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7. Степанов В.С., Степанова Т.Б. Оценка негативного воздействия технических объектов на окружающую среду методами термодина-мического анализа // Промышленная энергетика. - 2010. - № 2. - С. 48-56.
CHOICE OF SURFACE-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES FOR GRINDING STONE ARTICLES
© Derkachev I.S.*, Dmitrienko N.A.*, Adigamov K.A.*
Institute of service and entrepreneurship (branch) Don state technical university, Shakhty
Now we use a wide range of granite products such as, marble, artificial marble and ceramic marble in performing different construction and finishing works. The most expensive and labor-intensive process is considered to be the process of stone grinding. To decrease the most expenses it is necessary to develop new technologies, create the innovative tools, and introduce new ways leading to the process of intensification of stone grinding. The most intensive way is considered to be the application of surface-active substances.
Keywords: grinding, surface-active substances, micro cracks, adsorptive layers, molecules, ions, processed stone.
In civil engineering, municipal services and in performing repair constructing operations the products of granite, marble, artificial marble, ceramic marble are widely spread and used owing to its relative low cost, good consumer properties, to a wide circulation and high decorative qualities. They can be used as the main construction material for engineering building, finishing articles for internal rooms and facades of buildings, in monumental construction as art decorative materials, and also in landscaping decoration design.
In the modern stone grinding industry the processes of producing decorative and art products, facing plates for walls and columns building facades, floor plates and other construction materials are supposed to be the most labor-intensive and long processes as stone processing consists of dozen passes and steps using a lot of abrasive tools.
* Аспирант кафедры Прикладной механики и конструирования машин.
* Преподаватель кафедры Иностранных языков, к.п.н., доцент.
" Заведующий кафедрой Прикладной механики и конструирования машин, доктор технических наук, профессор.
After preliminary processing the surface of a prepared stone (the process of cutting in to measured plates - slabs') has some rough surface connected not only with a roughness of the stone, but also with macro geometry of surface layer (camber, concavity, a sinuosity etc.).The size of sinuosity on a surface of a prepared natural stone pattern may reach 3-5 mm of [1] (fig. 1).
Therefore the most important issues are considered to be the process of increasing accuracy of macro geometrical parameters on a surface of finished products of stone, improving processing productivity, decreasing energy consumption and labor input. It can be reached with the help of improving technological process of grinding, particularly the process of introduction of the modern technologies, using new abrasive materials, innovative tool and adding surface-active substances.
Fig. 1. Cross section of slab after pretreatment
Surface-active substances are the substances having high surface activity in compare to water as a consequence of its molecules structure. In accordance to chemical structure all surface active substances or materials can be divided into two big groups: ionic (dissociating in water) and not ionic (not dissociating in water). In its turn ionic surface active materials are divided into on cationic (dissociating with formation of surface-active cations), anion (dissociating with formation of surface-active anions) and amphoteric (the process of dissociating depends on pH of the disperse environment or on formation of a surface-active cation, or on formation of surface-active anion) [2].
On appearance all surface active substances materials can be liquids, pastes, or also firm soap like products of various colors with aromatic smells. It is possible to point out the most significant properties of surface active materials, such as wetting (process of interaction of three phases on the general limit of the section), solubilization, emulsification (increase of colloidal solubility), adsorption (ability to spontaneous redistribution of components between a continuous phase and a layer).
The process of adsorption in its turn can be external and internal. External adsorption is caused by the process of adsorption of surface active materials on
their external surfaces of a firm body that leads to decreasing fluidity limit and hardening coefficient. Internal adsorption results from adsorption of surface active materials on a surface of micro cracks in a stone, as a result of the process, we may get decreasing durability and fragility of a stone pattern [3].
In the course of stone processing and in grinding the defective layer consisting of micro cracks is formed on a surface. Such micro cracks can be extended towards a vector of speed in accordance to the main movement and it allows a layer departure of a material to promote in depth of a processed stone pattern. After using the abrasive tool and loading removal the considerable amount of micro cracks may be closed (fig. 2). Thus the most part of useful energy is spent on its formation isn't used.
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1 - grinding wheel, 2 - processed stone, 3 - microcracks - supply range, V - pitch circle
Fig. 2. Distribution of microcracks in grinding without the use of surfactants
During grinding with water addition, it allows insignificant decreasing resilience of a stone to depravity. However because of the surface tension on waterair border it is comparable with that one on water stone border, a satisfactory wetting process of again formed surface doesn't happen. Water under the influence of forces of molecular coupling is squeezed out, and the micro crack is closed [4].
During the process of stone grinding the usage of surface active materials is based on reducing surface energy, the area of distributing micro cracks (fig. 3) is increased.
