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Azizova Feruza Lyutpillaevna, Vice Rector for Research, Doctor of Science, Tashkent Medical Academy Boltaboev Ulugbek Abdusalomovich, Fergana branch of the Tashkent Medical Academy Deputy Dean of the Medical and Preventive Faculty E-mail: boltaboev1975@inbox.ru
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DYNAMICS OF INDICATORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND FUNCTIONS OF ATTENTION OF THE WORKERS OF SHOE PRODUCTION
Abstract. The indicators of the functional state of the central nervous system were assessed by determining the speed of visual and auditory-motor reactions, the stability of the attention function among workers of shoe production. The results of research have shown the development of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system, leading to an increase in errors in differentiation, and at elevated air temperatures at workplaces, changes in simple and complex visual-motor response are more pronounced and significantly exceed the maximum permissible values ofphysiological changes. They also revealed the development of inhibitory processes in terms of simple and complex auditory-motor response, with more pronounced changes observed in those occupational groups where higher levels of noise at workplaces are recorded. When studying attention functions among working women, it has been established that the number of errors made increases, the actual performance decreases, the time spent on completing the assignment during the summer period of observations increases, where the quality of the corrective test deteriorates and the level of performance decreases, indicating a more pronounced production fatigue.
Keywords: workers, shoe production, women, central nervous system, intensity of the labor process, visual-motor reaction, auditory-motor reaction, correction test.
Relevance. The shoe industry is one of the largest especially when using conveyors with a strictly defined work
branches of light industry. The main task of the shoe industry rhythm [10].
is to satisfy the need ofpeople for high-quality footwear and a Purpose. The study of changes in the indicators of the
diverse range. The modern footwear industry, which produces functional state of the central nervous system, by determining
shoes of mass production, characterized by a fairly high level the speed ofvisual and auditory-motor reactions, the stability
of introduction of new technologies, the pace of technological of the attention function occurring in the dynamics of the
processes requires a constant concentration of central nervous working day. system functions [1; 2]. Materials and methods
Thus, significant neuro-emotional stress in the activities Taking into account the specifics of the work of the main
ofvarious professions of shoe manufacturing, combined with professional groups of shoe production, where women make
physical labor and production factors, create large loads on the up the bulk, to assess changes in the central nervous system,
central nervous system [3; 4]. Materials on the study of health the speed of visual and auditory-motor reactions and the
among workers of shoe production showed a high increase in stability of attention were determined using correction tables.
the incidence associated with the impact of psycho-emotional The determination of the speed of visual and auditory-motor
stress present during the 8-hour working day while performing reactions was carried out on a universal chronoreflexometer.
the basic functional duties [5; 6; 7]. A widely used technique for studying the conditioned-
Scientific studies have shown that, for assessing the motor reaction of Ivanov-Smolensky with preliminary verbal
functional status of the central nervous system in certain instruction was used. The speed of a simple and consistent
professional groups, a number of different specially developed visual - and auditory-motor reactions was recorded; red
methods are determined, taking into account the indicators of and white light, a low and loud sound were used as a signal;
the intensity ofthe labor process [8; 9]. In the manufacture of differentiation to stimuli was developed by warning not
shoes, workers have increased eyestrain and attention, as well to respond by pressing a button on white light and a loud
as the monotony of the movements of the hands and fingers, sound. The studies were conducted according to the scheme:
10-12 positive signals were fed, 5 - complex, 5 - differentiating. The reaction rate (time from the moment when the conditioned stimulus was applied to the response) was noted in hundredths of a second (mln), taking into account both the correctness of the response to the differentiation signal and the speed of the visual and auditory-motor responses to the positive stimulus following differentiation.
The attention function was studied by using proofsamples. Used tables with settled text. The subject was asked to cross out a certain letter, while taking into account the time of the assignment, the number of errors, and the actual performance was calculated using the Whipple formula.
Results
Conducted research among women shoe production showed results that differed significantly in the spring and summer periods in the tables below - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Table 1 presents the materials obtained during the survey of harvesters in the spring and summer periods of observations. From the table it can be seen that in the spring period, the background to the operating speed of a simple
visual-motor reaction corresponded to 307.1 ± 0.12 mlc, during the working day the reaction time increased to 328.5 ± ± 0.15 mlc (p < 0.001), which indicates a decrease in the rate of simple visual-motor reaction. In the summer period of observations, the nature of changes in the indices of a simple visual-motor reaction was similar to the data of the spring period of observations, however, the intensity of the changes was more significant. If air temperature of workplaces, at the optimum spring the time of a simple visual-motor reaction had increased on average by 6.8%, then at elevated temperatures the decrease in the reaction rate had corresponded to 35.7% (from 248.1 ± 0.12 to 336.8 ± 0.11 mlc).
