CC BY
29
DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2019-03.24
CHILD VALUE, NUMBER OF CHILDREN AND USE OF CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES
FOR FERTILE AGE COUPLES
Putri Puri Kusuma Dwi*, Hubeis Aida Vitayala S., Sarwoprasodjo Sarwititi,
Sugihen Basita G.
Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
*E-mail: purikdp@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Indonesia has increasing in population, in 2018 population is more than 261.9 million (BPS, 2018). The total fertility rate (TFR) in Indonesia has still not reached the target of 2.3 children each woman giving birth. The government should resolve this total fertility rate (TFR). The decreasing of TFR can press the Population Growth Rate (LPP). It makes the Family Planning (KB) programs are still important to be encouraged, because family planning programs can maintain birth rates. The purpose of this study was to analyze the value of children, the number of children, and the attitude of family planning at Fertile Age Couples (FAC) in the city of Bogor. The samples were couples of childbearing age in the sub-districts of South Bogor and West Bogor in Bogor City. The results showed that the children's grades were classified as positive for FAC. On average, FAC provides responses to children's values in the assessment are positive. The majority of FACs have realized the importance of family planning programs in the family, namely to spawn births and maintain birth spacing. The presence of children needs to be prepared related to the cost of living, education, and readiness of parents in educating them. The average number of children owned by FAC is between 1 and 2 children. It means that FAC in Bogor City has succeeded in reaching the target family planning program with an average use of contraceptives containing injections.
KEY WORDS
Total fertility rate, family planning, child value, number of children, attitude, population.
Indonesia experienced a population explosion. The population in 2018 is more than 261.9 million (BPS, 2018). It is shown that the number of Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Indonesia has not still reached the target of 2.3 children each woman giving birth. The high rate of TFR is an important thing for the government. This reduction in numbers is needed to reduce Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Population Growth Rate (LPP). Thus, family planning programs are still important to be encouraged.
According to the World Health Organization (2006) referenced by Paek et al. (2008) the definition of family planning is the ability of individuals or couples to anticipate and achieve their desires in having children and to provide distance and time in childbirth. According to Jirapongsuwan (2016), KB refers to the anticipation and attention of individuals and couples in determining the number of children, distance, and time of birth. The benefits of family planning programs include reducing poverty, maternal and infant mortality, empowering women on barriers to the burden of women who give birth to many children, increasing the sustainability of the surrounding environment (Cleland et al., 2006).
Birth settings can be influenced by the number of children desired (Davis & Blake, 1956). Mosha et al. (2013) there are differences between the values of children of villages and cities. Men who live in villages want to have many children to help them in agricultural activities. Based on social norms that have many children in the village can be a support system for the family. Men in villages are reluctant to allow their wives to have children, because family planning can control the number of children. Meanwhile, the value of children in the city shows that having children requires money. Costs incurred such as for raising children, especially in the fields of education, health services, and other social facilities. Residing in the city means that everything has expenses such as renting a house, buying food and other facilities. Having many children means that many costs. Families who live in
cities use contraception so that they do not have many children, because having children in the city requires being able to fulfill their daily needs.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
The study was conducted on fertile age couples with ages ranging from 15-49 years in the city of Bogor. The population in this study was couples of childbearing age in the subdistricts of South Bogor and West Bogor in the city of Bogor. When the study took place in March-May 2018. The method used in this study was multistage random sampling. The number of respondents in this study was 204 FAC. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data are collected by means of surveys through face-to-face questionnaires. Secondary data are complementary data obtained from the sub-district, related district, population control and family planning services (Government), and relevant literature in this study.
RESULT OF STUDY
The results showed that the age of FAC studied was between 30 and 43 years old, with an average of 89 (43.6%). Based on education level, the average education level of FAC is high school as much as 107 (52.5%). Based on monthly income, the average income is $ 137 - $ 143 / month as many as 117 (57.4%). The contraceptives used by PUS were injected as much as 53 (26%) through personal expenses of 139 (68.1%).
Child's value for FAC is a response that FAC agrees to the existence of children in their lives. High children's values are reflected in the statement that children bring excitement, children carry guarantees of sustenance, children's guarantee ease in old age, children as inheritors of life and so on. Research also shows that the existence of children will not make life luxuries diminish. Around 76 percent of respondents is in agreement. Respondents believe that every child has their own fortune without any doubt that their children will reduce luxury and reduce the value of life.
Ieda (2012) mentioned that having children has important thing for all participants. They often say that children are "drugs against death" and children as representatives of their parents. Some participants also believe that having many children can bring prosperity. The presence of children also means the morning of a married couple to keep their marriage alive. Children also support their parents in their daily lives. They can relieve household chores or help parents in the fields, so they can generate income in the economic field. Children are also considered to be inheritors of life for their parents. Having children is an important factor as a valued person in the community.
