1996, p. 14.

35 Fifth European Conference of Ministers responsible for the Cultural Heritage, Portoroz", Slovenia, 6-7 April 2001.

36 Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society, Article 2,Council of Europe Treaty Series - No. 199, Faro, 27.10.2005, https://rm.coe.int/1680083746 (28.03.2019).

mmu^mUmm^nLpjntUp U pUqq&ntJ, np U?m-^ntpmj^U dmnmUqntpjmU ^mh^mUntJU nt qpm ^mjntU oqmmqnp&ntJp Jmpq^mj^U qmp-qmgJmU U ^jmUp^ npm^p pmpàpmgUnq qnp-fcnUUhp hU: ^nU^hUg^mU 2h2sntJ t UmU U?m-^ntpmj^U dmnmUqntpjmU qhpp dnqn^pqm^m-pm^mU hmumpm^ntpjmU ^mnntgJmU qnp&ntJ U U2ntJ, np jntpmpmUyntpp, tf^mjUm^ ^mJ ^n^h^m^^, qmpsm^np t hmpqh]_ mj^ng ^2m-^ntpmj^U dmnmUqntpjntUp, nppmU ^phUg uh-^m^mU dmnmUqntpjntUp:

2003 p.-^ hn^rnhJphp^U pU-qntU^mfc «n^ Ujntpm^mU J2m4ntpmj^U dm-nmUqntpjmU ^mh^mUJmU Jmu^U ^nU^hU-g^mU» Uu ^mpUnpntJ t Ujntpm^mU U^m^nt-pmj^U dmnmUqntpjmU «mpmmqpntpjmU», ^mh^mUJmU, ^m2s^mUJmU U qhqmq^mm-^mU U2mUm^ntpjmU hmJmp hmJmjUpUhp^ ntUbgmb ^nmhUg^mip37: 2005 p.-^U pUqntU^mb «U2m^ntpmj^U mpmmhmjmnLpjnLUUhp^ pmq-JmqmUntpjmU ^mh^mUJmU U ^pmUJmU Jm-u^U ^nU^hUg^mU» Uu ^hpmphpntJ t pmqmpm-g^m^mU hmumpm^nLpjmU ^mpUnpntpjmUp J2m^ntpmj^U pmqJmqmUntpjmU ^pmUJmU U ^mh^mUJmU qnpbntJ: Uju JmmhnqnLpjntUp ^hpmhmummm^h^ U ^mpUnp^h^ hU UmU 2006 p. «n^ Ujntpm^mU J2m4ntpmj^U dmnmUqntp-jmU ^mh^mUJmU hmJmjUpUhp^ Uhpqpm^JmU ^hpmphpjm^ ^npA.mqhmUhp^ hmUq^^JmU dm-JmUm^»38: Pmg^ mjq, 3nhLbU^O-^ qnpkntUh-ntpjmU odmUqm^JmU 2001-2006 p^m^^mUUh-pfr qi^m^np ^nU^hpmUu^U 2h2smqp^hg UmU n^ ^hmm^mU uh^mnp^ U pmqmpmg^m^mU Um^mA-hnUnLpjntUUhp^ m^m^^ntpjmU ^mpUn-pntpjntUp39: mpqhU 2008 p.-^U

3nhLbU^O-j^ J^gmqqmj^U ^mqJm^hp^ntp-jntUUhp^ hhs hmJmqnpbm^gntpjmU pmd^Up n^ ^hmm^mU ^mqJm^hp^ntpjntUUhp^U U pm-qmpmg^m^mU J^m^npntUUbp^U 3n^"bbU^n-^mpUnp qnp&pU^hpUhp hmJmphg ^hpg^U^u

37 UNESCO, Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2003, http://www.unesco. org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00006 (28.03.2019).

38 Expert Meeting on community involvement in safeguarding intangible cultural heritage: towards the implementation of the 2003 convention, 13-15 March 2006, Tokyo, Japan REPORT, Published by Intangible Heritage Section Division of Cultural Heritage, Sector for Culture UNESCO, Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU), 2006, pp. 6-15.

39 UNESCO, Sexennial Report of the Executive Board to the

General Conference on the Contribution made to UNESCO's activities by NonGovernmental Organisations (2001-2006), 176 EX/46, Paris, 9 March 2007.

bpmqphp^ U h^üüm^mü qnpbmnnLjpühp^ ^pm-^mümgümü qnpbmü: Uju^unl, pmqmpm-g^m^mU hmumpmlnLpjnLüp' Uhpmnjmü ü2m-^nLpmj^ü dmnmüqnLpjmü qmhqmünLpjmü pmqmpmg^m^mü üm]m^hnünLpjnLüühpp, qnpb^p qwpAwü ü2mUnLpmjhü dmnmüqnLp-jmü ]pmüümü, qmhqmüümü, U ünLpjmü hmümp:

Zmjmumüji pmqmpmgjimljmü mJjsJiilpq-üp 1980-f90-wl]wü p-HüühpJiü: U^m^nLpm-j^ü dmnmüqnLpjmü ^mh^mümpjmüü nLq-qlmb ßL-ühp^ mnmgmgümü h^üphp^ nLunLü-ümu^pmpjmü hmümp mühpmdh2s hüp hmüm-pnLü püümpjmü mnühL mjü hmumpm^mlmü U pmqmpm^mlmü ^pml^m^p, np^ mpqjnLü-pmü ^mü ^ü^ qhü ^mjpmpmü üpmüp A.Um-inplhg^ü: Lpmüg mnmgmgmüp uhpsnphü ^m^lmb t ]nphpqmj^ü, mjünLhhsU hhs]np-hpqmj^ü Zmjmusmümü mn^m ü^ 2mpp ü2m-Impmj^ü U pmqmpm^mü ]üq^pühp^ hhs: ßL-ühp^ üm]mh^üphpp mnmgmgmü qhnUu 1980-m^mü plm^müühp^ü U smpphp ^n^n-]nLpjnLüühp^ hüpmpUhg^ü hmgnpq smp^-ühp^ püpmgpmü: Ujq püpmgpp pmdmülmü t ü^ pmü^ ^nqhp^.

S 1987-1991pp.-püm^mh^müm^mü pmqmpmg^m^mü m^s^l^qü^ ¿.UmlnpnL-üp frnphpqmj^ü Zmjmusmümü,

^ 1991-2007pp.-Zhs]nphpqmj^ü Zm-jmusmü^ hmumpm^mlmü Imqüm^hp-^nLpjnLüühp^ pnLnü pmqmpmg^m-

^mü hmumpmlnLpjmü mphhusm^mü «ushqbümü» ^mü «uümgümü» dmümüm-km2pgmü,

^ 2007-2018pp.-n^ ^npümL ßL-ühp^ mnmgmgümü U ^üpünpn2lmb pmqmpm-g^m^mü ^üpümq^smlgnLpjmüp «^pm-^mü» pmqmpmg^m^mü hmumpmlmp-jmü40 bünLüqp Zmjmusmümü: 1980-m^müühp^ü frUZU-mü hmjsmpmp-ihg «qLmuünus» U «lhpm^n]ümü» pmqmpm-Imümpjmü, npp ünp hümpmlnpnLpjnLüühp ushqbhg $npümL ü^mlnpmüühp^ ¿.Umlnpümü hmümp mls^lmgühLnl ^hsm^mü ihpm-hulnqmpjmü^g qnLpu qsü^nq Imqüm^hp-^mpjmüühp^ qnjnLpjnLüp: Uju ^n^n]mp-jmüühp^ mnmlhLmpjmüühp^g oqslhg^ü ümU

40 Abrahamian, L., Hm. "Civil Society Born in the Square: The Karabagh Movement in Perspective." In The Making of NagornoKarabagh, Springer. 2001. Pp.116-134.

Zmjmusmümü: U^uhg^ü hmjsülhL mnmg^ü n^ ^hsm^mü Imqümlhp^mpjmüühpp, npnüp ^n^lhg^ü hmumpm^mlmü41: 1980-m^müühp^ ^hu^ü frnphpqmj^ü Zmjmusmümü u^uhg ^ hmjs qmL püm^mh^müm^mü m^s^l^qüp42, npp fr2]nq imp^m^mpq^ üns q^ümqpmpjmü ¿hmüq^hg: Hhpg^ü^u qms^mnü pus LUnü Uppmhmüjmü^ mjü tp, np ]nphpqmj^ü ünLpjnLüühpp ¿t^ü ^mpbmü, ph püm^mh^m-üm^mü 2mpdnLüühpp ^mpnq hü ühb u^mnüm-L^p ühplmjmgühL fy?]nq imp^m^mpq^ hmümp43: Pmjg ^hsp t ^mushL, np püm^mh^m-üm^mü 2mpdnLüühpp Zmjmusmümü hhsm-^üqmü t^ü pmqmpm^müm^hu mlh^ qqm-jnLü ü^msm^ühp mjq plmü ^nümü^usm-^mü Imumlgmpjmü IhpmhulnqnLpjmü pnL-LmgnLüp, Lmjü mqqmj^ü ^pmlmüpühp^, pmqm-pm^mü pmph^n]nLüühp^ U mülm]nLpjmü hmuühLp: UpqjnLüpnLü m^s^l^qüp ^n]m-^hp^lhg ü^ 2mpdümü, npü ^ ^hpgn mülm]m-pjmü ^n^hp tp münLü44:

¿mjmurnmü^ pmqmpmg^m^mü m^rn^l^q-üp 1991-2007 plm^müühp^ü: bpp 1991p. Zm-jmusmüü mü^m]mgml, püm^mh^müm^mü üsmhnqnLpjnLüühpp hhs^ü ^Lmü üq^hg^ü mjü^u^ hpmsmq hmpghp^ hmühüms, ^ü^-^u^p t^ü 1988p. U^^sm^^ m^hp^^ hp^pm-2mpd^ hhsUmüpühp^ü mpA.mqmüphLp (45.000 ümpq^mj^ü ^jmüp^ ^nprnus U 500.000 müo-pUmü), Uqhpphgmü^ hhs ^mshpmqü^ U 2p2m^m^ümü mqqhgmpjmü hmqpmhmpmüp, Lhnümj^ü ^mpmpmq^ q^ü^mb hmlmümpsm-pjmü U ünpmü^m] Zmjmusmü^ Zmüpm^h-snLpjmü süshunLpjmü mü^ümü ]üq^pühpp, m^nq mqpmsnLpjnLüp, ^m^usm^müühp^

41 UpUUm.mpm.J ^pmhp h^JhmlmhnLJ Inj^nL^ th Imnm^mpmlmh lmqJmltp^nLp]nLhhtp> NGO-htp (nongovernmental organisation), npp hmjtpth pmpqJmh^tL t hmumpmlmlmh ImqJmltp^nLpjnLh U htmmqn-mnqhtp^ ^mpb^pn^ m]^ tqpp IpntJ t ¿mjmummh^ ^nphp^mj^h mhgjm^^ ptnp U hnLjhmg^nLJ t mjq mmp^-htp^h hmumpmlm^mh h^Jnthphtpn^ qnp&nq ^mqJm-Itp^nLpjnLhhtp^ U ImnnLjghtp^ htm;

42 1986p. Jmpm^g U^hjU 1988p. ^tmp^mpp mtq^ nLht-gmh 2mpp gnLjgtp bpUmhnL^ qmh^nq «bm^p^m» p^J^m^mh qnpbmpmh^ U ^nLpp^mj^ umhJmh^h Jnm qmh^nq «UtbmJnp^ mmnJmlmjmh^» qtJ:

43 Abrahamian, L., Armenian Identity in a Changing World Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2006, p. 253.

44 Henry, L. A., Two Paths to a Greener Future:

Environmentalism and Civil Society Development in Russia.

Demokratizatsiya , Spring 10, 2002, pp. 184-206 (p. 186).

