CC BY
20
hiivkobiiii bíchhk, 2004, bhn. 14.3
Perhaps, sustainable forest management would mean that all the three goals, and all the four dimensions are in proper focus, and in the management process, no box in the matrix has a negative value [4].
The Tragedy of the Forestry in India
The tragedy of forestry in India has been that at any given point of time only one dimension of management was emphasized. If it was economic in ninete-en-seventies, ecological in nineteen-eighties, and institutional in nineteen-nineties. The technical dimension was by and large ignored. There have been little, or no technical innovations either in the direction of increasing production, or in the way of more efficient use of forest products. Improvement in tending and harvesting operations has virtually been not attempted.
The situation in regard to identification of goal has been rather nebulous. Till nineteen-seventies, the goal was substantially the increasing of productivity. In nineteen-eighties it shifted towards stability of environment, or call it 'conservation'. In nineteen-nineties it was exclusively 'equity'.
Conclusions
In forestry, if it is not wise to overlook ecology, it is equally unwise to discard economics, or ignore technology. In our overzealousness, if we chose forestry practices which aimed only at ecological stability, and ignored productivity, we would secure neither. Our goal is to have an environment which is both stable, and productive, and that environment results from combined functioning of ecology, economics, and technology. To keep the environment safe, and at the same time to meet the demands of a rising population, we will have to evolve super trees, and to extend the fundamental equation,
Phenotype = Genotype + Environment, to Supertype = Phenotype + Technology.
References
1. Odum, Eugene P. 1978. Ecology, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
2. Lal, J. B. 1992. India's Forests: Myth & Reality. Natraj Publishers, Dehradun, India. pP. 86-90.
3. Forest Survey of India, 2000. State of Forest Report. FSI, Dehradun, India.
4. Lal, J.B. 1995. Forestry Planning: New Challenges in Indian Forestry in David Brand edited, Forestry Sector Planning. Natural Resources, Canada. pP. 135.
Uma MELKANIA1; N.S. BISHT2
CIRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH, INDIA
This paper aims to suggest criteria and indicators for management of forests in Aru-nachal Pradesh which is the largest forest rich state in the northeastern part of India. Keeping in view the rich biodiversity of this region, its status as a hot spot and close association
1 North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Department of Environmental Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145, India
2 State Forest Research Institute, Itanagar, A.P., Dehradun, India
УкраТнський державний лкотехшчний унiверситет
of local people with forest, these criteria and indicators should be implemented on a pilot scale for testing at local level. The initiative of the Government to draft a separate forest policy for the Northeastern states and the recommendation of Forestry Research Priority Setting Workshop (Anonymous, 1999) should be considered simultaneously while formulating the same for this region.
Проф. Ума МЕЛКАНЯ; Н.С. Б1ШТ- Швшчно-cxidHUÜ регюнальний ÍH-т
науки i технологи Шрюлi, Аруначал Прадеш, Iндiя
т /* ••• • •
Критерп та показники сталого розвитку люового господарства i збереження бiорiзноманiття в Аруначал Прадеш, Iндiя
Визначаються критерп та показники екологобезпечного господарювання в ль сах Аруначал Прадеш, яю е найбшьшими люовими масивами в твшчно-схщнш час-тиш 1ндп. Приймаючи до уваги багате бiорiзноманiття цього регiону, його визна-чальний статус та тюний взаемозв'язок мiсцевих жителiв з люом, цi критерп i показники повинш бути створенi з можливютю перевiрки та коректування на мюцевому рiвнi. Згiдно iнiцiативи уряду повинна бути окреслена окрема люова пол^ика для щ-лого регiону твшчно-схщних штатiв.
Introduction
The responsibility for sustainable management and development of forest resources rest not only with the forestry community but also with the society as a whole (Maini, 1996). It has now been accepted globally that all kind of forests should be managed in a sustainable manner to provide a range of protective, productive, environmental and social benefits in perpetuity. Criteria and indicators are the primary tools for monitoring the impacts of forest management, which help in assessing the national trends on forest condition and management. Criteria are description of forest characteristics, which are important for sustainable management (SFM) while indicators measure changes over a period of time for each criterion. These includes vital forest functions such as biological diversity, forest health, the multiple socio-economic benefits of forest, cultural value, wood-production, and in most cases the legal and institutional framework needed to facilitate SFM (Wijewardana, 1998).
