Circasemidian and circasemiseptan gauges of vascular adjustment after transmeridian crossing of 3 time zones Текст научной статьи по специальности «Клиническая медицина»

—-------- —

CIRCASEMIDIAN AND CIRCASEMISEPTAN GAUGES OF VASCULAR ADJUSTMENT AFTER TRANSMERIDIAN CROSSING OF 3 TIME ZONES

OthildSchwartzkopff*, DewayneHillman*, FranzHalberg*, Germaine Cornelissen*, Mark Engebretson§, George S. Katinas*, Sergei M. Chibisov•, Rajesh Agarwab andRollin McCraty$

*Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA §Department of Physics, Augsburg College, Minneapolis, MN, USA •People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia fInstitute of HeartMath, Boulder Creek, CA, USA

A temporal microscopy (microchronometry, a term suggested by the senior author, or perhaps microbiochronometry) applied by the cosinor (1-3) to consecutive intervals of a time series is the counterpart of serial sections used in histology; it serves to reveal rhythms as the counterpart of cells, with the anticipation that some rhythm alterations may precede cellular change and could thus provide useful harbingers for preventive action. This approach can be used for analyses revolving around the abundant literature dealing with transmeridian dyschronism (jet lag) and related problems (4-15) by considering mainly the 24-hour component of our time structure, more often than not without parameter estimation after prior hypothesis testing, with only a few exceptions concerned with circaseptans (16-19), circasemiseptans (19, 20) and circannuals (21), and without considering other non-photic (22) components. It seems the more important to include the first harmonic of both the circadian and circaseptan components in each assessment. We here analyze both circasemidians and circasemiseptans with circadians and circaseptans, the former two components considered in their own right and as harmonics accounting for a non-sinusoidal waveform of the circadian and circaseptan rhythm, respectively. With certain interval lengths chosen for analysis by chronobiologic serial sections on data involving flights across only a few (here three) time zones and a return trip by ship rather than air, these first harmonics happen to be sensitive and the only gauges of adaptation.

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were monitored automatically with a TM-2421 instrument (A&D, Tokyo, Japan) at half-hour intervals before, during and after an arctic tour from 20 July to 4 Aug 2005. Serial section analyses on these data and on bracketing ones, extending until 22 Aug 2005 were performed by the separate fit of cosine curves with trial periods (D) of 168, 84, 24 and 12 hours. Departure from the USA was on July 18 to Anchorage, Alaska, USA, and from there to Anadyr, Russia (64°44'N, 177°20W); return was from Resolute, Nunavut, Canada, 74°42'N, 95°10'W, on August 4, 2005.

Consecutive intervals were chosen to cover by their length 4 to 8 D in the case of circadian and circasemidian analyses, or 2 to 4 D in the case of circaseptan and circasemiseptan analyses. Intervals were displaced by increments of 12 or 24 hours for the case of circadian/circasemidian and circaseptan/circasemiseptan analyses, respectively. The circadian and circaseptan rhythms remain environmentally synchronized, as apparent from the horizontal time course of their phases with the intervals analyzed, as apparent from Figures 1-3. By contrast, their first harmonics show the major phase adjustments for each of the variables examined, whether we deal with changes in the waveform of the circadian system or with an oscillation with a period of about 12 hours in its own right.

Analyses by sphygmochron (23) of 7-day/24-hour records of blood pressure and heart rate routinely consist of the concomitant fit of cosine curves with D of 24 and 12 hours to account for the traditional approximation of the usual non-sinusoidal circadian waveform of these variables. Determining the time of maximum of such a composite model (orthophase) with an estimate of uncertainty (95% confidence interval) was achieved in the context of cancer chronotherapy with adriamycin (24; see also 25). The addition of harmonic terms to describe the circadian waveform was illustrated for the case of inter-beat intervals (26). Analyses of such R-R intervals to derive the correlation dimension as a measure of fractal scaling indicated the critical role of the 12-hour component to separate healthy men from patients with coronary artery disease

—--------- —

(27). Harmonic terms indeed may be more sensitive gauges, notably for adjustments after flights over a few time zones: a 3-hour shift as in the case here reported corresponds to a 90° change in phase by the 12-hour component, but only to a 45° change in phase by the 24-hour component. The 12-hour and 24-hour components could be routinely included in the study by 24-hour and 168-hour cosinors of transmeridian or shiftwork-related adjustments.