Uhphnupp U шдЬ: bl фшишпрЬи, Unp Л-Ьш-^пр^шЬ ¿Ч-Uhpfe дпрЬпъиЬп!р]ши и^рЬшЦшЬ ^шрЦшЬ ^рш^шрЛпър-jniUUhp^U шрЛшдшкрЬ^и m. ^шр^ши^ршЦшк oqU^p^U дпъдшрЬрпъ^и tp45: 4hpgfeUUhpu hfejUшlшUnLj ЦЬишрпЬшдши п^ ph ршцшрш-д^шЦшк дшпшЬдпър^ши

щшhщшUjшU, шд hnLjшUfemшp ^UqfepUhpfe 1рш: Ршд^ цш, 1990-шЦшииЬр^ u^qp^U ¿ш-pUшцшhцшUшЦшU ЦшqJшЦhpцnL-pjntUUhpfe hhq^^^nLpjntUU рЬЦш^ hшuшpш-Intp^U ш^р^и U bUhg шUlumшhnLpjшU JpUn-^прш: U^m^^umUhp^U ш]^ дш^шкшЦ Лцш-qpntj tfeU 2р^шЦш ^ЬршрЬрпц

jmшhnqnLpjnLUUhpр шUшhuшЦшU qшpqшgnL-jfeg lhp ^шиЬ^пъ hшjшp46: UMjmJumpjiub uimupjiii ifbljnLljbii inmubmdjmljp (1991--2007pp.) pbpmgpnij Zmjmuinmbnvd 2шгп Ppï mljwJiilnLpjnLb t blpmnlbi j2mknLpwjph U pUmlimU dшnшbqmLpJшb щшhщшbnLpjшb pbшqшlшmLj pulj pшqшpшgpшl¡шU qnpbpb-pшgbhpр рbqhшbpшщhu hbtnpb щ[шЬ tfeb jqilnb:

Рш]д, hhUg ш]^ UnLjU dшjшUшlш2P2шUnLj ¿ш]шuшшUnLj шпш^ h^U 2шpdnLjUhp, npnUg Uцшшшlр ungfeшфumшlшU ^шр^ш-^pqhpfe фLnLqnLj^g hhsn 2nLlшJшlшU шUшhunLp]шUр U dnqnlpqшlшpnLp]шUU ш^ш^^Ь tp: Uju шЛЬ^ pfelntUpntj lшUqUшЬ tfeU ШР^^ШЬ qnUnpUhpр, n^php dnqnlpqшlшpnLp]шU tfeU gшUlшUnLj hшuUhL pшqшpшgfeшlшU hшuшpшlnLpjшU «Цшптд-jfegngnl47: 4hpgfeUu ш]и щшpшqшJnLj ц^тшрЦпШ tp U np^hu Jfegng, U np^hu Uцшшшl: £шqшpшgfeшlшU hшuшpшlnLpjшU ^mig^U «^рЬ^рр» ^ШРЛШЬ ¿Ч-Uhpр, feU-¿nl tL цш]jшUшlnplhg UpшUg pntnU ш^р48:

45 Paturyan Y. , The Armenian third sector twenty years after the post-soviet transition: continuity or change?

American University of Armenia, Yerevan6 2014, p.26.

46 PUm^mh^mUUhpp hm2^ ¿t^U mnUntJ qnp&mqp^ntp-jntUp «Lm^p^m» p^J^m^mU qnp&mpmUp U «Uh&mJnp^ mmnJm^mjmUp» ^m^hp11- hhmUmUpn^:

47 Sampson, S., Beyond Transition: Rethinking Elite Configurations in the Balkans' in C Hann (ed), Postsocialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia. London: Routledge. 2002.

48 Op^Um^ 1994 p^m^mU^U ZmjmummU^ mpqmpmqm-mntpjmU Um^mpmpnLpjnLUntJ qpmUg^mb tp J^mjU 44 hmumpm^m^mU ^mqJm^hp^nLpjni.U: bp^rn. mmp^ mUg 1996p. qpmUg^mb ¿^-Uhp^ p^^B 1500-^g m^h^h tp 2Unp-h^^ ommphp^pjm qpmJm2UnphUhp^ m<£nq Umm^hL^ntp-

фLnLqjшjp фшuшnphU, ¿Ч-Uhpр ^шрЛшЬ ш]Ь 2шш Unp fepnqnLpjntUUhpfeg, npnUf dnqnlpqшlшpшgnLjU nL «шрШшшЦш-UшgnLjр» phphgfeU ¿ш]шuшшU U UщшumhgfeU hppnpq uh^mnpfe шphhuшшlшU «ush^bH ЬР»: Ufe2шqqшфU ¿Ч-Uhpр u^uhg^U Ш2^шшhL ¿ш]шuшшUnLj U ^ШРЛШЬ «ОР^ЬШЦ» lшqjш-Ihp^ntpjntUUhp49: ^РШЬР ¿ш]шuшшUnLj fephUg ulqpUшlnpjшU шпш^^Ь фnLLnLj umhq&lhg^U РШЦШРШЦШЬ ungfeшLшlшU Inqjfeg50: bu^ jjntu jшuU tL ЛЪш-Inplhg рUшшUhlшU, шqqшlgшlшU U црш-gfeшlшU u^qpntUpUhpnl, цhшшlшU

цш2шnU]шUhpfe U РШЦШРШЦШЬ lnLuшlgnLp-jntUUhpfe шUjф2шlшU hnlшUшlnpnLp]шjp U npUt ¿t^U UцшuшnLj hшUpnLp]шU Цш-pfepUhpfe lhphшUjшUр51: ЧшqjшlhpцnLp]nLU-Uhpfeg 2шшhpр jhЬшцhu Цш^шЬ tfeU hfej-Ьш^^р «ntdhq шnш2Unpqfeg», nl ^feurn U шUЛUшlnpnLp]nLU tp U

UшU фfeUшUuшlшU hшpghpfe цшpшqLnL^р52: bl hph ШПШ^ЬПР^Р qntpu qшp,

шщш lшqjшlhpцnLp]nLUр ФшЦпъ1

tp53: ¿Ч-Uhpр ntUh^U фfeUшUuшlшU lш]nLUnL-^u^bh^ jшlшpqшlUhp U ЛUшlnp-1шЬ ¿tfeU fephUg hшjш]UpUhpfe ^ршЦшЬ ^рЬ-qfepUhpfe 1рш54: ФшuшnphU, 1990-шlшUUhpfeU qnUnpUhpр u^uhg^U шlшfelnphU Ш2шlghL pшqшpшgfeшlшU hшuшpшlnLp]шU ш1рш-цUqjшUрч шnш2UnpqlhLnl ш]Ь hшjnqjшjp, np pшqшpшgfeшlшU hшuшpшlnLp]шU U dnqn-

]шЬ, ^иЦ 2010р. шрцЬЬ Цшр ршЬ 3300

qpшhд4шЬ ¿4;

49 Blue, R. N., Payton, D. E. and Kharatyan, L.Z., Armenia NGO Sector Assessment. NGO Strengthening Program. Yerevan: World Learning, Armenia. 2001.

50 Dudwick, N., "The Mirage of Democracy: A Study of Post-Communist Transitions in Armenia (Project on Democratization and Political Participation in Post-Communist Societies", United States Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 1995.

51 Погосян Г. А., " Современное Армянское общество: Особенности трансформации", M., 2005, с. 223.

52 Danielyan, E., "Armenia. In Nations in Transit: Civil Society, Democracy and Market in East Central Europe and Newly Independent States, edited by Adrian Karatnycky, Alexander Motyl, and Amanda Schnetzer",New York: Freedom House. 2001.

53 Blue, R.N., and Ghazaryan, Y. G.,"Armenia NGO Sector Assessment: A Comparative Study. NGO Strengthening Program", Yerevan, Armenia: World Learning for International Development. 2004.

54 Greenberg, J., There's Nothing Anyone Can Do About It:

Participation, Apathy and 'Successful' Democratic Transition in

Postsocialist Serbia. Slavic Review, VL 69, 2010, pp. 41-64.

IpqmlmpnLpjmü lm^p püm^mü t U mü]ni-um^h^55: Uju mühü^ü hmuühLnL hmuühLnL hmümp ühb bm^m^ ^^ümüum^mü U ümpq-lmj^ü nhunLpuühp ühpqplhg^ü56: Z^-ühpp un-inpmpmp lhüspnümgmb t^ü lnülphs opm-lmpq^ ipm: Lpmüp phpmqümhmsnLü t^ü ^niüqmühüsmL ]üq^pühp^ pmpÄ.pmÄ.mjüümü lmpUnpnipjniüp U 2h2smqpnLü lmsmpniü ^ü^-np Inü^phs ]üq^pühp^ ipm: Uju shumü-ljniü^g U. ^]müjmüp ^üqniü t, np phU Z^-ühp^ ^üus^snLg^nümL qmpqmgniüp shum-üh^ tp ZmjmusmünLü, mjünimühümjü^l hp-pnpq uh^snp^ qmpqmgmüp ¿^ lmph^ püni-pmqphL npqhu hmgnqml57: UjuiqJiiiml, ¿ümjmb taüllmJunLpjnLüpg hhsn «uürnglllub» hmpjni-pmllnp Z^-ühpp, üpmüg IjmpinrinLpjnLüp iqm-nujuwühirn hmüpmpjmü lwpppühppü U phijhmüpmvqhu üpmüg lmjnLümpjmüp hmp-gmljmüji smlj tp:58 Oümjmb pmlplgpllmü

55 Howell, J., and Pearce, J., " Civil Society and Development. A Critical Interrogation. Boulder", CO: Lynne

Rienner, 2002, p. 51.

56 Cms ümmbmqühp 2h2mmqphg^ü pmqmpmg^mlmü hm-umpmlnipjmü U dnqnlpqmlmpnLpjmü münip lm^p, ^ü^^u^p t^ü Uphüqpp (Arendt, H., "The Human Condition", Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1958) U Sphqhpp ( Fraser, N., "Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy", 1990, Social Text, no. 25/26, 1990, pp. 56-80), nlfhp lmpbniü hü, np ßZ-p müpm^üqnq lhüumlmü qhp mü^ dnqnlpqmlmpnLpjmü qnpbmü, ühlümpmühinl lhp-g^üu np^hu ü^ s^p^jp, npp umhqblmlü t ßZ-ü lnqü^g U ü^günpq t ^hrnmlmü U ümuümlnp hmümlmpqhp^ ü^gU: Fu^ hpp pmqmpmg^mlmü hmumpmlmlpJmlüp qmpqmgniü tp hmsml} mühp^ljmü lmü mpUüsjmü oqünipjmüp, hmümplniü tp «dmqmlpqmlmpmlpJmü oq-ünipjmü ^üq^usp^m» (Rueschemeyer, D., Stephens, E., and Stephens, J., (eds), "Capitalist Devleopment and Democracy", 1992, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 6) l mü lhpg^ü^u «n l n p s» (Encarnacion, O., "Beyond Civil Society: Promoting Democracy after September 11", Orbis 47(4): 2003, pp. 705-720. ( p. 709)):