In Indian context, criteria and indicators have to be set with their applicability to ecological, economic, socio-cultural and environmental need as 73 percent of the total population still sustain on agriculture. The dependence of the rural people on the surrounding forest ecosystem for fodder, fuel-wood, building material, agricultural implements and NTFP is very high. Moreover, the society using these forests have a strong bond with the forests which are very deep specially in tribal population. These forests are under great pressure due to the economic compulsions of local people and with increasing population these areas are getting converted to a stage of no return. The concept of forest management has now changed from sustained yield to SFM by the third National Forest Policy (1988). The role of forests has rightly been recognized in bio- diversity maintenance of ecological balance, environmental stability and socio-economic well being of the mankind. The concern of biodiversity conservation and related issues has brought the management issues at the center stage and accordingly the need of a Biological Diversity Act was felt by the Govt of India.
HiivKOBiiii BÏCHHK, 2004, BHn. 14.3
The State
Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state in the northeastern part of the country. It has a long international border with Bhutan to the west (160-km), China to the north and northeast (1,080 km) and Myanmar to the east (440-km).
Geographically, the area in the north of the Brahmaputra valley forms part of Eastern Himalayas, while the rest of the area in the Lohit, Changlang and Tirap districts form part of the Patkai ranges which separates India and Myanmar in the south. The hills of these two mountains have given birth to a large number of rivers and streams, which traverse the entire length and breadth of the state before draining into the mighty Brahmaputra. The plain land is limited to a narrow strip adjoining the state of Assam in the south. The climatic conditions vary from subtropical to temperate depending upon topography and altitude. The rainfall varies from 1,081 mm to 6,484 mm per annum over the whole state. It decreases gradually from east to west and also from south to north. A brief statistical profile of the state is mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1. Statistical profile of Arunachal Pradesh
S.N. Item Statistical details
1. Geographical area 83,743 sq. km.
2. Location 26o 28' and 29o 30o N Latitude
91o 30' and 97o 30o E Longitude
3. Human population (1991) 0.86 million
4. Number of districts 13
5. Number of villages 3649
6. Literacy 52 percent
7. Sex ratio 861 females per 1000 males
8. Livestock population 0.83 million (1991)
9. Per capita forest covers 7.93 ha.
10. Forest cover 68,602 sq. km. (81.90%)
(a) Dense forest 54,155 sq. km
(b) Open forest 14,447 sq. km.
11. Recorded forest area 51,540 sq. km (61.5%)
(a) Reserved forest 15,321 sq. km.
(b) Protected forest 8 sq. km.
(c) Un-classed State forest 36,211-sq. km.
12. Protected area network 10,085 sq. km.
(a) National Parks 2
(b) Wild life sanctuary 11
12. Growing stock 775.1 million cu. m.
13. Annual fuel-wood 0.4 million tonnes
consumption (1996)
14. Annual availability of fuel-wood 3.6 million tonnes
from forest (NFAP, 1999)
15. Major agricultural/horticultural Rice, maize, potato, apples,
products apple, oranges, pineapple, pears, etc.
16. Major industries Saw- mills, veneer / plywood mills,
weaving and handicrafts
There are 26 major tribes and a number of sub-tribes in the state. Most of these communities are ethnically similar, having derived from an original common stock
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but their geographical isolation from each other has brought amongst them certain distinctive characteristic in language, dress and custom (Singh, 1999). All the tribes have a well-structured and organised system of functioning in their villages. All matters related to the community as a whole are decided at the village level. When we talk about the criteria and indicators for northeastern region and developing a set of criteria at national level and indicators at local level, a little change is required because the base on which the management approach stands is totally different.
The forest resources
Arunachal Pradesh stands second in having the largest forest area of the country. The wide ranging altitude variation, hilly terrain and a well distributed rainfall have resulted in about 20 distinct forest types which broadly fall into tropical semi-evergreen, tropical wet-evergreen, sub-tropical broad-leaved, temperate and alpine forests (Kaul and Haridasan, 1987). The important tree species of different forest types are mentioned in Table 2.