According to the obtained materials, it was revealed that the time of the visual-motor reaction to a positive signal following the differentiation signal (a complex or sequential visual-motor reaction) increased in the spring period at the beginning of work by 18.9 mlc, by the end - by 8.3 mlc, in the summer period - by 113.9 and 149.3 mlc, respectively. This indicates the development of consistent braking due to production fatigue.
Table 1. - Changes in visual-motor response for harvesters in the spring and summer periods of observations, mlc
No. Indicators of the visual-motor reaction (mlc) At the beginning work Before lunch break In the end work Credibility
n M ± m n M ± m n M ± m P<3-7
spring period
1. simple 400 307.1 ± 0.12 400 322.5 ± 0.14 400 328.5 ± 0.15 0.001
2. complex 200 326.0 ± 0.11 200 369.7 ± 0.18 200 427.1 ± 0.13 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.09 ± 0.02 200 0.22 ± 0.02 200 0.43 ± 0.03 0.001
summer period
1. simple 400 248.1 ± 0.12 400 289.6 ± 0.13 400 336.8 ± 0.11 0.001
2. complex 200 362.2 ± 0.13 200 376.2 ± 0.11 200 486.1 ± 0.11 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.03 ± 0.01 200 0.24 ± 0.03 200 0.46 ± 0.03 0.001
In addition, from the beginning to the end of the shift, erroneous reactions to the differentiating stimulus increase: in spring, from 0.09 ± 0.02 to 0.43 ± 0.03, and in summer, from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.46 ± 0.03.
Consequently, the working conditions and the nature of the labor of the procurers cause certain changes in the state of the central nervous system, which manifest themselves in lengthening time, reducing the speed of a simple visual-motor reaction, which indicates the development of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system, increasing the erroneous reactions to the differentiation irritant and in the development of consistent inhibition.
It is noted that in the summer period, the severity of shifts increases, which is likely due to a more pronounced manifestation of production fatigue. Table 2 presents the results
of studying the visual-motor reaction in a seamstress. In this professional group, the nature of the changes in the visualmotor reaction in the dynamics of the working day is the same as that of the harvesters. At the beginning of work, the time of a simple visual-motor reaction was on average equal to 278.9 ± 0.12 mln, to the lunch break it increased to 285.9 ± ± 0.9 mlr, and by the end of the shift - to 293.0 ± 0.2 mlc, that is, 5% compared with background indicators. n the summer period of observations in the dynamics of work, the reaction time increased by 14.2%. The time of the successive visualmotor reaction in the dynamics of the shift also increased in the spring period by 5.5%, in the summer period by 8.5%. In addition, there is an increase in the erroneous reactions to the differentiating stimulus in the spring period by 45%, in the summer - by 58%.
Table 2.- Changes in the visual-motor reaction indices of a seamstress in the spring and summer periods of observations, mlc
No. Indicators of the visual-motor reaction (mlc) At the beginning work Before lunch break In the end work Credibility
n M ± m n M ± m n M ± m P<3-7
spring period
1. simple 400 278.9 ± 0.12 400 285.9 ± 0.13 400 293.0 ± 0.12 0.001
2. complex 200 321.9 ± 0.1 200 327.8 ± 0.2 200 339.8 ± 0.2 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.11 ± 0.02 200 0.26 ± 0.03 200 0.38 ± 0.03 0.001
summer period
1. simple 400 259.1 ± 0.9 400 288.8 ± 0.12 400 295.9 ± 0.07 0.001
2. complex 200 348.0 ± 0.1 200 367.1 ± 0.06 200 377.9 ± 0.1 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.19 ± 0.02 200 0.22 ± 0.02 200 0.47 ± 0.03 0.001
Table 3 presents the results of the examination of the visual-motor reaction of the preparators and pickers. In the dynamics of the change, the time of the visual-motor reaction increased from 325.8 to 345.6 mln (6.7%) in the spring period of observations and from 296.1 to 331.8 mln
of consistent visual-motor reaction increases from 339.8 to 448.9 mln (by 32.1%) in spring and from 347.8 to 430.6 mln (by 45.4%) in summer, in addition in the spring period, the number of erroneous reactions to the differentiating stimulus increased from 0.07 to 0.51, and in summer, from 0.07 to 0.55.
