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Section 9. Pedagogy
The carried-out analysis serves as the bright proofofthe edu- tional pedagogical opportunities for intellectual potential growth
cational heritage of the Abkhazian people. It includes uncondi- of modern younger generation of the Republic ofAbkhazia.
References:
1. Abkhazian fairy tales/Composed by H. S. Bgazhba. Sukhumi. 1983. 356 p.
2. Hamitsayeva T. A. Historical and song folklore of the Ossetians. Vladikavkaz, 2002. 189 p.
3. Hatayev E. E. National pedagogy of the North Caucasus Moscow, 1993. P. 83.
4. Medvedev I. K. Role of game in labor education. Moscow, 1995. 122 p.
5. Mirzoyev H. A. National pedagogy. Makhachkala, 1984. 234 p.
6. National legends of the Caucasian mountaineers. Tiflis. Issue VI. 478 p.
7. Pomerantseva E. V Mythological characters in mountain folklore. Moscow. 1975. P. 489-490.
8. Zhigadlo A. P. Ethnic consciousness as leading component of the organization of educational systems of higher education institution//Omsk scientific bulletin. 2009. No. 5 (81). P. 130-135.
Denisov Igor Vasilievich, Sterlitamak branch of Bashkir state University, senior lecturer of the Department of General history, the Faculty of History
E-mail: meretites@mail.ru
Childhood and children in preliterate societies according to archeology
Abstract: The article offers a reconstruction of elements of the upbringing of children of different age groups according to archaeological studies in the southern Urals and in the Volga region.
Keywords: education, age group children, archaeological culture of the bronze age, Sarmatians and Scythians, the results of archaeological research, South Urals and the Volga region.
The situation of children in ancient societies is of great interest, both from the point of view of archaeology and history, and from the point of view of the history of pedagogy. Archaeology, studying the material culture of antiquity, at the present time and can provide factual material for the reconstruction of the age stratification of children, relationship with parents and come from, as well as certain specific “classes” within the family.
Based on available data, children under the age of 7-8 years (Inf.) were a particular age group. The children of this group of tribal timber Carcass and Alakul cultures of the bronze age of the southern Urals, Middle and Lower Volga region were buried either in the same grave with an older woman (mother?), or separately, when baby burial form the outer circle of graves, on the perimeter of the mound [1, с. 17; 6, fig.15; 6, fig.26; 6, fig.40, 1; 7, с. 91; 7, с. 191]. Similarly, did the population Catacomb archaeological culture of the bronze age in the Lower Volga region [7, с. 189]. The important fact is the presence of a pair of children’s burials of tribal timber Carcass and Alakul cultures of the bronze age of the southern Urals [1, с. 22-23].
The Sauromatians Lower Volga and the southern Urals in the VI-IV centuries BC to bury children with adults, or separately, but next to the graves of adults, as a rule, the graves of women (mothers?) [8, с. 228; 9, с. 62-64, 73, 87]. So did the nomadic tribes of the Sarmatians (end of the IV-II centuries BC) of the southern Urals and the Lower Volga region [8, с. 300, 318; 9, с. 62, 92-100]. Together with female babies were
buried and the Scythians [10, с. 59, 280]. On the contrary, the children of the tribes Siglinskas archaeological culture (V-IV centuries BC) of Central Asia and were buried in some family tombs with adults, but in special places, usually in the legs of adults [2, с. 56]. In the graves of children Carcass archaeological culture of the bronze age of the Middle Volga, Lower Volga and the southern Urals, as well as Sintashta archaeological culture of the southern Urals, relevant to this age group, found sheep Astragalus [1, с. 24; 4, с. 42; 6, с. 124-125; 7, с. 94;].
The bulk of children’s burials in this age group, at best, contains only dishes with funeral food. In addition, in the group there are a number of burials of children, which are clearly distinguished by their high social status. Thus, among the burials Carcass archaeological culture of the Lower Volga region, Sintashta archaeological culture of the southern Urals and Peter archaeological culture, is known one burial of children with weapons [4, с. 42; 5; 7, с. 101]. Similar facts exist for the Sarmatians of the southern Urals [9, с. 112].