Conclusion. Harmonic terms could be routinely used to study adjustments to changes in schedule, provided they contribute with statistical significance to the waveform of the fundamental rhythm(s) of interest and, much more generally, for studies in health and disease.

1. Halberg F. Chronobiology. Annu Rev Physiol 1969; 31: 675-725.

2. Cornelissen G, Halberg F. Chronomedicine. In: Armitage P, Colton T, editors. Encyclopedia of Biostatistics, 2nd ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2005. p. 796-812.

3. Refinetti R, Cornelissen G, Halberg F. Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms. Biological Rhythm Research 2007; 38 (4): 275-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09291010600903692.

4. Hildebrandt G. Phase manipulation, shift work, and jet lag: an overview. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1987; 227B: 377-390.

5. Vigh B, Manzano MJ, Zadori A, Frank CL, Lukats A, Rohlich P, Szel A, David C. Nonvisual photoreceptors of the deep brain, pineal organs and retina. Histol Histopathol 2002; 17: 555-590.

6. Moser M, Penter R, Fruehwirth M, Kenner T. Why life oscillates: biological rhythms and health. Conference proceedings: ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference. 01/02/2006; 1: 424-428.

7. Atkinson G, Edwards B, Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Exercise as a synchronizer of human circadian rhythms: an update and discussion of the methodological problems. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 99: 331-341.

8. Paquet J, Kawinska A, Carrier J. Wake detection capacity of actigraphy during sleep. Sleep 2007; 30: 1362-1369.

9. Ptacek LJ, Jones CR, Fu YH. Novel insights from genetic and molecular distribution of the human clock. Cold Spr Harb Symp quant Biol 2007; 273-277.

10. Martino TA, Oudit GY, Herzenberg AM, Tata N, Koletar MM, Kabir GM, Belsham DD, Backx PH, Ralph MR, Sole MJ. Circadian rhythm disorganization produces profound cardiovascular and renal disease in hamsters. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294 (5): R1675-R1683.

11. Scheer FA, Shea TJ, Hilton MD, Shea SA. An endogenous circadian rhythm in sleep inertia results in

greatest cognitive impairment upon awakening during the biological night. J Biol Rhythms 2008; 23: 353-

361.

12. Arendt J. Managing jet lag: some of the problems and possible new solutions. Sleep Med Rev 2009; 13: 249-256.

13. Minami Y, Kasukawa T, Kakazu Y, Iigo M, Sugimoto M, Ikeda S, Yasui A, van der Horst GT, Soga T, Ueda HR. Measurement of internal body time by blood metabolomics. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 9890-9895.

14. Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment [see comment]. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 4453-4458.

15. Waterhouse J, Reilly T. Managing jet lag (comment). Sleep Med Rev 2009; 13: 247-248.

16. Halberg F, Hillman D, Halberg E. Spectral approach to schedule shifts by circadian and infradian

cardiovascular marker rhythm assessment. Chronobiologia 1988; 15: 274.

17. Halberg F, Hillman D, Halberg E. Circaseptan (about 7-day) cardiovascular adjustment after transmeridian round-trip (west-east-west vs east-west-east) flights. Chronobiologia 1988; 15: 247-249.

18. Hillman D, Halberg E, Halberg F. More on about-weekly (circaseptan) cardiovascular variation after transmeridian (7-h shift of schedule) east-west-east flights. Chronobiologia 1988; 15: 249-250.

—---------- —

19. Comélissen G, Halberg J, Halberg F, Sanchez de la Pena S, Nelson W, Schwartzkopff O, Stoynev A, Haus E. Schedule shifts, cancer and longevity: good, bad or indifferent? J Experimental Therapeutics Oncol 2008; 7 (4): 263-274.

20. Schweiger H-G, Berger S, Kretschmer H, Mörler H, Halberg E, Sothern RB, Halberg F. Evidence for a circaseptan and a circasemiseptan growth response to light/dark cycle shifts in nucleated and enucleated Acetabularia cells, respectively. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 8619-8623.