57 Ishkanian, A., "Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia". London and New York: Routledge. 2008.

58 ßmqmpmg^mlmü hmumpmlnipjmü CIVICUS ^üqhpup qümhmrnhi t Zmjmurnmü^ pmqmpmg^mlmü hmumpm-l^pj^üp" np^hu «¿m^m^np qmpqmgmb» Imqümlhp^-lmbnipjmü hmühümsmpmp nidhq ümlmpqmlnl, um-lmjü hmumpmlnipjmü lpm niühgmb pniji mqqhgnip-jmüp U gmbp pmqmpmg^mlmü ühpqpmlümüp (Hakobyan, L., Tadevosyan M., Sardar A. and Stepanyan A., Armenian Civil Society: From Transition to Consolidation. Analytical Country Report. CIVICUS Civil Society Index. Yerevan, Armenia: Counterpart International. 2010, http://program.c ounterpart.org/Armenia/?page_id=48 (28.03.2019)), ^n^-

nhunipuühp^ hhmmqmmmlpJmü ^üum^mmlmp üghj t, np 2ms pnLji t ümU hmumpmlnipjmü lummhmlpJmlüp

hmumpmlpiLpjmü (ßZ) pUunpnnLnpnUml qmpqmgümüp U dnrnllpI¡mllmplnLpJmU «l]m-nnLgümü» dq^Lhlpißü, ümpqljmjpü U $pümü-umlpnü nhuiiLpuühpJi qqmip ühpipnimüp mpUüsjmü qnünpühppgg9, ppmljmü dnrmlpll¡m-

llmppnLpjnLüü il pmqmpmgUü hmumpm-lnLpjmüp 19991-2007 pllmlltaüühppü Zmjmu-smünLü¿büllhg, U 2ms ümuümqhsühp ^hgpü Umlhsmllmü lmnmllmpümü hmümljmpqp ¿luJunrfluU ütauJitW": Z^-ühpp ^mljnLjpp pü-Hg nptqhu qbfnlplmnpmJp mpihhusmljmü unhr¿mf mji n± ph pturluplugptuliluU hmum-pmlnLpjmü Jipwl]wü qmpqmgniü:

U2ml!Lpmj^ü dwnwUqm.pjwU ^mh^m-UlLpjmUU lLrrlmb ünp pmrmpmд^mlmU ü2m-lnLp ¿.UIIIPILÜP ZmjmunmUlLÜ 2008-2018 plmlmUUbp^U: 21-pq qmp^ u^qp^ü Z^-ühpp u^uhg^ü ^phüg ni2mqpnipjniüp shqm^n]hL ümpqmu^pmlmü oqünipjniü^g qh^^ hmum-pmlmlmü U hmümjüpmj^ü ]üq^pühp^ü: Hh phU lhpg^üühpu 2mpniümlniü t^ü üümi pm-qmpmg^mlmü hmumpmlnipjmü lmpUnpm-qnijü pmqmqp^ühp^g ühlp, mjünimühümjü^l, üpmüp ü^m^p ¿t^ü lmnmlmpnipjniü, süsh-unipjniü U ümuümlnp uh^snp hmümlmp-qniü61: Zmjmusmü^ pmqmpmg^mlmü hmum-pmlnipjniüp n^ ü^mjü Z^-ühpü t^ü, mjj ümU ünp qmpqmgniüühp^g mnmgmgmb ßtr-ühpp: Umlnipmj^ü dmnmüqnipjmü ^mh^münip-jmüü niqqlmb ßL-niü62 ühpqpmllmb m^s^-l^usühpp, h^mupm^lmb L^ühinl lniuml-gm^mü, pmqmpmlmü U ung^mimlmü mümp-qmpnipjniü^g, mjü^hu tj ^npümi Z^-ühp^ ^pmlmlmnnignqmlmü ünqhi^g, ühplmjmg-üniü hü pmqmpmg^mlmü hmumpmlnipjmü U pmqmpmg^mlmü mls^lnipjmü ünp ünqhi63:

(Caucasus research resource center. Caucasus Barometer.

Yerevan: CRRC, 2010):

59 Carothers, T., " Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve", Washington, DC, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1999.

60 Mandel, R., Introduction: Transition to Where? Developing Post-Soviet Space.. Slavic Review, 71, 2012, pp.223-233.

61 Linz, J. and Stepan, A., "Toward Consolidated Democracies." In Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives, edited by Larry Diamond, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1997, pp. 14- 33.

62 ^nj^mh^ gp^tdfr, UJnqump^, ^-mnh^ hhpmhnum^mh rnmimp^, Um2mng^ ^nLpm^^, ^mpmhnthg^ qm2m^m-hnLpjmh pmqmpmg^m^mh hm^m^hnhnLpjnLhhhp:

63 Ishkanian, A.,. "Self-Determined Citizens? New Forms of

Civic Activism and Citizenship in Armenia." Europe Asia Studies 67 (8), 2015, pp.1203-1227.

Lhplmj/u hmjmusmüjmü pmqmpmg/mlmü hmumpm^nLpjmü hp^nt hms^mbühp/ h/ü ^npfmjp U ünp n^-^npfmi/ f/gU mn^m t f/mpdmfmüml hmJmqnpbmlgnLpjnLü U l_mp-lmbnLpjnLü: «Lnp hppnpq qmu/» 2mpdntfüh-pp ßL-ühppp, gntjg hü smj/u hmfhfmsmpmp m^m/l Impnqntpjntü hmfmjüp/ hhs Imqhp hmummmh^nt U /pm^mü pmqmpmg/mlmü fmuümlgntpjntü gntjg mm^nt qnpbnLf: Uju /fmusnl smpphp t ümU «h/ü U ünp» hppnpq uh^snp/ qnpbnqnLpjnLüühp/ f/gU qnjntpjntü ntühgnq ulqpmüpühpp, /ü^q/u/p hü dmfm-üm^ml/g lmq/ qnpb/pühpp, Imqfm^hpq-¿m^mü Imnntglm&pp U qpmfmhmlmp/ f/-gngühpp:64

SUm^nplh^nl 2007 p.-/ü 11 smplm pü-pmgpntf üpmüp qpmügh^ hü f/ 2mpp hmqpm-üm^ühp Imnm^mpm^mü müpmphüqmus npn-2ntfühp/ qhf hmumpm^nLpjmü fmmhnqntp-jntüühpp pmpÄ.pmgühinL ^mümqmphn^: Lpmüp qmpÄmü pmqmpmg/mlmü hmumpm-Intpjmü /pm^mü 2mpd/t ntdp U püqqplhg/ü f/ 2mpp n^npmühp. fmpqlmüg /pmlntüpühp/ qm2sqmünLpjmü, IppnLpjmü U m2^mmmü-pmj/ü, hmfmjp/ qmpqmgfmü, 2pgm^m f/gm-imjp/ qmhqmünLpjmü, püm^mü U f^mlm-pmj/ü dmnmüqnLpjmü qmhqmünLpjmü ntq-qlmb ^üq/pühp: Lhplmjntfu üpmüp Zmjmu-smü/ pmqmpmg/mlmü hmumpmlnLpjmü lm-pUnp, nt2mqpntpjmü ^/um mpdmü/ njnps hü hmfmplntf:

2010 plm^mü/g / lhp ßL-/ m^p U bm^m-Lntfp qmpsm^mü t f/ pmü/ qnpbnü/.

Unmg/ü qnpbnüp ^mq^mb tp f^mlnLpm-j/ü dmnmüqntpjmü qhsm^mü qmhqmünLp-jmü pmqmpmlmüntpjmü/g hpmdmpfmü U ßL-ühp/ fmuüml/gühp/ mmp/pm-j/ü mnmüdüm-hmtnlm]дJnLbhpp hhia: Uü^m^mgmb Zmjmu-smüp u^umb 1991 p^m^mü/g, npqhqphg frnp-hpqmj/ü f/ntpjmü lmpmb f^mlnLpmj/ü pm-qmpmlmüntpjntüp U hmj dnqnlpq/ f^mlm-pmj/ü dmnmüqntpjmü qmhqmünLpjmü f/ml hpm2^m^npp 2mpnLümlhg füm^ Zmjmusmü/ hppnpq ZmüpmqhsnLpjnLüp: Cpgm^m f/gm-imjp/, qmmfntpjmü nL f^mlnLjp/ hnL2mp-A.müühp/ U f2m4ntpmj/ü mj]_ mpdhpühp/

64 Paturyan, Y., Gevorgyan, V., "The Armenian third sector twenty years after the post-soviet transition: continuity or change?",American University of Armenia, Assistant Director of Turpanjian Center for Policy Analysis, 2005, pp.1-20.

qmhqmünLpjntüp ZZ Umhfmümqpntpjntüp hn^m^hg npqhu qhsnLpjmü qmpsmlnpnLp-jntü65. «tlmwifnLp-jmü U f mlnLjp/ hn^mpAmü-ühpp, ii2mlnLpmj/ü mj[ mpdhpühpp qinüi[nLf hü qhmnLpjmü hnqmbnLpjmü hL qm2sqmünL-pjmü ühppn»: UmhJmümqpmlmü mju ünpf/g p^ntf hü ümU pümqm^mn/ü ihpmphpnq Jjntu pn^np ophüpühpü nL /pm^m^mü m^mhpp U IpntJ ihpg/ü/u mqqhgntpjntüp: ^hmm^mü L/mqnplmb JmpJ/üp U2mlnLjp/ üm^mpm-pntpjntüü t npp hmJmA.mjü Imnmlmpntpjmü Inqf/g hmummm^mb lmünümqpntpjmüx 66, üqmsml ntü/. «J2mlnLpmj/ü dmnmüqntpjmü ushqbfmüp, qmhqmünLpjmüp, qm2sqmünL-pjmüp, nLunLJümu/pnLpjmüp, oqmmqnpbJm-üp, hmüpmhn^mlfmüü nL bmnmjnLpjnLüühp/ JmmnLgJmüp ü^mumh^»: Ujü /p mngU qp^mb ^üq/pühp/ /pmlmümgfmü hmfmpx f^mlniU t Zmjmusmü/ ZmüpmqhsnLpjmü qmsfm-f^mlnLpmj/ü dmnmüqnLpjmü hm2lmnfmü, qmhqmünLpjmü, oqsmqnpbfmü nL hmfm^p-fmü uljqpnLüpühpp, Imünüühpp, ¿m^mü^üh-pp (ünpfmm/lühp) hL ¿m^npn2/^ühpp: qhu ümU, pus 5-pq lhs/ hmummmnif t hnL-2mpA.müühp/ qmhqmümlmü qns/ühp/ üm-^mqbhpp U umhJmünLf qpmüg qmhqmünL-pjmü nhd/fp: shuünLf hüp, ZZ f2m-

InLjp/ üm^mpmpnLpjnLüp f2mlnLjp/ qmh-qmünLpjmü pnjnp qnpbmnnLjpühpp IhpgünLf t /p ipm U hmumpmlnLpjnLüp ¿nLü/ ophüuqpm-lmü hpm2^/pühp qmhqmünLpjmü bpmqph-p/ü qnpbüm^mü fmuümlgnLpjmü hmfmp:

Pmjg ulumb 2010 p^m^mü/g, ünp uhpüq/ mnlmjnLpjnLüp, ünp fsmbnqnLpjnLüp dmnmüqnLpjmü hmumpm^m^mü qmhqmünLpjmü IhpmphpjmL mj^Uu pnL^j ¿t/ü smi/u hmumpm-InLpjmüp i/üh^ qmu/l q/snpq/ qhpnLf:

65 ZZ ümhJmümqpnrpjmü 11-pq hnqlmb. «^mmJnrpjmü U J2mlnLjp/ hrn.2mp&müübpp, f2mlnLpmj/ü mjL mpdtp-ütpp qmülnif tü qtmnrpmjü hnqmbnrpjmü U qm2sqm-ünrpjmü übppn»: (CüqmülbL t 1995p. hmi/u/ 5-^ ZZ hmüpmplbnl, ^n^nJunLpjnLüühpp" 2005p. ünjbJpbp/ 27-/ü ZZ Zmüpmplhnl):

66 ZZ Imnmlmpmpjmü npn2mJp ZZ J2mlnLjp/, qms-

Jmpjmü U f2mlnLjp/ mü2mpd hm2mpA.müühp/ qmhqm-

ürnpjmü nL oqsmqnpbfmü pümqmlmnübpmJ Imnm^m-pmJü /pmlmümgünq L/mqnplmb JmpJü/ /pm^mump-jmüühp IhpmqmhbpiL hl ZZ Imnmlmpmpjmü 1998 plmlmü/ mqp/L/ 6-/ N 229 nL 2001 p^m^mü/ ünjbJpbp/ 17-/ N 1112 npn2nLfühpü mdp Inpgpmb ¿mümthLm fmu/ü, N 1549-L, püqmülmb 27.11.2003p.:

LnntpjmU d2mtyni_jpp, npp ^nphpqmU2mtymU tp frUZU U UnpmUtym^ d2mtyntpmj/U pmqm-pmtymUntpjmUp, mjLUu ^npp t /ptUg hmdmp: hlus/ pmqmpmg/mtymU Um^mA.UnUnLpjnLU-Utp/ mtys/^ d/gnttyp hmjmusmUg/Utp/ mnmg/U mjU utpni.Uqp, npp ¿/ mqph^ ^nphp-qmj/U 2pgmUntd, ntU/ n^ d/mjU smpptp^nq m2^mphmjmgp, mjL d2mtyntpmj/U mpdtpUUp/ ^mh^mUntpjmU qnpbpUpmgntd hpmdmp^ntd t ^mh^mUntpjmU ^UsmtymU pUtymLntd/g U npqtqpnLd m^U^/ qnpbntU dnsbgntd ^mh^m-UntpjmU qnpbpUpmgUtp/U: "bpmUp &qsntd tU qmnUmL op/tymUntpjmU «tymnntgnqUUp» ntq/q U tynUtypbs pmqmpmg/mtymU qnpbnqnLpjntU-Utp/ ^mUm^mphn^ (^nqngmj/U gntjghp, d2mtyntpmj/U smpmbpUUp/ «qpm^ntdUUp», ^Lh2-Jnphp, d2mtyntpmj/U smpmbpp «hmU-pmj/U/» ^UpmbtLni. qnpbntU pmqmpmtymUntp-jmU ty/pmnntd, mjq p^ntd qbpmsUUp, hmdtpqUtp67, pmstpmtymU UtptymjmgntdUtp U mjLU): Uju mdtU/ 2Unph/^ tympnq tUp ^mu-shL, np ZmjmusmU/ pmqmpmg/mtymU hmum-pm^ntpjntUp mjdd mjU ¿t, tptp smuUmd-jmty mnmg tp68: bnp utpntUqp mjLUu ung/|/-qmg^mb ¿t Un^tsmtymU d/ntpjmU «tqmpsm-

67 «Upmd/ 23» hmugtnrd qsU^nq ^msdmd2mtynrpmj/U dmnmUqnrpjmU ^mh^mUm.pjmU UmJumA.tnUni.jpmU mtys/^/usUtpp «¿mjmusmU/ ^npp/ty tpq^Utp» tpq-pmjunrdpp optp 2mpnrUm^ pmgopjm hmdtpqUtp tp tymqdmtytp^nrd m^op/U/ 2/UmpmpnrpjmU htsUmUpn^ JumpJu^mb 2hUf / q/dmg U ^mhmUgnrd ^mh^mUt^ mjU /p UnrjU stupn^: F^^tu UmU dtty mjL, U$p/tyjmUUtp/ smU ^m2s^mUnrpjmU gmsmqn^, m2^mphmhnjm^ qm2Umtymhmp S/qpmU ZmdmujmUp hmdtpq tymqdmtytp-^tg, / ^m2m^mUnLpjntU U^p/tyjmUUtp/ smU: Futy m2^mphmhn^m^ hpq/^_ Utpd P-mU^jmUp $-tqni.s/ ^m2m^mUnrpjmU ■S'b-U ^m2s^mUni.pjmU hmdmp d/gmqqmj/U d/ pmU/ hmdtpqUtp niUtgm^: 68Un^tsmtymU J/nLpjmU tymnm^mpdmU hmdmtympqnrd tppnpq uttysnp/ qtpmtymsmpnrdp U^mqtg^mb tp, /uty ^tsm.pjmU, pmqmpmgni. U sUstuni.pjmU d/gU tym^p mdnrp ¿tp: frtd/d/ pUnLjpU mjU^/u/U tp, np ^tsnrp-jniUU tp tymnm^mpnrd hmUpnrpjmU ung/mjmtymU tyjmU-pp, tpptdU UmU dmpqtymUg mUhmsmtymU tyjmUpp: Hms/ hts]unphpqmj/U tptypUtpnid pmqmpmg/mtymU hmum-pmtynrpjmU «mUtympnqni.pjni.Up», mju/UpU mUqmdm^-gnLpjmU, ^usmhnrpjmU U ^mdm^npnrpjmU gm&p dm-^mpqm^p, mU^rn.um^ti^nptU ^m^^m^ t Um^^/Unrd mj^ tp^pUtp/ nrUtgmb ^ndnrU/usm^mU ^np^/ hts (Howard, M., "The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Inglehart, 2003):

q/p ^mdm^npntpjmU»69 /Uus/snisn^: Ut&m-UmLn^ mjL hmumpm^m^mU цmJdmUUhpnLd, UpmUp ^mpnqmgmU ^m^^tL Un^tsm^mU d/m^npntdUtp/ hmUqt^ ntUtgmb mU^usm-hntpjntU/g U ^mp&tu pt ^mpnqmgmU hmqpm-hmptL hts^nphpqmj/U ^ndntU/usm^mU U ZmjmusmU/ ZmUpm^tsnLpjmU d2m^ntjp/ ^mh^mUntpjmU ^tsm^mU u/Uqpnd/g:

bp^pnpq' ^mh^mUnLpjmU hm-

umpm^m^mU pU^midmU U2m^ntpmj/U dmnmUqntpjmU ^mh^mUntpjmU ^L-Utp/ mnmgmgntdp U /Uus/sntg/nUmL qmpqmgnL-dp ^m^^nid t d2m^ntjp/ ^mh^mUntpjmU d/-gmqqmj/U ^mnntjgUtp/ mjU pmqmpm^mUntp-jmU hts, np d2m^ntjpp mjLUu ^tsntpjmU dt-Um2Unphp ¿t U mjU sp^mfc t hmumpm^ntp-jmUp ^mh^mUntpjmU bpmqptp/ mpqjntUm-^ts /pm^mUmgdmU hmdmp: U/gmqqmj/U hmUpntpjntUp u^umb 90-m^mUUtp/g /p nt2mqpnLpjntUp uUtntL t d2m^ntpmj/U dm-nmUqntpjmU n¿ ^tsm^mU, mjLpUspmUpmj/U ^mh^mUntpjmUp: UjU /p pmqdmp/^ ^nU^tU-g/mUtpn^ 2t2smqpnLd t dmuUm^gntpjmU U ^mdm^npntpjmU hu^mjm^mU Utpntdp ^mh-^mUntpjmU bpmqptp/U pUqhnt^ d/U¿U d2m-^ntpmj/U dmnmUqntpjmU ^nUgt^sp ^tpm-A-Um^tp^tLn^ np^tu «hmdmjUp/ dmnmUqntp-jntU»:

bpppnpq qnpbnUp ^m^^mb t Zmjmusm-Untd mn^m ^npp ungpmiwljmii U uiiiinbum-tymb fiifajjipbtpp hts: Utf ^mh^mUntpjmUU ntqq^mb pmqmpmg/mtymU mtys/^/qdp ^mu-snptU bU^tg ZmjmusmU/ pmqmpmtymU d2m-tyntjp/ qtd ^mjpmpntd, npp smnmqnid tp hmUpmj/U smpmbp/ tymd pmqmpmg/mtymU hmumpmtyntpjmU Utymsdmdp ntUtgmb mU-smpptpntpjmU /pmtymUntpjntU/g: Pmjg ^tsp t ^mustL, np ^Uq/pp n¿ d/mjU ^nphp-qmj/U mUgjmLU tp, mjL UmU tymnm^mpdmU m^snp/smp70, hmdmtympqp U

69 ^nphpqmj/U U/nLpjnrUnLd qnjnrpjnrU nrUhp qm2sn-Um^hu ^tpmhuty^n^ U tymqdmtyhp^^mb mung/mg/m-Utp/ pmqdmqmUnrpjnrU, npshq dmpqtymUg dmuUmty-gnrpjnrUp ^pm^nru^nrd tp, /uty tpptdU tL hmptymq/p tp: UUqmdnrpjmU mnnrdn^ Uu, ZmjmusmU/ pmqmpm-g/mtymU hmumpmtynLpjnrUp dtbm^tu smnmqnid t htstyndnrU/usmtymU ^npdm^ hmumpmtymtymU tyjmUp/ mUsmpptpnLpjnrU/g U htstyndnrU/usmtymU «prn.Lnr-pjnrU/g»:

70 FU^tu U2nrd t ^mpn^p, ^tsnLpjnrUUtpnLd pmqm-

pmg/mtymU dmuUmtygnrpjmU pmgmtymjnrpjmU h/dUm-

lnnnt^g^mj^ hulmjmlmü ¿m^hpp71: Zhs]np-hpqmj^ü 2pgmüntü Zmjmusmü^ o^qmp]ühp^ m^p ü qpmüg ünün^n^qmg^mü süshumlmü Lntpg ]üq^pühp t^ü ushqbhi hmumpm/ntp-jmü hmümp: Süshuntpjntüp ntqh/g/ntü tp mqpmsntpjmü, püml^ntpjmü /hüumüm/mp-qml^ lspntl mülümü ü mühm/mumpntpjmü m^nq üm/mpqm/ühpn/72: Zmjmusmü^ püm/-¿ntpjmü 29 snlnup mqpms tp73: U^m/ ninp-sp, npü ^ /^m/^ tp smühi hp/^pp qmpqmg-ümü ü ü^mushi ü2m/ntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjmü ^mh^müntpjmüp, pmqmpmg^m/müü tp, pmüq^ üjntu ninpsühpp pmpm]/m& t^ü /nt-umlgmlmü ü /nqüüm/mL qnp&ntühntpjmü ühg: Zhüg mju^u^ ung^mL-süshum/mü ü pmqmpm/mü /nüshpusntü hü Ä.üm/np/ntü ßL-ühpp, npnüp pmg^ üm]mA.hnüntpjmü lnülphs ü^msm/^g, püümqmsntü ü ^np-A.ntü hü /hpm^n]hi ü2/m& ^pm/müntpjntüp: Lm]mÄ.hnüntpjntüühpp /mp&hu ph mn^p hü qmnüntü lntsml/mb qdqnhntpjntüü nt pn-qnpp mpsmhmjshLnt ü hmümjüp^ A.mjüp Luh^ qmp^ühint hmümp: Uju mühü^g ^hsp t

Imh qmmimnp m^snp^mmp hmJmlmpqtp^ tplm-pmmU qnjnipjnihh t (Carroll, T. F., "Intermediary NGOs: The Supporting Link in Grassroots Development". Kumarian Press. 1992):Ung^mjmlmh Im^^mmjh mju m^^^ tplphtpniJ un^npmpmp umhJmhm^mllniJ t phmmht^mh U mq-qmlgmlmh hmpmptpnipjnihhtp^ 2p2mhm^n^ (Abom, B., "Social Capital, NGOs, and Development: A Guatemalan Case Study." Development in Practice, 14 (3), 2004, pp. 342-353.) U^snpfrsrnp Imnm^mpJmh hmJm^mpqp nj U^mjh h^mumniJ dmnmhqnipjmh hmumpm^m^mh qmhqm-hnipjmhp, mjiU u^mnhm^p t nuqq^mfr gmh^mgmb tplp^ qmpqmgJmh qtJ (Paturyan, Y., Gevorgyan, V. and Matevosyan, M., "Is 'Googling' a Technique? What the Internet Can Tell Us about the Non-Governmental Sector in Armenia." Haigazian Armenological Review 34 (July): 2014, pp.257-267):

71 ^pmhu^mpthu^ №ptphtj2hi_ ph^tpnipjnihp ¿mjmu-mmhniJ Innni^g^nh ^pm^mhnipjmhp htmUjm^ phnipm-qpniJh t m^ti_. «^nnni^g^mh ZmjmummhniJ thqtd^l U mmpmb^mb t, htppm^mhg^mb hmumpm^nipjmh pnjnp Jm^mpqm^htpniJ qtmmljmh Imnm^mpJmh, qmsm-Imh hmJm^mpq^, num^lmhnipjmh U mnnqgm^mhnip-jmh nnprnhtpnitf (Transparency International. 2014. Overview of Corruption and AntiCorruption in Armenia, mngmhg hmumhtj^ t http://www.transparency. org/ whatwedo/answer/overview_of_corruption_and_anti _corruption_in_armenia (15.01.2019):

72 Griffin, K., Kelly, T. & Mckinley, T., "Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Armenia": A Report Commissioned by the Poverty Group, Bureau for Development Policy, United Nations Development Programme. New York: UNDP. 2002.