Table 2. Forest types of Arunachal Pradesh
Forest type Altitudinal range Important species
Alpine Above 3500 m Arenaria, Saxífraga, Rhododendron
Temperate 1800-3500 m Abies, Acer, Castanopsis, Cupressus, Pinus, Populus, Tsuga
Sub-tropical Pine 1000-1800 m Pinus merkusii, P. roxburghii, P. wallichiana
Sub-tropical broad-leaved 900- 1800 m Alnus nepalensis, Castanopsis, Michelia, Quercus, Schima
Tropical wet evergreen upto 900 m South bank: Dipterocarpus retusus, Shorea assamica North bank: Altingia excelsa, Mesua ferrea
Tropical semi evergreen upto 600 m Ailanthus grandis, Bombax ceiba, Canarium strictum, Terminalia myriocarpa
Forests are the main source of employment generation in the state. The local demand of timber and other forest produce is low but there is a great pressure from outside sources, which is the main reason for illicit trade and large-scale deforestation. According to Forest Survey of India, there is a net decrease of 19 sq. km in the forest cover in 1997 assessment compared to 1995 assessment (Anonymous, 1997). This has far - reaching future implications because it is the only state in Northeastern India where few chunks of large and natural forest still exists. Its sensitive location, hotspot status, rich fauna and flora, abundance of endemic species, fragile
Науковий вкчшк, 2004, вип. 14.3
ecosystem and close association of local people with forest necessitates immediate action for setting the criteria and indicators and applying them on top priority for the sustainable management of the vast natural resources of the state.
Considering the importance of forests the Bio-diversity action plan was formulated for this state for inclusion in Biological Diversity Act. The Arunachal Pradesh forests are the greatest of national assets to them we owe the richness of the state The diversity is threatened mainly by human activities. In order to protect the bio-diversity the need was felt to prepare a detailed action plan at state level to conserve and sustainably use bio diversity to protect the cultural, scientific, spiritual traditions and innovations related to it, and to equitably share the benefits arising from sustainable use (Dept of Forest. Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh).
In this State this biological diversity is a part of daily life of this tribal state of India, which consists of about 63.7 % tribal population with 29 tribes and 110 sub tribes. Since the forest cover is about 81.94 % geographical area of the state, which is highest even in other Himalayan states of India.
Background
As per document of Govt of Arunachal Pradesh in this regard the action plan covered:
• conservation of biodiversity of all kinds, viz., Natural ecosystem, e.g. forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts and mountains, wild species and varieties, species of plants, animals and microorganisms existing in their natural state and the genetic variation within each of these species, agricultural ecosystem. e.g. farmlands, pastures, aquaculture, domesticated species and varieties, species of crops, livestock (including poultry), captive bred fish, pets and micro organisms on ex- situ collections and the genetic variation within each of these species;
• sustainable use of biological resources, implying their use in such a manner as will not imperil their long term existence or will not in other ways threaten biodiversity;
• social, economic, ethical, cultural, scientific and economic dimensions, including gender relations and equity.
Thus it is evident that the plan including all the resource components with the participation of users, planners and experts and at the same time gender issue is also being considered, which is very much in relevance to this state.
This approach seems very fascinating. In order to make it effective and for implementation and to bridge the gap between policy, plan and practice the need is to prepare the plan with down to earth approach by analyzing various issues meticulously. Some suggestions in this direction are to make to find principles and their criterion and indicators. Principles can be based on ecological/environmental. Social, economic, technical and legal issues. Accordingly, the criterion and indicators can be identified for diverse situations with reference to altitude, topography, weather conditions, accessibility etc. A workable methodology is helpful in proper implementation and monitoring of the action taken. Since the area is experiencing various climatic conditions, bio-diverse socio - economic and cultural situations dependant on natural resources considering forest as a major life support system. Moreover, It is also important to give it an integrated approach because all other resources by origin are derived from forest resources therefore their existence de-
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pends on the viability of forest resources (Singh et al 1984, Pandey and Singh 1984). Moreover, it will involve a team of experts. The conceptual framework was also necessary to provide the teams of experts, which could be selected on the basis of disciplinary background, research interests, cultural background, work experience and personality with a common frame of reference for their work. (Prabhu et al 1996). Various attributes can be selected for use by team members to judge the C&.I. Attributes selected are like Relevance, Unambiguously related to the assessment goal, Precisely defined; Therefore the need of Criteria & Indicators may be very useful in better conservation and management of Bio diversity potential. As per definition a Criteria is defined as identified elements of sustainability against which forest management can be assessed (FAO 1995). Landres (1992) explained that An indicator is any variable or component of the forest ecosystem or the relevant systems used to infer attributes of the sustainability of the resource and its utilization.The following can be considered common Criteria and Indicators with reference to Policy Planning for better management of Forests in this state:
Policy
Principle Forest policy, planning, rules and regulations related to natural resources management are supportive to forest and other natural resource management for sustainable forest management.