(12.5%) in the summer period. At the same time, the time
Table 3.- Changes in visual-motor response at the preparatory and collectors in the spring and summer periods of observations, mlc
No. Indicators of the visual-motor reaction (mlc) At the beginning work Before lunch break In the end work Credibility
n M ± m n M ± m n M ± m P<3-7
spring period
1. simple 400 325.8 ± 0.16 400 337.5 ± 0.14 400 345.6 ± 0.15 0.001
2. complex 200 339.8 ± 0.27 200 369.6 ± 0.17 200 448.9 ± 0.21 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.07 ± 0.01 200 0.23 ± 0.03 200 0.51 ± 0.03 0.001
summer period
1. simple 400 296.1 ± 0.13 400 320.3 ± 0.12 400 331.8 ± 0.28 0.001
2. complex 200 347.8 ± 0.27 200 336.8 ± 0.17 200 430.6 ± 0.31 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.07 ± 0.01 200 0.31 ± 0.03 200 0.55 ± 0.03 0.001
Consequently, the nature of the labor processes of harvesters, seamstresses, shoemakers, who require eye strain and attention from workers, causes considerable fatigue among working women, which is manifested in the development of the predominance of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system, sequential inhibition and an increase in differentiation errors, moreover, at elevated air temperatures at
workplaces, in the summer period of observations, the change in indicators is more pronounced.
Considering that noise is one of the leading adverse factors in production of footwear, in the dynamics of the working day, the rates of the auditory-motor response of women from the main occupational groups were studied. The obtained data are presented in tables 4, 5, 6.
Table 4.- Changes in hearing-motor response at harvesters in spring and summer periods of observations
No. Indicators of the visual-motor reaction (mlc) At the beginning work Before lunch break In the end work Credibility
n M ± m n M ± m n M ± m P<3-7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
spring period
1. simple 400 261.0 ± 0.19 400 272.5 ± 0.31 400 277.5 ± 0.21 0.001
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2. complex 200 272.1 ± 0.13 200 309.6 ± 0.45 200 377.5 ± 0.22 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.07 ± 0.001 200 0.22 ± 0.03 200 0.43 ± 0.03 0.001
summer period
1. simple 400 196.3 ± 0.15 400 238.3 ± 0.18 400 290.0 ± 0.21 0.001
2. complex 200 307.2 ± 0.19 200 331.9 ± 0.15 200 438.1 ± 0.53 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.08 ± 0.01 200 0.35 ± 0.03 200 0.53 ± 0.03 0.001
Table 5.- Changes in the acoustic-motor reaction in a seamstress in the spring and summer periods of observations
No. Indicators of the visual-motor reaction (mlc) At the beginning work Before lunch break In the end work Credibility
n M ± m n M ± m n M ± m P<3-7
spring period
1. simple 400 237.1 ± 0.15 400 241.9 ± 0.18 400 245.4 ± 0.14 0.001
2. complex 200 321.9 ± 0.1 200 327.8 ± 0.3 200 339.8 ± 0.2 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.11 ± 0.02 200 0.26 ± 0.03 200 0.41 ± 0.03 0.001
summer period
1. simple 400 209.5 ± 0.27 400 238.5 ± 0.17 400 240.6 ± 0.16 0.001
2. complex 200 320.3 ± 0.18 200 320.6 ± 0.18 200 347.4 ± 0.28 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.08 ± 0.01 200 0.35 ± 0.03 200 0.53 ± 0.03 0.001
Table 6.- Changes in the parameters of the auditory-motor reaction in preparators and collectors in spring and summer periods of observations
No. Indicators of the visual-motor reaction (mlc) At the beginning work Before lunch break In the end work Credibility
n M ± m n M ± m n M ± m P<3-7
spring period
1. simple 400 277.9 ± 0.15 400 287.8 ± 0.16 400 291.3 ± 0.15 0.001
2. complex 200 295.8 ± 0.28 200 291.0 ± 0.18 200 382.5 ± 0.31 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.07 ± 0.01 200 0.31 ± 0.03 200 0.38 ± 0.03 0.001
summer period
1. simple 400 246.8 ± 0.19 400 273.7 ± 0.14 400 282.7 ± 0.16 0.001
2. complex 200 310.8 ± 0.29 200 319.9 ± 0.27 200 397.2 ± 0.22 0.001
3. errors (number) 200 0.08 ± 0.01 200 0.36 ± 0.03 200 0.54 ± 0.03 0.001
Research results show that in all professional groups from the beginning to the end of the shift, an increase in the time of both simple and complex hearing-motor response is observed. If at the beginning of work, the time of a simple auditory-motor reaction ranged from 237 to 277 mls on average, by the lunch break it increased to 241-287 mls, and by the end of the work - to 245-291 mls, that is, the speed of a simple hearing-motor reaction in the dynamics of work significantly (p < 0.001) decreased in all professional groups. It is noteworthy that if at the time of the seamstresses and the preparators, the simple hearing and motor response increased by the end ofwork by 3 and by 4.8%, respectively, then for the harvester workers by 6%, which is probably due to the fact
that the harvesters are subjected to higher noise levels (up to 104 dB), which is manifested by an adequate response of the body - a more pronounced predominance of inhibition on a sound stimulus, as a sign of production fatigue.