73 National Statistical Service of Armenia, Social Snapshot and poverty in Armenia, 2012, https://www.armstat.am/en/ ?nid=81&id=1397 (27.02.2019).

hqpmlmgühL, np Zmjmusmü^ qh^pntü ßL-ühp^ ü^msm/ühpp, müqmü üh& gmülntpjmü qh^pntü, ¿t^ü lmpnq ¿püqqp/hL pmqmpmlmü ü ung^mLmlmü nLnpsühpp:

Qnppinpuj ' ungpmimllmb dhqjitujji, qnpimbp: Zmjmusmüntü ung^mLm/mü gmüghpp pmqm-pmg^m/mü m/s^/ntpj mü lmpünp 2mpd^ ntd hü: Lhppü^g Ä.üm/np/m& ßL-p üh& ¿m^n/ oqsmqnp&ntü hü ung^mLm/mü ühq^mü ^phüg qnpbnqntpj ntüühpntü hmuühLn/ gmüphp^ hmümshqümü ü qntqmlgümü ph /^psntmL, ph ^q^/m/mü s^pntj pühpntü74: Shqh/m-s/m/mü sh]ünLnq^mühp^, mj q p/ntü $hj u-pntp^ ü 3ntpj ntp^ üntspp ü smpmbntüp Zm-j musmüntü üm]mÄ.hnüntpj ntüühp^ hmümp m/h^ ühb hmumühL^ntpj ntü ü ^ümüum/mü mnntün/ üms^hL^ntpj ntü hü m^mhn/ntü: Hhpg^ü^u 2ünph^/ m/s^/^usühpp 2ms m/h^ mpq ntüm/hs ü mpmq /mqüm/hp^-ümü ü ünp^L^qmgümü hümpm/npntpj ntü Ä.hnp phphg^ü75: Ung^mLmlmü ühq^mü gntj g s/hg hpümlmj mlmü «hmüpmj ^ü smpmbp^» ünqhL, npshq mühü ümpq ntü^ qmqm^mpühp ^n-]mümlhLnt ü püümplhLnt hümpm/npntpj ntü, lmpnqntüml t mnmgpüpmg m^mhn/hL, 2mp-dhL hmüpmj ^ü pmqmpmlmüntpj ntüp smpphp ]üq^pühp^ /hpmphpj mL76: Uj ushq ühplmj mg-/nq hmüpntpj mü pnqnpühpp lmpnq hü nmg^n-ümL ntd ntühümL ü ^ü2hL ^2]müntpj mü smpphp üsmqpntpj ntüühp, npnüp mj u lmü mj ü lhp^ ]n^üqnsntü hü ü2mlntpmj ^ü dmnmü-qntpj mü ^mh^müntpj müp77:

74 Uj dü «Uhüp hüp mj u pmqmp^ shpp» ßL-p püspntü t «qnpbnqntpj ntüühp^» /^psntmL hmppmlp $hj upntpntü ühplmj mgüh^n/ bpümü pmqmp^ ^msümügmlntpmj ^ü mj ü /smüq/mb hntgmp^müühp^, ^mgs^müntpj mü mühpmdhgsntpj ntüp, npnüp ^mslmü ümpü^üühp^ m^op^ü^ pntj l;m/nLpJnLÜühp^ qmsimnn/ pmüq/ntü, 2^ümpmpmlmlmü m2]msmüpühpn/ ]mpmp/ntü ü lmü tL müshu/ntü hü:

75 Castells, M., Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age, Cambridge, Polity. 2012.

76 Fuchs, Ch., "Social Media and the Public Sphere", 2014, pp. 57-101.

77 ZZ ügmlntjp^ üm]mpmp Upühü Uü^pj mü^ hmjsm-pmpntpj müp npn2/hL tp U. ü^hüq^mpj mü^ mü/mü o^h-pmj ^ ü pmjhrn^ mqqmj ^ü mlmqhü^mlmü pmspnüntü up^mpmü lmnntghL: Pmj g hmüpntpj mü ¿ügümü sml üm]mpmpntpj ntüp hhs lmüqühg mjq npngntü^g: Zm-gnpq üm]mpmp L^j^p Umlntüg^ ^mgsnüm/mpümü püpmgpntü, üm^mpmpntpjntüp üsmq^p tp mü/müm-

S/mppüng^ oqmüm/mlmj müp ^hqhüqmp 2mü-unüj h^ Cmn^ Uqüm/ntp^ müntün/, pmj g ung^m^mlmü

¿früqhpnpq' dnqn^pqm^mpntp-jmü qmpm^ ^üqfrpühp: ßb-ühp^ mnmgmgntüp Цшщ^пШ t U^m^nLpmj^ü mpdhpühp^ ^mh^müntpjmü U dnqn^pqm^mpntpjmü q^npm^ ^üq^pühp^ htm, npnüp ühb mpÄmqmüp hü qmh]_ müpnqg Ш2-^mphntü:78 2011 p^m^mü^ü hmüntü dnqn^p-qm^mpntpjmü 2mpdntüühp^ hhs, shq^ tp ntühüntü ümU pmqmpmg^m^mü m^s^ntp-jmü üm^^ü ^nphpqmj^ü hpkpühpntü, mjq p^ntü Zmjmusmüntü, Un^qn^mjntJ, ftntumu-smüntü, 4pmusmüntü U nt^pm^ümjntü79: b^ ßb-p npn2m^^ üümüntpjnLüühp ntühü müpnqg m2^mphntü shq^ ntühgnq 2mpdntüühp^ hhs, npnüp mnmg hü pm2ntü ung^mjm^mü mpqm-pntpjmü, ü2mkntpm]^ü U ung^mjm^mü Цшц^-sm^ ^mh^müümü ^^m^ü ^hpmphpnq üsmhnqnLpjnLüühp80: ^hU ^usmgntüühp^ hmpgü ^üpü^ü Zmjmusmü^ ßb-ühp^ ^nqü^g ¿^ pmpÄ.pmg^ntü, mjqnthmüqhpÄ., mjq üm^m-A-hnüntpjntüühp^ 2mpdfe ntdp gmü^ntpjntüü t mnmg pm2hpi. dnqn^pqm^mpntpjmü цшЦш-u^, s^pm^hsnq ^nnnt^g^mj^, o^qmp^k ^mnm^mpümü hmüm^mpq^, ^ü^^hu ümU npn-2ntüühp^ püqntüümü ühg hm2^hs^nqm^m-üntpjmü U pшфшüg^ЦnLpjшü pmgm^mjntpjmü hmpghpp81:

gmhgtpnid hmhpnipjmh mtym/^ <ih2nidhtpp um/^tg/h hm]umpmp/h ^n^t^ni /p dmmqpnipjnihp:

78 2011 p^mtymhp mdpnqg m2]umphnid pmqmpmg/mtymh mhhhmqmhqnipjmh, pnqnphtp/ U 2mpdnidhtp/ qmqmp-hmtytmh tp, npnhp dqtynid t/h hmhnih dnqntypqm^m-pnipjmh U phqqtd Juummgnidhtp/ (austerity), /h^tu, op/hmty, «Occupy Wall Street»-p, «Indignados»-p Fu^m-h/mjnid,Upmpmtymh qmpnihp mj^h (Glasius, M. & Pleyers, G., "The Global Moment of 2011: Democracy, Social Justice and Dignity. Development and Change 44, 2013, pp.547-567):

79 Ishkanian, A., "Engineered Civil Society: the impact of 20 years of democracy promotion on civil society development in the former Soviet countries", 2014, pp.150-170.

80 Kaldor, M. & Selchow, S. , The 'Bubbling Up' of Subterranean Politics in Europe. Civil Society and Human Security Research Unit, London School of Econoimcs. 2012, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/44873/17The%20%E2%80%98bubbling %20up%E2%80%99%20of%20subterranean%20politics%20in %20Europe(lsero).pdf (28.03.2019).

81 Uju h^mmmtyhtp/h htmmdnim «Optythp Um2mng/

^nipmtyp» hmjum&tnhnipjmh mtym/ty/umhtpp tymqdm-tytp^tg/h «pmqmpmg/mtymh mpqmp U mhtym^ qmmm-pmh», npnid hpmhp phhnipjmh mnmh typ^mtyhtp/ tymnnigdmh op/hmtymhnipjnihp (Umpqni /pmtynihphtp/ U dnqntypqm^mpnipjmh /hum/mnim, 2013p.): Futy im-pmhnihg/ ^mh^mhnipjmh pmqmpmg/mtymh hm^m-&tnhnipjnihp pmg/ U2mtynipmj/h mpdtp/ htymmdmdp hnqmbnipjnih U ^mh^mhnipjmh hummty bpmqp/g, pmp&pmghnid th hmU pmqmpmtymh, mpqmpnipjmh,

Hhghpnpq' d^mknipmjfrü dmnmUqntpjmü mürnhum^mü U ung^m^m^mü pmqmqpfefr шЦ-rnfr^mgntU: ^h U^mqqmj^ü U ph shqm^mü Umkmpqm^ntU шЦш^^шдш^ mjü pü^m^ntUp, np U^mkntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjntüp jn^ pmüqm-pmümj^ü mpdhp ^mü qhqmq^rnm^mü hm^ntj-p^ U^gng ¿t: Ujü ntü^ 2ms m^hj^ ^mjü qnp-bmnntjpühp, pmü ^mphj^ t mnmg^ü hmjmgp^g hüpmqph^. ^nupp qüntü t ü2mkntpmj^ü dm-nmüqntpjmü süshum^mü U ung^m^m^mü qnpbmnntjpühp^ Umu^ü: U2m^nLpmj^ü dm-nmüqntpjmü süshum^mü qnpbmnntjp^ pm-gmspntpjntüp kmjmüntü t üpmüntü, np hpp hmümjüpühpp ^mh^müntü U qmpqmgüntü hü ^phüg ü2mkntpmj^ü mpdhpühpp, üpmüp ushq&niü hü ünp süshum^mü hümpm^npnt-pjntüühp dmnmüqntpjmü ühpntdp oqsmqnp-bh^nt, ^hpg^ü^u qmpqmgUmUp h^müntsühp ushqbh^nL hmUmp m^mhn^h^n^ h^Uphp ^ü¿-^hu hmümjüp^ qmpqmgUmü, mjü^hu t^ qpmq-^mbntpjmü, qpnum2pgnLpjmü, U^^pnsüshunL-pjmü U Umuüm^np ühpqpntüühp^ hmUmp: b^ mjq ^müm^mphp ^mpnq t qmnüm^ mqpm-sntpjmü hmqpmhmpümü mnmgümj^ü ntqh-ü^2: ßmü^ np üzmkntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjntüp hmüpmj^ü pmp^p t, шцш süshuntpjntüp Uu hph ¿oqü^ ^uhl^ qmp^üh^ dmnmü-qntpjmü Ä.mjüp: bL^jnt^p ^üqntü t, np ^2ш-^nLjpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjntüp mühpmdh2sntp-jntü t pmqmpmg^m^mü hmumpm^ntpjmü qm2sntü, pmü^ np ph ^hsntpjntüp U ph süshuntpjntüp ^Ä.m^nq^hü, hph ^smüq^mb L^ü^ hmüpmj^ü oqntsp:82 bu^ U2m^nLjp^ un-g^m^m^mü qnpbmnntjpp kmjmüntü t üpmüntü, np süshum^mü pшqшqp^¿^ mqqhgntpjmüp ü2mkntpmj^ü dmnmüqntpjmü ^mh^müntp-jmüü ntqq^mb ühpqpniüühpp ^mpnq hü Uh-bmgüh^ hmümjüp^ ^üpüntphüm^mü ^ms^m-üh|^ntpjmü qqmgntüp, pmpÄ.pmgüh]_ фп^ш-qmpÄ. ^usmhntpjntüp U ung^m^m^mü hmUm-^Upümü U hqnpmgUmü qnp&püpmgniü i^üh^ m^s^^ qnpbnüühp: Uhm mju q^sm^gntüp mus^^mümpmp hmüqhgphg hmumpm^ntpjmü