Criterion There are adequate rules as per need and situation of the area, better coordination among other related rules.
Indicators Policy and planning based on location specific data.
Effective land use policy and intersectoral co ordination with other resource policies
Effective protected areas as per act.
Provision of any location specific land use plan emphasizing on population, agricultural uses, grazing area and forest use.
Customary laws their status and affectivity
Effective and close co ordination between the forest and tribal dept and other dept pertaining to policy implementation, conservation, environmental, economic and cultural values.
Timely funding and proper infrastructural set up, proper implementation and proper monitoring.
ECOLOGICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL
Principle Maintenance of ecosystem health
Criterion Ecosystem structure and function is maintained
Indicators
No problems of illicit felling, soil erosion, poaching, fire, overgrazing, excessive removal of firewood etc
Effect to food chain, foodweb and nutrient cycling.
Sufficient regeneration of key stone species.
Criterion
Impact to bio-diversity of forest, agro- ecosystem, livestock, wildlife and other resources are minimized
HayK'OBiiii bíchhk, 2004, BHn. 14.3
Indicators
Sufficient natural regeneration of indigenous, locally adapted species. Endangered plant/ animal species are protected.
Sustained yield and sustainable supply of natural resources with wide varieties.
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
Principle Better Management of biodiversity leads to better availability of to resources for social, economic and cultural use
Criterion Rights of inhabitants about use of bio diversity are well defined and secured
Assessment/quantification of social, economic and cultural needs of the resources has been done.
Indicators Use and rights are with clearly defined rules Opportunities exist for local population to get employment Principle stakeholders/ local population have a voice in resource management Criterion Stakeholders/ local populations participate in forest management Indicators Effective infrastructure and mechanism for two-way communication related to resource management
Effective cooperation between forest people and local population Criterion Forest dependant people/stakeholders have the right to help monitor management and use
Indicators Conflicts are minimal or settled.
BIODIVERSITY PRODUCTION, USE AND SERVICES
Principle Sustained yield and quality of produce should be sustainable Criterion Objectives of better management are being followed with proper documentation and communication
Indicators Technical measures to increase the yield with due consideration to ecological principles with spatial, temporal, energy, matter and biodiversity distribution are being followed
Criterion Comprehensive management plan is available. Indicators Properly documented data on biodiversity past and present status, use pattern, management techniques including indigenous management system available.
Management plan deals with comprehensive and integrated management by integrating all the resources
Proper and sufficient data are being utilized for different ecological zones and climatic regimes.
Criterion The management plan is effectively implemented Indicators Environmental problems are under control, objectives of managements e.g. productivity; sustained yield and environmental problems are being achieved Criterion an effective, monitoring, and evaluation system is established Indicators The monitoring team consists of experts of various resource management, local people with gender equity
Monitoring frequency is being regularly followed Criterion Impact assessment study is established regularly
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Indicators Documentation of all monitoring studies with proper records is available
Proper feed back mechanism is being followed to correct the problems in time
Expert team consisting of policy specialist, ecologist/environmental expert, sociologist, economist, resource specialist, local people.
Conclusion
Based upon the criteria and indicators identified for the state, the main emphasis should be given to research needs keeping in view the following local constraints, which are also the cause and concern for revising the national forest policy, 1988.
Table 3. Criteria and Indicators suggested for the forest resources of A.P.