This study shows 71.57 percent of respondents have children 1 to 2 children. The majority of FACs have been aware of the importance of family planning programs in the family, namely to spawn births and maintain birth spacing. The presence of children needs to be prepared related to the regulation of the cost of living, education, and the readiness of parents in educating them. This is in line with Sherpa et al. (2013) the number of living children owned by the majority of women in Karnataka, India, amounting to 1-2 children.
The results of the study showed that FAC in the city of Bogor had successfully achieved the target of the family planning program. One of the targets of the success of the family planning program, namely Total Fertility Rate/TFR contained in the 2015-2019 National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) of 2.6 children per birth can be reduced to 2.28 children (www.bkkbn.go.id). The family planning program aims at spacing births and maintaining birth spacing. The presence of children needs to be planned related to the regulation of living costs, education, and the readiness of parents to educate them.
Most of the FAC attitudes in using contraception are positive. This is in line with Ehsanpour's research (2010) which shows that attitudes are an important factor in choosing methods of contraception, therefore this problem must be considered by family planning planners and consultants.
Table 1 - FAC distribution based on Children value
No Children value Really agree agree disag ree really disagree
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
1 The child is the source of happiness 30 14.7% 86 42.2% 77 37.7% 11 5.4%
2 Children's guarantee not to be lonely 51 25.0% 126 61.8% 21 10.3% 6 2.9%
3 Children bring excitement 80 39.2% 124 60.8% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
4 Child guarantees sustenance 51 25.0% 102 50.0% 46 22.5% 5 2.5%
5 Children facilitate homework 18 8.8% 87 42.6% 87 42.6% 12 5.9%
6 Children guarantee old age convenience 59 28.9% 130 63.7% 15 7.4% 0 0.0%
7 Children make it more mature 80 39.2% 123 60.3% 1 0.5% 0 0.0%
8 Valuable parenting experience 85 41.7% 119 58.3% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
9 Parenting adds patience 85 41.7% 117 57.4% 2 1.0% 0 0.0%
10 Children as inheritors of life 83 40.7% 121 59.3% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
11 Children's success is the joy of parents 83 40.7% 121 59.3% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
12 Children complete the meaning of life 76 37.3% 120 58.8% 8 3.9% 0 0.0%
13 Children strengthen husband and wife relations 70 34.3% 130 63.7% 4 2.0% 0 0.0%
14 Without children reduces love husband and wife 21 10.3% 75 36.8% 96 47.1% 12 5.9%
15 Divorce prevention children 14 6.9% 54 26.5% 117 57.4% 19 9.3%
16 Children make it never calm 14 6.9% 81 39.7% 94 46.1% 15 7.4%
17 Child source of anxiety 8 3.9% 39 19.1% 132 64.7% 25 12.3%
18 Children make financial difficulties 25 12.3% 132 64.7% 39 19.1% 8 3.9%
19 Children make luxury less 1 0.5% 23 11.3% 155 76.0% 25 12.3%
20 Without children guarantees the family economy 1 0.5% 27 13.2% 144 70.6% 32 15.7%
21 Children limit freedom 7 3.4% 28 13.7% 137 67.2% 32 15.7%
22 Children limit opportunities to develop 3 1.5% 22 10.8% 152 74.5% 27 13.2%
23 Children limit desire 4 2.0% 28 13.7% 144 70.6% 28 13.7%
24 The presence of the child is exhausting the body 19 9.3% 72 35.3% 96 47.1% 17 8.3%
25 Without children, the body is healthier 1 0.5% 25 12.3% 149 73.0% 29 14.2%
26 Caring children requires energy 37 18.1% 111 54.4% 50 24.5% 6 2.9%
27 Children disturb the intimacy of husband and wife 7 3.4% 21 10.3% 144 70.6% 32 15.7%
28 Child causes husband and wife quarrels 3 1.5% 50 24.5% 119 58.3% 32 15.7%
29 Without children is more able to survive 3 1.5% 15 7.4% 138 67.6% 48 23.5%
The FAC attitude shows that 95.6 percent or 195 FACs have a positive attitude towards decision making on contraceptive use and 4.4 percent or 9 PUSs have a negative attitude towards decision making on contraceptive use. PUS has been able to practice directly about the importance of family planning programs launched by the government. A positive attitude in decision making using contraception shows the success of the family planning program. Family planning programs from the government are well received by the community.
CONCLUSION
The average FAC responds that the value of children in their family is positive. The statements are such as children bring excitement, children carry guarantees of sustenance, children as a guarantee of ease in old age, children as inheritors of life and so on.
The majority of FACs have been aware of the importance of family planning programs in the family, namely to spawn births and maintain birth spacing. The presence of children needs to be prepared related to the regulation of the cost of living, education, and readiness of parents in educating them. The average number of children owned by FAC is between 1 and 2 children. This means that PUS in the city of Bogor has succeeded in reaching the KB program target.
High children's values are reflected in the statement that children bring excitement, children carry guarantees of sustenance, children's guarantee ease in old age, children as inheritors of life and so on.
The average FAC has a positive attitude towards decision making on contraceptive use. This means that family planning programs can be well received by the community.
REFERENCES
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