1, / I/ \ I . ■ I mG
1 - grinding wheel, 2 - processed stone, 3 - microcracks, 4 - surface-active substances, V - pitch circle
Fig. 3. Schematic distribution of microcracks in grinding using Surface-active substances
It occurs because of new molecules and ions formed surfaces on walls of micro cracks are adsorbed from solution, the adsorptive layers getting inside of micro cracks until the size of molecules and ions become equal to the size of disclosure. In accordance to the rule made by PA. Rehbinder, we may point out that simultaneously with the process of adsorptive layer forming, a decreasing surface tension may appear on borders of liquid-gas and liquid - a firm body [5] (fig. 4) [4].
1 - surface-active substances, 2 - processed stone, 3 - adsorption layer, 4 - transition layer
Fig. 4. Schema microcracks under the influence of surface-active substances
Besides that, the main feature of stone destructing under the layer of surface of active materials is supposed to happen at the time of micro cracks forming in the process of grinding when the conditions of vacuum promoting the process of surface active materials suction into micro cracks, i.e. it helps to accelerate the process of their penetration into the depth of cracks. Thus it is worth emphasizing that presence of surface active materials in the destructing process does not give the appearance of new micro cracks but let the process of growing and merging several cracks into one [5].
It should be pointed out that as a result of reduction of a surface tension of mineral formations under influence of surface active materials stone durability may be considerably decreased while grinding, therefore it leads to facilitating this process. It is connected with the surface tension of active materials as micro cracks have adsorptive and adhesive effects, owing to interaction of molecules of a surface processed stone and surface of active materials which is carried out at the expense of Van deer Waals's forces.
On the basis of carried out analysis we may give some recommendations for application of using surface active materials in granite, marble, artificial marble grinding. The most effective surface active materials effective are: Kits + Na2CO3, sul-phanol, NChK +Na2CO3, sulphanol + HCL, effective are: OP-7, OP-7 + Na2CO3, OP-10 +Na2CO3, sulphanol+Na2CO3, sintamid - 5 + Na2CO3. Application of this surface active materials in stone grinding will allow us reduces labor input, energy consumption and increase quality of stone processing.
The list of references:
1. Gorobec I.A. Investigation of the surface quality of the stone patterns in grinding / I.A. Gorobec, N.V Golubov // News North-NTU: ST. Science. Vip Ave. 129/2012. Seriya: Mashinopriladobuduvannya transport. - Sevastopol, 2012. - Р. 50-55.
2. Belik V.V., Kienskaya K.I., Physical and Colloid Chemistry: Textbook / Belik VV, Kienskaya K.I. - M.: Publishing Center «The Academy», 2005. - 288 р.
3. Chetvergov VA. Physical basis of reliability: Lectures / VA. Chetvergov, S.M. Ovcharenko // Omsk State Univ paths and messages. - Omsk, 2002. - 37 р.
4. Shobolova L.P. Development of methodology for the selection of optimal surface active liquids to reduce the resistance of rock fracture: dissertation edging. tehn. science / L.P. Shobolova. - M., 1984.
5. Leusheva E.L. Analysis of existing methods for selecting surface-active substances to improve the efficiency of destruction of solid of rocks on the bottom of the well / E.L. Leusheva, M.V Turitsina // Please do the work in research in the framework of the Federal Target Program «Research and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia» for 2009-2013. University «Mountain» St. Petersburg.
6. Doludareva Y.S. Influence of surface-active substances on the change in the strength characteristics of rock / Y.S. Doludareva, T.F. Kozlovskye, VD. Le-mizhanskaya, A.I. Coal // Suchasni resursoenergozberigayuchi tehnologii gir-nichogo virobnitstva. - 2012. - Vipusk 1 (9). - Р. 9-17.
7. Gorobec I.A. Quality management of the surface layer of the workpiece / I.A. Gorobec, A.N. Mikhailov // International collection of scientific papers. -Donetsk. DNTU-2003. MY. 22. The Ukraine, 2003.
ПРОГРАММНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС ПОСТРОЕНИЯ МОДЕЛИ ЗАКРЫТОГО РЕЛЬЕФА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ГУСЕНИЧНОГО РОБОТА НА БАЗЕ ARDUINO И ANDROID-УСТРОЙСТВА
© Дрожжин Р.С.*, Копелиович Д.И.*
Брянский государственный технический университет, г. Брянск
Описана аппаратная вычислительная платформа Arduino. Представлена архитектура взаимодействия гусеничного робота, андроид-устройства и персонального компьютера. Перечислены возможности программного комплекса.
Ключевые слова робот, рельеф, Arduino, Android.
* Магистрант кафедры «Информатика и программное обеспечение».
* Доцент кафедры «Информатика и программное обеспечение», кандидат технических наук, доцент.