Criteria as prescribed for national level* Modified as per local condition Indicators Research needs
Extent of forest and tree cover Extent of forest and other resources under Govt. and private ownership land use pattern and status area under govt. control area under community ownership area under private forest legal status of the forests outside the notified area area under shifting cultivation in various eco-climatic zones area under natural forest area under bamboo area under cane area under NTFP development of data base regular survey and documentation analysis of land use policy study of natural forest ecosystem in different climatic zones
Forest ecosystem functions and vitality Forest health and vitality link people with forestry status of govt. and private forests impact of management activities on forest health change in area under degraded conditions impact assessment study in different eco-climatic zones
Biodiversity conservation Biological diversity biodiversity status assessment and monitoring indigenous knowledge level of species richness and diversity control of shifting cultivation soil physio-chemical characteristics soil erosion and run off growing stock of timber and NTFPs exploring the possibilities of biodiversity conservation and utilization
Soil and water conservation Protective function of forests with emphasis on watershed approach control of shifting cultivation soil physico-chemical characteristics soil run-off and erosion assessing the need of various ethnic communities considering inaccessibility
Forest resource productivity Productive function Growing stock of wood and NTFPs Natural regeneration
Forest resource utilisation Per capita consumption of forest produce availability, requirement and gap, if any
Socio- cultural aspects Socioeconomic and cultural benefits dependence of neighboring villages on forest resources Assessment of traditional dependence on forestry
Policy, legal and institutional framework Policy, legal, institutional and customary law framework quality of life recreational needs cultural needs aesthetic needs level of acceptability of govt. programmes and JFM from social view point status of land tenure system and land records policy analysis policy implementation possibility of flexibility in law regulation on the basis of feed back
Ecorestora-tion of degraded lands Ecorestoration of degraded lands techniques of afforestation on degraded site agro-forestry based development planning farm forestry/NTFP based model coordinated and site specific project works to manage the situation
Forest management Forest management approach management approach at govt. and private level forests status of management plan status of grazing management status of fire control assessment of the possibility of commercial cultivation and develop market facility
People's Participation Assessment of rights and concession of local people sufficient right and concession to local people in forests as 81.90 % area is under forests full participation in SFM transfer of technology analyzing the constraints and finding practical solution conflict management develop forest extension model
Protected area network Protected area coverage status of protected area status of crop damage by wild animals development of tourism network by local people need of research for better/forceful implementation of policy and finding the constraints for its better management
* Source: Intergovernmental panel on forest, United Nations, New York
The legal status, land uses policy and land records should clearly be defined for the management of un-classed state forests. The management limits for private forest should be village (community) based.
Development of data base of forest resources and its periodical upgradation is very much required.
2. Eio.oriHHi npoô.eMH .icorocnogapctioï gmmHocri
347
УкраТнський державний лкотехшчний унiверситет
In order to provide rights and concession to the satisfaction of the local communities, legal status of un-classed state forests should be notified and accordingly indigenous knowledge and customary rights are to be codified. This may help in controlling the shifting cultivation and improvement of productivity of jhum-land. The need is to sensitize communities towards the bad effects of short jhum-cycle and providing them technical knowledge for improved crop production.
Amendments may also be suggested in Forest (Conservation) Act,1980 for allowing abandoned jhum-lands for tea, coffee, and rubber cultivation.
Following long jhum-cultivation cycle may also be important in maintaining the socio-cultural traditions of local people.
Forestry education, research and extension programmes need review and should be based on specific criteria of applicability and accountability. It should address the current and future problems and requires better communication skills preferably in local languages.
Proper marketing facilities are to be developed when we talk about the commercial cultivation of NTFP.
Thus C & I provides diagnostic tools for a balanced evaluation of sustaina-bility, which can be judged at the highest and most complex level across sectors, large regional landscapes, or at the most basic operational unit at local level. Similarly the factors that triggers unsustainability may also operate at these level (Hop-mans, et al., 1998). These tools must be applied properly after selecting suitable areas (management units) and accordingly different sets of C & I have to be developed for different sites i.e. reserved forests, un-classed state forests, national parks and sanctuaries, plantation sites, degraded land, watershed area, etc. The information so generated shall be quite useful for the researchers, managers, policy planners in achieving the ultimate objective of sustainable management.
References
1. Anonymous. (1996). State Forestry Action Plan. Department of Environment and Forests, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh, Itanagar. - 166 p.
2. Anonymous. (1997). Status of Forest report, 1997. Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. - 72 p.
3. Anonymous. (1999). Forestry Research priority setting workshop. Institute of Rain Moist and deciduous Forest Research, Jorhat.
4. Anonymous. (1999). National Forestry Action Programme- India. Vol. 1 & 2. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India.
5. Hopmans Peter, Prabhu Ravi, Brand David, Nambiar Sadanandan and Cossalter Christian (1998). Development of C & I for Tropical Plantation Forests. Tropical Forest Update. 8(3): 8-9.
6. Kaul, R. N. and Haridasan, K. (1987). Forest types of Arunachal Pradesh - A preliminary study. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 9(2): 379-389.