The second age group presented uninitialized teenagers 9-11 years, tribes Alakul archaeological culture of the southern Urals were buried separately from adults and grave goods, as well as the overwhelming number of adults, occasionally presents only decorations [1, с. 10]. Nomads Siglinskas culture these teenagers were buried in cells together with adults, with them in one row, but on the edges of these series. Separation from adults and reflects the inventory. A weapon with adolescents was found only arrows, and other weapons (daggers, stonechats, etc.) normally present in the inventory next
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The problem of identification of educational achievements of bachelors: competence approach
age group (25 years and older) [2, с. 57]. Equal (pair) burial adolescents and adult women, as well as single children known to the Sarmatians (III-II centuries BC) in the Lower Volga region [7, с. 58-59, 96; 8, с. 283-284, 318].
Adolescents (12-15 years), apparently already passed the rite of initiation and representing the third age group had the appropriate equipment, there is little to distinguish them from those of adults. Known paired burials girls (women?) carcass culture together with their peers and older men on the territory of the Lower Volga region [7, с. 191]. For burials girls Carcass culture of the bronze age of the Middle Volga and Lower Volga region, in addition to ceramics, characteristic only of rare j ewelry, usually bronze bracelets or other j ewelry [6, с. 62; 7, с. 69, 86]. Similarly, did the Sauromatians and Sarmatians of the Lower Volga region and southern Urals, however, part of the «teenagers» were buried separately [7, с. 80; 9, с. 64]. Obviously, this age group can no longer be regarded as a teen, and should be part of any adult members of society.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the children of the first age group were still very closely associated with their mothers. Apparently, therefore, the population of
these cultures of the bronze age they were buried in the same graves with women (mothers?), or at least, near their graves. There are facts that did the same in the Eneolithic tribes of Pit archaeological culture of the Lower Volga region [7, с. 80; 9, с. 64]. However, the situation of children findings emphasize and mutton bones, clearly served as toys.
As an exception, not the rule, should consider those facts when the boys were supplied with weapons. Apparently, it was stressed that they belong to a special military stratum of society, followers of traditions which they were to become in the afterlife. It should be especially noted and paired Carcass burial and Alakul archaeological cultures of this group, reflecting emerged in the second quarter of the second Millennium BC in the border areas the tradition of early marriage conspiracy, obviously, had important political significance [3, с. 94-95].
Judging from the available facts, children of the second age group also were associated with women, but burial (transition to adult) inventory suggests that this relationship is significantly weakened. Time children’s games goes by «children» prepared by the society for the transition to adulthood, «playing» in adult life.
References:
1. Gorbunov V. S., Denisov I. V., Ismagilov R. B. New materials on the bronze age of the southern Urals. - Ufa: Bashkir state pedagogical Institute, 1990. (in Russian).
2. Grach A. D. Ancient nomads in Central Asia. - M.: Nauka, 1980. (in Russian).
3. Denisov I. V. Ancient history of the southern Urals. - Sterlitamak: Sterlitamak state pedagogical Institute, 2000. (in Russian).
4. Denisov I. V. Burial grounds of the bronze age Obilking meadows near Sol-Iletsk//Archaeological monuments of Orenburg region. - Orenburg, 2001. - Vol. V. (in Russian).
5. Zdanovich G. B. Zdanovich S. Y. Burial of bronze age near the village Petrovka//Soviet archaeology. - 1980. - No. 3. (in Russian).
6. Merpert N. I. Materials on archeology of the Middle Volga region//Materials and researches on archeology of the USSR. -M., 1954. - No. 42. (in Russian).
7. Sinitsyn I. V. Archaeological survey of Zavolzhsky squad (1951-1953.)//Materials and researches on archeology of the USSR. Moscow, 1959. - No. 60. - T. I. (in Russian).
8. Smirnov K. F. Barrows in the villages Ilovatka and Politicalissue Stalingrad region//Materials and researches on archeology of the USSR. Moscow, 1959. - No. 60. - T. I. (in Russian).
9. Smirnov K. F. Sarmatians on the Ilek river. - M.: Nauka, 1975. (in Russian).
10. Khazanov A. M. The Social history of the Scythians. - M.: Nauka, 1975. (in Russian).
Nabiev Valery Sharifyanovich, Ulyanovsk state pedagogical university named after I. N. Ulyanov, Candidate of Pedagogic sciences, assistant professor of Pedagogical Department
E-mail: paradoks.nabiev@mail.ru
The problem of identification of educational achievements of bachelors: competence approach
The study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Humanities and the Ulyanovsk region in the framework of a research project № 15-16-73003/15
Abstract: The article considers the approaches to solving the problem of identification of the results and educational achievements of university students. In the article there were set and analyzed some inner meanings of the term “educational potential” in the context of the objectives of competence formation and personal qualities and competence diagnosing.
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