21. Marques N, Marques MD, Marques RD, Marques LD, März W, Halberg F. Delayed adjustment after transequatorial flight of circannual blood pressure variation in 4 family members. Il Policlinico, Sez Medica 1995; 102:209-214.

22. Halberg F, Comélissen G, Sothern RB, Katinas GS, Schwartzkopff O, Otsuka K. Cycles tipping the scale between death and survival (= "life"). Invited presentation, Nishinomiya-Yukawa International & Interdisciplinary Symposium 2007, What is Life? The Next 100 Years of Yukawa's Dream, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, October 15-20, 2007. Progress of Theoretical Physics 2008; Suppl. 173: 153-181.

23. Comélissen G, Halberg F, Bakken EE, Singh RB, Otsuka K, Tomlinson B, Delcourt A, Toussaint G, Bathina S, Schwartzkopff O, Wang ZR, Tarquini R, Perfetto F, Pantaleoni GC, Jozsa R, Delmore PA, Nolley E. 100 or 30 years after Janeway or Bartter, Healthwatch helps avoid "flying blind". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2004; 58 (Suppl 1): S69-S86.

24. Tong YL, Nelson WL, Sothern RB, Halberg F. Estimation of the orthophase (timing of high values) on a non-sinusoidal rhythm, illustrated by the best timing for experimental cancer chronotherapy. In: Halberg F, editor. Proc. XII Int. Conf. International Society for Chronobiology, Washington, D.C., 1975. Milan: Il Ponte; 1977. p. 765-769.

25. Tong YL. Interval estimation of the critical value in a general linear model. Ann Inst Statist Math 1987; 39 (Part A): 289-297.

26. Comélissen G, Bakken E, Delmore P, Orth-Gomér K, Äkerstedt T, Carandente O, Carandente F, Halberg F. From various kinds of heart rate variability to chronocardiology. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 863868.

27. Otsuka K, Cornélissen G, Halberg F. Circadian rhythmic fractal scaling of heart rate variability in health and coronary artery disease. Clinical Cardiology 1997; 20: 631-638.

28. Katinas G. Adjustment after schedule shifts, notably jet lag, assessed by multiple 12- and 24-hour and 84- and 168-hour cosine fits and complementary methods. In preparation.

Legends

Figure 1. For systolic blood pressure, with the intervals chosen for analyses, the major adjustment along the 24-hour scale is gauged by the 12-hour cosine fit (bottom left). The 84-hour component suggests, but does not validate, a jump in phase since it is statistically significant too briefly before the return home and thereafter. © Halberg.

Figure 2. For diastolic, as for systolic blood pressure, the 24- and 168-hour components with the intervals chosen for analyses show a steady course of their phases while their harmonics jump in phase, even when inference is limited to the statistically significant sections analyzed. © Halberg.

Figure 3. For heart rate, noise clouds phase behavior and the phases of components that are not statistically significant cannot rigorously distinguish a gradual shift from a sudden jump. © Halberg.

—--------- —

Gradual return by icebreaker vessel (reverse Northwest Passage) after abrupt transmeridian east-to-west displacement over 3 time zones best reflected in adjustment of one-half of each the daily and weekly change in systolic blood pressure*

25

üf

¡5

тттттттттттттттттттп 1111111 г

!4h]

24.0 (96,12) h _L _ _ —^ , vAa ¡

A

— ■ ' - -Ч ——

1 и и 11 и 1111111111 111 í і г гг 11111111 m 11111111111111

a і

dajor circasemidian adjustment

12.0 (96,12) h

168*0 (336,24) h

200 ^

0 11 1птїтгтптптптгп,і 11111111 м 11 Tl'i 11111 ггптггттттї

II Mill I’ I I I m ГТТП ГТТГТТПТГП П І ПТТТГГГП I II II ГІ Г 1 a

TIME (DAYS)

300

84.0 (336, 24) h Major circasemiseptan adjustment

7

Í-W»

-ЭЧО

і І ГГГМТТ ТТЛ ГГГТГГГПТГГТТТП ІТІТГҐГГГГГГ ГТГ I I I И f I I I

TIME (CALENDAR DATE BETWEEN 2005 0702 00:00 AND 2005 0822 00:00)