7. Landres, P. B. (1992). Ecological indicators: Panacea of liability?. In: McKenzie, D. H., Hyatt, D. E., McDonald, J. E. (eds.), Ecological Indicators, Vol. 2. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
8. Mukherjee, S. R. and G. Chowhury 1999, Growing Dilemmas; Fuel and Fodder Access Rights in the Himalay. Himalayan Paryavaran, Vol. 6. pp 7994.
9. Pandey, Uma and J.S. Singh. 1984. Energy floe relationship between forest and agro-ecosystem in Central Himalayan region of India.
10. Prabhu, Ravi et al. 1996. Testing Criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of Forests: Phase I, Final Report CIFOR, Jakarta Indonesia.
11. Singh, J. S., U. pandey and A.K. Tiwari, 1984. man and Forests: A Central Himalayan Case. 80-84.
12. State Bio-diversity, Action Plan, Govt. of Arunachal pradesh, Itanagar.
Науковий ¡¡¡сник, 2004, вип. 14.3
13. State Bio-diversity Strategy and Action Plan (SBSAP) workshop 3rd August'2001, Ita-nagar, Arunachal Pradesh.
14. Singh, V. 1991 Ecological impact of Apple Cultivation in the Himalaya, IBD Dehradun.
15. Singh, V., A. Solanki and I. Dankelman (1999) Common property Resources in the Himalaya: The Fundamentals of Biodiversity management., Himalayan paryavaran, Vol. 6, 65-71.
16. Singh, Surinder. (1999). A resource Atlas of Arunachal Pradesh. Department of Planning, Govt. of A.P., Itanagar. - 161 p.
17. Troll, Carl (1988) Comparative Geography as high mountains of the world in the view of land scale Ecology Development of three and a half decades of Research and Organization in N.J.R. Allan, G.W. Knapp, C. Standel (cels). Human Impacts on Mountains, Rowman and Little field, New Jerrsey.
18. Wijewardana, Don. (1998). Criteria and Indicators for sustainable Forest Management. Tropical Forest Update. 8(3):4-6.
Shozo SASAKI1 - Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
IMPACTS OF SKID ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON SOIL EROSION IN JOZANKEI NATIONAL FOREST, JAPAN
In this study, we examine the effect of skid trail construction on soil erosion in the selective cutting operation in compartment 2248, Jozankei National Forest, Hokkaido, Japan. Field surveys in the site show that the rainfall intensity is the primly control factor for the surface runoff on the skid trail. However, it is likely that the control factor of the surface runoff is rainfall intensity in the 1st year after cutting operation. The soil loss by surface wash is higher than by rill/gulley erosion. But it became lower mainly because the surface wash loss got lower. There is a relation that the longer the surface runoff on skid trail, the bigger the size of rill/gulley. The initial soil cut for skid trail construction is very large, and can contribute significantly to soil erosion. Skid trail management should approach the erosion problem through careful planning and by devising adequate construction standards.
Keywords: Soil erosion, Surface runoff, Skid trail, Rill/gulley, Soil cut
Шозо САСАК1 - HayR.-domidHuü центр в Хоккайдо, Наук.-долдний ÍH-т лкового госп-ва i продуктов лку
Вплив спорудження трелювальних волоюв на ерозш грунту в Джозанкейському нащональному лш, Япошя
Ми ощнювали вплив спорудження трелювальних волоюв на ероз^ грунту пщ час вибiркових рубань в кварталi 2248, Джозанкейський нащональний лю, Хоккайдо, Япошя. Польовi обстеження показали, що штенсивнють опадiв е точним показником для ощнки поверхш стоку на трелювальних волоках. Однак, ймовiрно, що цей показ-ник е коректним тшьки в перший рш тсля рубання. Втрати грунту шляхом поверхне-вого змивання е вищими, чим потокова ерозiя. Але потсм щ втрати спадають iз-за зменшення поверхш змивання. Бшьша поверхня стоку вщповщае бшьшим розмiрам водних потоюв на трелювальному волощ. Перше зрiзання грунту пщ час спорудження трелювального волоку е дуже великим i може приводити до значно'1 ерозп грунту. При спорудженш трелювальних волоюв повинш враховуватися проблеми ерозп грунту шляхом 1х екологобезпечного планування з використанням вщповщних стандарт.
Ключов1 слова: ерозiя грунту, поверхня стоку, трелювальний волок, потш, зрь зання грунту
1 Hitsujigaoka 7, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-8516 Japan. Tel: +81-11-851-4131. Fax: +81-11-4167. E-mail: [email protected]