/^^tu UmU mqqmj/U hmpgtp, npnUp mju qt^pntd nLq-q^mb tU ~bnp ZmjmusmU/ d2mtyntjp/ ^mpmqLnt^Utp/U, mUqmd /ptUg ^mhmUgUtp/ stpusntd ntUtUm^n^ ^n^Um^mpmp/ hpmdmpmtymU/ ^mhmUgp: 82 Ilczuk, D., "Cultural Citizenship. Civil Society and Cultural Policy in Europe". Boekmanstudies, Amsterdam, 2001, pp. 2021.

lhpmphpüniüp^ ^n^n^nipjmüp Utf^mh^m-ünipjmü qnpbniü:

U2mllLpmJ^U dmnmUqlLpjmU qmh^m-ünLpjwü pmrmpmg^mlmU Um^m¿.bnUmp;jm.U-ühp^ püpmgpp ZmjmunmUlLÜ: 2010 plm^m-ü^g ü2mlnipmj^ü dmnmüqnipjmü imh^m-ünipjmü m^s^l^qüp m^hg U ühplmjmgphg pmqmpmg^mlmü mjüi^u^ ü2mlnijp, npp qmspmus t hmüpmj^ü püümplniüühp^ U qhpmsühp^: ^hU mju smp^ühp^ mls^lnip-jmü n^ pnjnp83 qpuUnpniüühpü hü niqqlmb ü2mlnipmj^ü dmnmüqnipjmü imhimünip-jmüp, pmjg 2ms ^nphpqmü2mlmü hmqpm-üm^ühp hnq üm^m^mspmushg^ü84 mnmlhi püqqplniü üm^mA.hnünipjniüühp^ hmümp U püqimjühg^ü lhpg^ü^u umhümüühpp ümjpm-pmqmp^g qhi^ ümpqhp:

U2mlnipmj^ü dmnmüqnipjmü qmhqm-ünipjmüü niqqlmb ßL-ühpp lhpg^ü 11 smp^-ühp^ püpmgpniü niühghL hü ^ü^hu hmgnq-lmb85, mjü^hu tj pnünipjmü, mümpqmpnipjmü U müsmpphpnipjmü qpuUnpniüühpnl hmqh-gmb qh^php, npnüg püpmgpniü £ü2lhi t pm-qmpmg^mlmü ^müpp U üm^mA.hnünipjniüp hmplmqpmpmp qmqmphglhi t ihsmlmü hm-üm^mpq^ ^nqü^g86: 4mü ü^ 2mpp üm^mÄhn-

83 «100 qpmü^ m^g^mü» (2013 plm^mü oq^snu^ü), U «"Lhü hü qmpsmq^p lnirnmlmj^ü^ü» (2013 hmlmhü-php^g ü^ü^-2014 ümps):

84 lmpb^pnl ß"b-ühp^ mqqhgmtpJmtüp ^ü£pmü tj mlümnni ¿^ü^, mJÜmimübümJÜ^l üpmüp hmumpm-lnipjmü ühg «qmüqmq ümlhlmtlmJ^ü» pmjg lmjntü ^m^m]umtpJmtüühp hü ^pmlmümgünuü, npnüp hmüqhg-ünuü hü hmumpmlmlmü mlhi^ iljü mhqm2mpdhp^ (Bobbio, N.,"Gramsci and the Concept of Civil Society". In: KEANE, J. (ed.) Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives. London: Verso, 1988, pp. 82-92, (p.87)):

85 «Op^hüp inupmlp» (2010p. ünjhüphp, bpUmü), «U'm2mmg^ inupml» (2012p." ^hsp^mp, bpUmü) ,«^mh^mühüp ßn^lmü^ gplhdp» (2011p." uh^mhüphp, bpUmü), «^ünuü hüp ^mnüni. ^m^h^ m^mqp qmsmplhüp» (2014p.,q-mnüft),«U0W-p ühpü t»(2017pD bpUmü),«Uhp pmqmpp, "^pn^hunpühp^ 2hüp» (2018p." ümj^u,, bpUmü), «O^hpmjniü up<impmü ¿^ lmnnug-l^»(2016pD hhlrnhüphp, bpUmü), «ölmppüngp ¿^ mülmüm^n^l^» (2018p" hniü^u, bpUmü)

86 «SOS Zpmqqmü» (2011" p. ünjhüphp, bpUmü- Zpmqqmü),

«ftinupnl^ mpqhing» (2012p." hmlmhüphp, bpUmü), «Op^hüp miumümqmlmü mjq^ü» (2010p." mip^j, bpUmü) , «Op^hüp Trnlmu Qntpmpjmü^ sniüp m¿ü¿mgmtü^g» (2011p." oqmsnu, bpUmü), «^müm^ ^mqmü», «Uhüp qhü hüp nupmü^ pmg hmüp^ 2mhmqnpbümüp» (2012p." ^hsp^mp, ^mqmü), «SOS! Op^hüp Unullm l^ünpmrn-pnü^ mümnmj^ü qmh^ip» (2010 p." ümps, bpUmü),

ünipjniüühp, npnüp qhnUu imjpmp^ ^niiniü hü87:

U'2mmLpmJ}lü dmnmüqnipjmü iqmhiqm-ünipjmüpmqmpmgjimlmü ümJumAhn-ümlpJmlüübp}l mpipniüpfi qülhmstimü qömlqmmltp: Obömimsllip 1.

Füihu hpUniü t qbmimslhp 1.-frg ü2m-lnipmj^ü dmnmüqnipjmü imhimünipjmü pmqmpmg^mlmü üm^mA.hnünijpniüühp^g pü-qmühüp 28 % t hmüqnigmLniblhL qpmlmün-phü, ^ul üümgmb ümup lmü lmuhglhi t, lmü qhn püpmgpp ühg t:

U2mllmlpmJ}lü dmnmüqnipjmü l:qmhlqmümlpJmüü nuiqllmbpmqmpmgjimlmü üm]um¿.hnümlp■Jmlüühp]l smpmbpmjjiü qöiuiqiumljhp: Q-öiuiqiumljhp 2.

■ bplLLüb 79% ^ m Uujnqbn

«"Lhü hüp (imprnmpmihrn frm^mjhi ^upmjhijmü^ smü n^ü^mgümüp» (2011p." hmlmhüphp, bpUmü), «Upmü^ Jum^ühpnul» (2011p." ünjhüphp, bpUmü), «^mhmügntü hüp lhpmqmp&ühi_ U^ümu Ulhs^ujmü^ npüümülmp-ühpp» (2011p. hntü^u, ^jntüp^), «Op^hüp ^ni^mu Qnu-pmpjmü^ mtüp m¿ü¿mдmtü^д» (2011p." oqmsnu, fcpUmü):

87 «Op^hüp ß-hqnurnp» (2007p." ünjhüphp, bpUmü), «^hpümtlp hmüp ¿^ qmnüm» (2011p." ünjhüphp, ^hpümtl, fcpUmü), «Uhp pmqmpp» (2010 p." ünjhüphp, bpUmü) , «Uhüp qhü hüp ornmpmihqnu qipngühp^ lhpmpmgümüp» (2010 p." mqp^i, bpUmü), «SOS! ^mhimühüp U^p^lj-müühp^ mlntüp^ qhüpp (2011p." hnti^u , bpUmü), «Op^hüp Oml 2nullü» (2012p." ümj^u, bpUmü), «^ppm^mü pmqmpmg^mlmü üm^m^hnümtpJmtü» (2017p.

bpUmü), «"Lhü hüp Uümtlump^ hmüp^ 2mhlqnp-bümüp» (2018p." ^hpümtl), «^miümj^ mjq^ühp», (2018p." hnuülmp), «Upmü^ 23, ZlJlummü^ ^npp^l hpq^^ühp» (2018p. mqp^i)

Fh^Uu tpUniJ t qbm^mmtytp 2.-/g, J2m-tynipmj/h dmnmhqnipjmh ^mh^mhnipjmhh niqq^mb pmqmpmg/mtymh hm^m&Unhnip-jnihhtph nihth mmpmbpmj/h mhhmJm^m^ mbqmpm2^nid Zmjmummh/ nqg mmpmbpn^ U h/JhmtymhniJ tythspnhmgmb th bpUmh pm-qmpniJ: bm^m&hnhnlpjnlhhhp/ phqmJthp 21 %-h t A-Um^np^tL JmpqtpniJ, m^Ui/h, hm^m^ mjh /p 2mpnihmtynipjnihh t qsti typty/h Jmj-pmpmqmpniJ:

ßmqmpmg/mtymh hm^m&hnhnlpjnlhhhp/ mnmg/h Jttyhmptyp tym^^mb t «OptyUhp ßt qnisp» hm^mAtnhnipjmh htm, npp tymqJm-^np^Ug 2007 p^mtymh/ hnjUJpUp/h, mnm^t mtym/4mgm^ 2010 p^mtymh/h U hmJmn ^mj-pmpn^ 2mpnihmty^nid t J/h^ opu: UjdJ hm-^mAbnhnipjnihp qmpAti t hmumpmtymtymh tymqdmtybp^nipjnih U mnm^t Jmuhmq/smg-^mb qm2sniJ t ^mjpmpniJ ß-Uqnim/ ^m2rn-^mhnipjmh hmJmp:

^n^tyuh/ gp^td/ prnqmprng/mtymh hm^m-AtnünLp-jnLÜp: ^n^tymh/ gp^Ud/ pmqmpmg/m-tymh hm^mAbnhnipjnihp mnmg Utym^ Lnn^m JmpqniJ: bm^mAtnhnipjmh tymqJm^npJmh mhmqmhqp 2010 p^mtymh/ m^p/i/ 7-/h phm^mh^mhnipjmh hm^mpmp/ 179 npn2ni-Jp, npstq h2^mb tp, np «ftnp2/h» phtytpnip-jnihp ^Ump t h/qpntiUtymntymjmh tymnnig/ gp^Ud/ ^UpUniJ: bpp 2011 p^mtymh/ ut^rntJ-ptp/h utyu^Ug Ztty-/ tymnnigniJp, pnqnp/ Jtb mi/p utyu^Ug U /hphmtymqJmtyUp^^Ug phm-tymh dmnmhqnipjmh ^mh^mhnipjmJp Jsm-hnq pmqmpmg/htp/ J/ Jtb ^niJp: Utys/-^/umhtpp uhцmhJphp/ 8-/h pnqnp/ mtyg/mh /pmtymhmgp/h hm^mpmpnipjmh mngU, mj-hnihts utyutg/h mtym/^npth 2msmhmi ^/p-snimL m/pnijpniJ: bptyni 2mpmpniJ nihtgmh 5000 htsUnpq U 10000 umnpmqpnipjnih hm-^mptg/h, np^Uuq/ qmqmptg^/ 2/hmpmpnip-jnihp: CmpdniJp ummgm^ qjniq/ intymi hm-Jmjhp/ Lmjh mgmtygnipjnihp, /h^Uu hmU um mjh qt^ph tp, np/h Jmuhmtygtg/h hmU Jmp-qni /pmtynihphtp/ U 2pgmtym /pmtynihphtp/ ^mh^mhnipjmh Q-jniJp//, HmhmAnp/ U bpUmh/ Z^-hUpp: bnjUJpUp/ 3-/h hmjsmpm-pnipjnih mmpmb^Ug, np 2/hmpmpnipjnihp qmqmpUg^UL t, /uty q^m^ptp/ 2-/h ^Upg-hmtymhm^Uu hUnmg^Ug/h 2/hmpmpmtymh m2^rnmhphUp/ htmpUpp U gp^Udp ummgm^ «^m2rn^mh^mb/» mnmphlnlpjnlhp:

Um2mng/ ^ntpmty/ prnqmprng/mtymh hm-^mAbnUnLpjnlh: 2012-p.-/ ^Urnp^mp/h Um2-sng/ ^nipmty/ ^m2rn^mhnipjmh mtys/-^/umhtpp utytug/h pnqnptL Um2rnng/ ^ni-pmtyniJ tymnnig^nq typ^mtyhtp/ qtJ: Uju mtym/^/qJp n^ J/mjh J2mtynipmj/h dmnmhqnipjmh ^mh^mhnipjmhh tp niqq^mb, mji_U ^mjpmp tp oi/qmp^htp/ qtJ, npnhp ^npAniJ t/h mhAhmtymh h^mmmtyhtp/ hmJmp oqsm-qnpbti mjh: Utym/^/umhUp/ hqmmmtyh tp mnmg pm2ti J/ opmtympq, npp ^pm^niuniJ t pmqmpmg/mtymh Jmuhmtygnipjnihp, opthp/ qUpmtymjnipjmh hmpqniJp U tymjnih qmpqm-gniJp88: : Utym/^/umhUpp ^Ump^mp/ 11-/g J/h^ Jmj/u/ 1-p 2pgm^mtyUg/h ^nipmtyp qmpAhtin^ mjh hmhpmj/h mmpmbp89: ^ni-pmtyp qpmqtghU^u mtym/^/umhtpp hmJtpq-htp, gnlgmhmhqhuhhp, pmstpmtymh ULnijp-htp U hnijh/uty «pmqJmh» mpmpnqmtympq /pmtymhmgp/h «tym^mpqmtymh O^q ^mp^-jmh/» (mju/hph, ^mpnh o^qmp^) hmJmp um^mpmpqp/ qmqmqn^, npp hUmmqmjniJ

88 Wallace, K.,"Happenings at Mashtots Park" Organize!, Yerevan, Armenia: Institute for Democracy and Human Rights, 2012.

89 Um2mng/ ^nipmty/ pmqmpmg/mtymh hmjum&tn-

hnipjmh phpmgpniJ mnmg/h mhqmJ ZmjmummhniJ

J2mtynipmj/h mmpmbpp ^tpmb^tg hmptpJmujmh hmh-pmj/h mmpmbp/h: ^tpg/h/u JnmtgJmJp mjh phnpng-^niJ tp np^tu hmqnpqmtygmtymh mmpmbp, npmtq Jmpq/ty tympnq th phhmptyti ^njumqmpd U hmhpmj/h Jmmhnqnipjnihhtp, ^mumtp, /pmqmpAnipjnihhtp U tympb/phtp ( Habermas, J., "The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Polity Press. 1992, "Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy".Oxford: Polity Press. 1996, p. 133): Ujumtq hmhpmj/h hmqnpqmtygnipjnihp ^nmthg/mi nih/ umtq-btini nmg/nhmimgJmh U phhmqmmmpmp JUtyhmpmh-Jmh Lmjh hhmpm^npnipjnihhtpn^ hmhpmj/h tympb/p: Futy hmumpmtymtymh tympb/p/ AUm^npJmh hmJmp ^tmp t tpmdg^m^np^mb i/h/ pninp pmqmpmg/htp/ «Jnimpp» phhmptyniJhtp/ qmgm, m^mhn^^mb i/h/ «hmumhti/nipjnihp» U tpmg^m^np^mb mpmmhmjm^t-ini mqmmnipjnihp: Ujumtq tympUnp t phqqbti, np ZmptpJmup tymqJmtytp^Jmh mpqjnihm^tmnipjnihp mtuhniJ t mqms hmqnpqmtygJmh, mtym/^ phhmpniJ-htp/, ^n^q/gJmh h/Jptpn^ npngniJhtp/ tymjmgJmh U pum mjqJ nmg/nhmi ^mhmhghtp/ AUmtytp^Jmh ^mpmqmjniJ (Habermas J., " The public sphere: an encyclopaedia article"// New German Critique, 3, 1974, pp. 4955.): Uju^/un^ ZmptpJmup mnopjm hmqnpqmtygnipjmh qpmtym/tymh tym^tg nmg/nhmi htpnid/ htm, npp ^mumnpth hummtynpth qnpbtg Umgmng/ ^nipmty/ ^mgm^mhnipjmh dmJmhmty (Habermas, J., The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: MIT Press. 1991):

qplhg bpUmUj lhUmpnUm^mU ^nqngUhpnLtf: 2012 p. impmj 3-jU mlmjljumUhpp hmmnL^ tfjgngmnnLtf mUglmgphgjU mjqnLi U2hLnl pUpUnpn£ilmb pmqvapmgpUhpp bUntUqp lmp-qmjnl UmpqnL jpmlmUpUhpj U hmipUqhm-UnLp h^m^mqpjg hmmlmfc. «UhUp, 2mjmu-mmUji ZmUpmiyhinnLpjmU pmqmpmgjiUhpu, lihp umhiimUmqpmljmU jpmlmUpUhpU nL Lqmpinml]mUnLpjnLUUhpU hUp JipmlmUmgUnLif U iJiUhinl mju hmumpmljmljmU mmpmdpji, ihp pmqmpji U ihp ihsnLpjmU mhphpp, imhmU-2nLil hUp, np ihp bmnmUhpp pmqmpji Uhpljm-jmgnLgfeUhpp U mj[ ifmpifjiUUhp, ljminmphU JphUg umhiimUmqpmljmU qnphmnnLjpUhpU nL ujmpinml}mUnLpjnLUUhpp, npnUg hmiimp l<implnLi hU hmUpnLpjmU lnqiijg:90»,- mulmb tp hmjinmpmpnLpjmU uihpuinnLii. Upqmp U mU^m^ pmqmpmgjm^mU qmmmpmUj lnqijg pUqntUlmfc «l^jnp» impqh]_ t, np pmqmpm^h-mmpmUp umjilmfc t m^minUmmdh^ mjqjU U Ihpm^mUqUh^ jp Um^npq mhupp: 2012 p. imjjuj 1-JU Um^mqmh Uhpd UmpqujmUp hpmimjhg m^minUmmdh^ 2jUmpmpm^mU m2^mmmUpUhpp: ^hU mlmjljumUhpp hm-umU JphUg mnm^UmjpU Uqmmm^jU, mjujUpU 2jUmpmpntpjmU qmqmphgimUp, pmjg ophUpj qhpm^mjntpjmU, ojJqmp^UhpJ mUimmdh^j-nLpjmU U hmimlmpqntJ lnnnLigjmjj qhi imjpmpjU, mjujUpU JphUg mlhjj Jhb U^m-mm^UhpJU ¿lmpnqmgmU hmuUh^:

Upn^jmU 32-J lmi ^pn^hunpUhpj 2hUpj pmqmpmgjm^mU Um^m^hnUntpjntUp: 2mjmu-mmUj immintpjmU U U^mlntjpJ mU2mpd hnt2mpA.mUUhpJ ihmm^mU gnLgm^nti pUq-qpllmb, bpUmU pmqmpj UpnljmU 32 hmu-ghnti qsUlnq ^pn^hunpUhpJ 2hUpj91 pmqm-pmgjm^mU Um^mA-hnUntpjntUp u^ulhg mjU dmimUml, hpp hmjmmpmpntpjntU mmpmfc-

90 Institute for democracy and human rights. 2012. Analyses: Mashtots Park Civic Struggle UNFINISHED.

91 ChUpp lmnntglh^ t 1934 plm^mUjU mUlmUj impmmpmqhm UmJlh^ Um^mpjmUj Umjumqbnl: ChU-pntJ miphL hL umhqbmqnpbhL hU 22 d2mlnLjpj, qjmnLp-jmU, ihmm^mU m^mUmlnp qnpbJ^Uhp, mjq plnLi UqqmjjU imm^hpmupmhj hjiUmqjp, mplhummpmU frnLphU ^pmJpjmUp, mUlmUJ LhqlmpmU ^-pjqnp qm-^mUgjmUp, hmjmUj IJpmpnLjd ¿mJpmp^nL^ -Shjhlp, hmj mplhumj qmum^mUUhp ^mppjh^ ^•jnLpgjmUp, Uhqpml UnmphjjmUp, OmUnu ^hp^hihqjmUp, qpnqUhp Umh^mU SnpjmUp, M,mhmU ^npnlhUgp, Sm^h^ bumjmUp, hpq^nL-hj Zm]lmUnL2 "LmUjhijmUp, lnJinqJmnp 2mpn Umh^mUjmUp hL mjjp:

ihg, np mhqj t nLUhUm^nL hnL2mpA.mUJ ^n^n-^nLpjnLU92: UJ pmUJ ^mpmmpmihmUhp U impqmihu bpUmUJ pmqmpmgJUhp u^uhgJU imjpmphL Um^mA-hnUnLpjmU mhupnl ihpn-U2jm]_ ^Uqpj qhi93: ^mqmpmgjm^mU m^mj-IJusUhpJ qnpbnqnLpjnLUUhpj94 2UnphJl 22 i2mlnLjpJ Um^mpmpnLpjnLUp numj^mUnLp-jmU hhs hmimshq qmqmphgphg pjl 17 pUm-lmpmUj JnLmpj pmgimU m2^mmmUpUhpp: ^ul bpUmUj pmqmpmihmmpmUp mUlmlhp ^mUm^hg 2018-j imjjuj 3-jU mplmb 2jUm-pmpnLpjmU pnLjLslnLpjnLUp»95:

«Uhp puqmpp» pmqmpmgjmlmU Um^m-¿.hnUnLpjntU j im2wimUnLpjnLU U^pj^jmU-Uhpj mmU: ShpjmU 11 hmughnLi qsUlnq U^-pjljmUUhpj 2^Upp lmnnLglh^ t 19-pq qmpj IhpgjU: ^mnmlmpnLpjmU npn2imipx U^pj^-jmUUhpj 2^Upp ihmp t m^minUmmdltp «2jU bpUmU» Um^mqbnl ItpmlmnnLglh^nL U^mmm^nl: «Uhp pmqmpp» Um^mA.hnUnLp-jmU mUqmiUhpp imjjuj 12-jU pnqnpj mlgjm mUglmgpjU U^pjljmUUhpj 2^Upj qjJmgx imhmUghLnl imhimUh^ U ItpmlmUqUh^ immim^mU 2jUnLpjnLUp: ChUpj qmhqm-UnLpjmU hmimp imjpmpnq pmqmpmgjUhpp hhppmimhnLpjnLU tjU jpm^mUmgUnLi sm-pmbpnLi" ^np^h^nl mihU lbpi ^n^pUqnsh^ nL pnLjL 2^Upj pmUqnLip: Uju Um^m-

^hnUnLpjnLUp qhn pUpmgpj Jhg t U IhpgUm-lmU hmUqnLgmLnL^JmU ¿j hmuh^:

92 QntUhUm^nl pUmlj^Uhpj hmJm&m]Unip]ni.Up 2hUpj mnmgjU hmplj pUm^mpmUUhpjg Jh^j uh^m^mUm-shpp 2jUmpmpnLpjnLU tp u^uh^ 2hUpj qjimjjU imujg Unp inLsp pmgh^nL hL hhmmqmjnLi pUm^mpmUp pjqUhu U^mmm^nl oqmmqnpbhLnL hmimp:

93 Hu^mUjmU, U., U2mlnLjpj Um^mpmpnLpjmUp qhn ¿j hmulmUnLi jU^ t «imh^mUh^p», https://www.panorama. am/am/news/2018/08/03/U2mlnLjpj-Um^mpmpnLpjnLU/1987256 (28.03.2019):

94 2mm^mU2m^mUU mjumhq mjU tp, np mju Um^m-^hnUnLpjnLUp oqmlhg «qhinlpmmjmjj qipng» ln^lmb lnUghimjg U qpmqjmnphU lmpnqmgml Uhp^mjmgUh^ ^Uqjpp, ihgphph^nl ophUpUhpp U 2jUm2^mmmUpUhpj mUpnLjLmmphLjnLpjnLUp: UmuUmlnpm^hu U2lnLi tp, «^mmUnLpjmU hL i2mlnLjpj mU2mpd hm^mp&mUUhpj nL immim^mU ijgmlmjpj imh^mUnLpjmU hL oqmmqnpb-imU imujU» 22 ophUpj 21-pq hnqlmbp, pus npj hnL2mp&mUUhpj pmUqmiU mpqhLlnLi t:

95 «^pn^hunpUhpj» hnL2mpA.mU-2hUpp l^nLum^j ImmUqjg. ^n^Um^mpmpj ihlUmpmUnLpjnLUp UHpnqgmlmU hnqlmbp lmpnq hp lmpqm^ mju hmugh-nl https://armlur.am/833629/, U. PmpmgmUjmU https:// armlur.am/833629/

«Uhp ршцшр^» pшqшpшg]шlшb bш^ш-ÀhnbпL]]ПLbp ] щш2ШщшbпL]jПLb Upn^^ü 3 ^ughniJ qшb^nq «UO4U»-] ¿hüp]: «Uhp pшqшpp» pшqшpшg]шlшü üш^шA.hnüпlp]шü Jшuüшl]gühpp ^qU^^p^L t]ü pnqnp] ш^^ш t]ü ^qU^^p^L ] щш2шщшüпlp-jniü Upпфшü 3 hшughпlJ qшü^пq щшш^ш-J2шlпlpш]]ü шpdhp hшüq]uшgпq «UO4U»-] (UpшшuшhJшÜJШü hplpühp] hhш ^шЦп^ pш]]ü ^^hp] U hшJшqпpЬшlgпlp]шü hшJ-^^ü pülhpпlp]шü): Ъш^шA.hnüпlp]шü Шn]pp Ünp 2]ÜШpШpnLpJШÜ ШpqJПlÜpПlJ Ш]Ü pшüqhLПl npn2niJü tp96: «UO4U-p Jhpü t» цшhшÜ2п^ «Uhp pшцшpp» üш^шA.hnüпlp]шü шüqшJühpp ^^phgphg]ü шüop]üшlшü 2]üшpшpпlp]пlüp:

ßшpшhnLb2p щш2ШщшbnLp■Jшb ршцшрш-g^^ü bш]uшÂhnbшpJmbp: ßшpшhпlÜ2] 2mip2 uшhц&^hl_ t шшuÜJшl hшqшpш^пp ш^ hшшühp]g U шшpphp lшqJшlhpщпlpJПlüüh-p]g J^^np^b pшqшpшg]шlшü 2шpdпlJ, mpp hшüqhu t qшL]u ] щш2ШщшüпlpJПlü J2шlпlpш]]ü dшnшüqnLpJшü: Ъш^шА-hnümi-p]шü шlш]^]uшühpp фh]upпlp]шü ш]pпLj-pmiJ pшqшpшg]ühp] шЦш]^ ühpqpш^фш&пl-pjniü]g pшg], q]JniJ hü üшU шЦш]^ U lnül-phш qnp&nqnipjniüühp] üшJшlühp hqhjn^ hplp] pшpÀ.pшuш]áшü цш2шпü]шühp]ü: Ъpшüp ühplш]шgüпlJ hü huшшl щшhшÜ2-ühp, npnüp h]JüшlшüпlJ пщц^шЬ hü ßшpш-hmiÜ2] шJpпq2шlшüпlp]шü щшhщшüJшüp, ^hqmiJühp] ^^phg^üp: UJhüшhhшш-pppp]pü ШJÜ t, np pшqшpшg]шlшü üш^ш-A-hnümipjmiüp niü] üшU pшqшpшlшü щш-hшÜ2Ühp, püqhni^ фп^üш^шpшp] U üш^ш-pшp] цш2шпüшülпlp]пlüp.* ^«ЭшpшhпlÜ2] цш2шцшüпlp]шü pшqшpшg]шlшü üш^ш-Л.hnüпlp]шü шüqшJühpp ^qU^^p^L hü üшU uшпpшqpшhш^шp ^hqmiJühpp цшцш-phgühLmi qhJ, mpp шpqhü hшшhL t 7500-] uшh-U^üühpp97: ^pl t Ü2h^, mp üш^шÀ.hnüпlp-jniüp шuш]áшüшpшü ]üuш]шпlg]пüшLшg-^niJ t U ^hp2p]üu pшJl_hpü mi qnp&nqnipjniü-

96 ^шJшJ]шü U.,, Ohшü]шü U., ипш^пш LJШш4шlшü,

https://www.aravot.am/2013/02/11/195091/(28.03.2019).

97<^plhüp ßшJшhm.Ü2 щшшJшlшü hшJшL]Jp»,

https://www.change.org/p/фJlhüp-pшJшhnlÜ2-

щшшJшlшü-hшJшL]Jp-save-the-historical-monument-of-

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караундж?fbclid=IwAR2W6jN8Kk619tF6pl5MvCSO-

IPdzhOeoq4h6JKFzd6Jesl1jsNKNVOXQmg (02.02.2019).

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Unш2]b ^üq]pp Цшщ^шЬ t pшqшpшg]ш-lшü üш^шA.hnüпlp]Пlüühp] шühшJш¿шф шhqшpш2^üшü U шhqhlшш^пlp]шü hшuш-üh^nip^ü hhш Zш]шuшшü] nqg шшpшЬpп^: Ъш^шА-hnünipjniüühpp h]JüшlшüпlJ àUш-^np^niJ hü bpUшüпlJ U qhnUu ¿niühü hmum-ühL]nipjniü qh^] Jшpqhp: ^hU bpUшüпlJ ^p&hu ph ^üq]pp hшqpшhшp^шЬ t, pшJg Zш]uшшü] pшqJшp]^ hшJш]pühpпlJ ш]ü JüniJ t ^üqpшhшpпl]g: ^]Пlqшlшü hшJш]üp-ühpniJ Jшш¿hL] ¿hü h]Jüшlшü шhqhlшш^ш-J]2ngühpp Jшuüш^пpшцhu hhnпluшшшh-uш]]ü LПluшpшüпlJp U hшJшgшügp: Ujü niü] üшU ung^jm^ü цшш^шnühp, pшüq] n¿ pnLnpp hüшpш^пpпlp]пlü niühü oqш^hLПl dш-Jшüшlшl]g шhqhlшш^шlшü qnpb]pühp]g, ш^hL]ü ш]uшhq Цш ürnU ш]^ шJhü]g oqш^hL ]JшüшLПl hrn^hurnL ^üq]pp:

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98 Ujq шптИп^ ung]nLnq ^nqnuJШüp Ü2niJ t, np UJUJnlшpnlJ ulqp]g brnqUj t щhшnlpJnlüp, ШJÜnlhhшU Jшuüш4nJ (lhnühJhgnLpJm.üp U ünp í]шJÜ hшuшJШ-Irnlrnü 2ШJdnlJühJÜ hü ШDШ2шghL, ühJШDJШL> Ьшцш-Jшlшlшü lшqJшlhJщnlpJnlüühJp. «^hJnlJШшшlшü dhb ш4шüqnlJpühJ niühgnq hplpüfapnid, OJhüшl> Uüq-ihrnjniJ, U'hшgJШL LшhшüqühJnlJ, ulqpüшlшü 2J2Ш-üniJ àUш4nJ4hg щhшnlpJnlüp, ШJÜnlhhшU Jшuüш4nJ

unLU mmplm immiinLpjnLU U qhnUu AUm-lnpimU ^nLLnLi t: UmqhLnl mpUtfnLmpnLi mjU lpnLi t mjq hmumpmlnLpjmU mpdhpmjjU hmimlmpqp, U mjq mnnLinl hhm^nphpqmjjU hplpUhpnLi (UhpmnjmL" 2mjmummUnLtf) pm-qmpmgjm^mU hmumpmlnLpjmU ¿UmlnpnLtfU pUpmUnLi t mpUimjmU U hmj tpUnuj mlmU-qm^mU tf2mlnLjpUhpj ^n^Uhppm^mUgtfmU hjimU lpm99: UjujUpU 2mjmummUnLtf lm UmU ^L-Uhpj nhmjjqmgjmjj ^Uqjp: OmpihUp U2nLi t, np £L-p nLUj 2h2mmqplm5 qmmdm-lmU mnmUAUmhmmlnLpjnLUUhp ^milmfc mpUimjmU pmqmpmlppnLpjmU hhm100: P^mUh-jp Uu U2nLi t, np £L-Uhpp nLUhU humml U tfmpnLp mpimmUhp UpUimjmU ^npAmnmp-jmU ihg U, hhmUmpmp, lmpnq hU nLUhUmL ijmjU umhimUm^ml mn^nLpjnLU mpUim-jmU hmiimmhpumnLtf: bl hph pmqmpmgjm-lmU hmumpmlnLpjmU hmjhgm^mpqp qmm-imlmUnphU ^nU^phm t npn2mlj dmimUmlj U mhqmUpj hmimp, mqm mjU lmpnq t qqm-jrnU ijUh^ imminLpjmU, tf2mlnLjpj U mUmh-unLpjmU mmpphpnLpjnLUUhpj hmUqhi101: Uju-ijunl, pmqmpmgjm^mU Um^mAhnUnLpjnLU-Uhpp npihu pmqmpmgjm^mU hmumpm^nL-pjmU dmnmUqnLpjnLU qdlmpnLpjmip hU hmp-implnLi mpUimjmU hplpUhpnLi, j^ijujU 2mjmummUU t U lmpnq hU qqmjnLU LjUhL pn^np mjU ^UqjpUhpj hmUqhi, npnUp nLUhU mhqm-lmU U2mUmlnLpjnLU:

bppnpq ^Uqjpp pnqnpj i^mlnLjpj pmgm-lmjnLpjnLUU t U hpl^nunLpjmU i^mlnLjpj pnLLnLpjnLUp, npp jpmlmUnLi ^hmp t LjUj ph pUqqhi npUt hmim^mpqj, mjL hmUnLU mpdhpUhpj imhimUnLpjmU: ^h j2^mUnLp-jmU U ph hppnpq qmuj UhplmjmgnLg^Uhpp pUqnLUnLi hU pmgmpAm^mihu pn^np njnpm-

uhlmnpp, hhmn ijmjU hppnpq uhlmnpp" hmumpm^m-lmU lmqJmlhplmLpJmLUUhpp: 2mJmummUmLJ mju hphpp lmjmgmU, ^UmlnplhgjU U qmpqmgmU tfjmdmimUml (norocHH r. A. , UnLjU mhqmi, tg 223):

99 ^m^umjmU ~b. U. «^mjmummUmi pmqmpmgjm^mU hmumpmlmpjmU inqh^j ^hlmlnpimU ]uUqjpp tpUn-J2mlmLpmJJU hmJmmhpummLJ», 2011, Lpmphp 2mumpm^mlmU ^•JmmLpJm.UUhpJ, № 3 . tg 255-268:

100 Putnam, R. D., "Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community". New York: Simon and Schuster. 2000.

101 Blaney, D. L. and Pasha M. K., "Civil Society and Democracy in the Third World: Ambiguities and Historical Possibilities', Studies in Comparative International Development" 28(1), 1993, pp. 3-24.

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