*0S, F, 83r 2005, tour 07/20-12:00 (1) - 08/04-12:00 (2), SBP (N=1780). Numbers on acrophase charts between horizontal dashed lines (left) are the period fitted (=360') and in (), the interval analyzed and the incremenl by which this i nterval was displaced for consecutive analyses, all in hours (h); vertical dashed lines are 1 , departure from Minnesota for a flight to Anadi r, Russia, fd lowed by a Northwest Passage cruise from west to east and 2. return flight from Resolute, Nunavut, Canada. Phases are doubly plotted when near O' or 360". SEs in row 2 (top) are distances from the dot, shown by a tiny circled bracket.,to the lower (M) or upper (M+A) curves.

Figure 1

—--------- ----------

Gradual return by icebreaker vessel (reverse Northwest Passage) after abrupt transmeridian east-to-west displacement over 3 time zones best reflected in adjustment of one-half of each the daily and weekly change in diastolic blood pressure*

I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I II I I I I I I I I II І ГТТ I I I I ГГГГГГГГ

j 24.0 (96,12) h IIІ

£ ..líVj JL~ - -

í -—

Major circasemidian adjustment ' ч , 1 <ь drift 1 12.0 (96,12} h

і я I pr- • - A Л: -A ..)

1 —"—^—j 4^—

£ 1111111 і 11111111111111111111 1 111 111 1 11 II1 1 111 1 11 1 1 1 1 і * TIME (DAVai

1 С-ВО» -270

168.0 (336,24) h 1 О

3-0 00 О 05

Г"———_ — «QO

s І 4 11111111 r rn rrrr

1111111111111 її 1111111111111111 г

84.0 (336, 24) h Major circa <|>jump emiseptan adjustment _ _

■ - - -

jAf

^ .... _

1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 II 1 ТІ МГ (DATS)

TIME (CALENDAR DATE BETWEEN 2005 0702 00:00 AND 2005 0822 00:00)

B3,2005, tour 07/20-12:00 (1) - 08/04-12:00 (2), DBP {N=1760). Numbers on acrophase charts between horizontal cashed lines (left} are the period fitted (>360'} and in (), the interval analyzed and the increment by which this interval was forconseojtive analyses, all in hours (h); vertical cashed lines are 1, departure from Minnesota for a flight to Anadir, Russia, followed by a Northwest Passage cruise from west to east; and 2. return flight from Resolute, Nunavut Canada. Phases are doubly plotted when near 0' or 360'. SEs in row 2 (top) are d ¡stances from the dot, shown by a tiny circled bracket, to the lower (M) or upper (M+A) curves.

Figure 2

Gradual return by icebreaker vessel (reverse Northwest Passage) after abrupt transmeridian east-to-west displacement over 3 time zones best reflected in adjustment of one-half of each the daily and weekly change in heart rate*

I I I I I I I I I I [ II II I I I L M I I I I I I Mil III I I I I II I II I I I I

І І ҐІТПТГІ f П 111111111 M 11 I I I I I II 11 1111 11 M I I I I I I I I

Major fircasemidian adjustment /12.0 (96, 12} h Vа "4 drift ’ і -

л J\\l \Ki mr

——~t- —'

g ill I II I I

TIME (DAYS)

I III 111111111111111111111111

TIME (CALENDAR DATE BETWEEN 2005 0702 00:00 AND 2005 0822 00:00)

**OS, F, S3,2005, :our 07/20* 12:00 (1) - 06/04-12:00 (2), HR (№1780]. Numbers on acrophase charts between horizontal dashed lines (left) am the perod fitted {»360') and in (}, the interval analyzed and the increment by which this interval was displaced for consecutive analyses, all in hours (h): vertical dashed linos are 1. departure from Minnesota for a flight to Anadir. Russia, followed by a Northwest Passage cruise from west to east: and 2. return flight from Resolute. Nunavut. Canada- Phases are doubly plotted when near O' or 360'. SEs in row 2 (top) are с ¡stances from the dot, shown by a tiny circled bracket, to the lowe* (M) or upper (M+A) curves-

Figure 3