In addition, in the dynamics of work in women of all surveyed occupational groups, the rate of complex auditory-motor response decreased, and the number of errors per differentiating stimulus increased, which was a manifestation of developing sequential inhibition and deterioration of differentiation.
In the summer period of observations, the background pre-work time indices of both simple and complex hearing-motor response were lower than in spring, which is probably due to
the fact that high both external and internal air temperatures increase the mobility of the nervous processes in the central nervous system. In the dynamics of work, the time of a simple auditory-motor reaction increased on average for harvesters from 196.3 to 290.9 mls, for a seamstress - from 209.5 to 240.6 mls, for female workers and pickers from 246.8 to 282.7 mls.
Moreover, if, for seamstresses, preparers and pickers, a change in the rate of a simple auditory-motor reaction is 14%, then in stockpiles - 48%, which can be attributed to the effect of a higher noise level.
More pronounced shifts were established in terms of the complex auditory-motor response. In the dynamics of work of the harvesters at elevated air temperatures, the reaction time increased from 307.2 to 438.1 mls (42%), in a seamstress -from 320.3 to 347.4 mls (8.4%), in preparators and collectors - from 310.8 to 397.2 mls (27%).
In addition, in all professional groups, the number of errors per differentiating stimulus increased. If at the beginning of the working day this indicator in various professional groups was on average equal to 0.08, by the lunch break it was 0.35-0.36, by the end of the shift it was 0.53-0.54, which indicates a de-
Table 7.- Changes in the indicators of production during spring and
terioration in differentiation those. reduced attention. The obtained data are confirmed by the results of testing working on the correction test (taking into account the unidirectionality of changes in the visual-motor reaction and the auditory-motor reaction in women of the main occupational groups, the data on the corrective test are presented on average for all examined, without a breakdown into professional groups).
The results of the research are presented in Table 7. The materials show that in the spring, the task execution time on the proofreading test significantly increased from 62.3 to 69.1 s, while at the beginning of the work 1.1 ± 0.1 errors were made on average, for the lunch break - 1.6 ± 0.2, and by the end of the work - 2 ± 0.1. The increase in the number of errors was accompanied by a decrease in the actual performance calculated by the Whipple formula: if at the beginning ofwork it was equal to 430 ± 1.7 conventional units, then at the end it decreased to 421 ± 2.1 (p <0.01). The number of deleted characters in the dynamics ofthe change has not changed significantly. The increase in errors and the decrease in actual performance can be regarded as a deterioration in the quality of work and a decrease in the level of efficiency associated with developing production fatigue.
the correctional test of workers in shoe summer observations periods
Indicators of the proof test At the beginning work Before lunch break In the end work Credibility
n M ± m n M ± m n M ± m P<3-7
spring period
task time. s 75 62.3 ± 1.2 75 65.1 ± 1.1 75 69.1 ± 1.3 0.001
number of crossed out characters 75 55.4 ± 1.7 75 53.6 ± 1.6 75 52.5 ± 0.7 -
number of mistakes 75 1.1 ± 0.1 75 1.6 ± 0.2 75 2.0 ± 0.1 0.001
actual performance 75 430 ± 1.6 75 428 ± 1.1 75 421 ± 2.1 0.01
summer period
task time. s 75 68.8 ± 0.9 75 69.5 ± 0.5 75 71.8 ± 1.0 0.05
number of crossed out characters 75 51.9 ± 1.5 75 53.9 ± 1.1 75 54.6 ± 1.1 -
number of mistakes 75 1.1 ± 0.03 75 1.6 ± 0.1 75 2.6 ± 0.1 0.001
actual performance 75 433 ± 1.6 75 427 ± 1.3 75 406 ± 1.1 0.01
In the summer observations period, at elevated air temperatures, the direction of change in the indices of the correction test was similar to that described above. However, attention is drawn to the fact that in the summer before work on the execution of the sample took more time than in the spring. In addition, by the end of the work, a greater number of errors were allowed, and the actual productivity more significantly, i.e. in summer, the quality of work was worse than in spring, and the level of efficiency was lower, indicating a more pronounced production fatigue.
Consequently, at elevated air temperature and in terms of the correction test, the examined workers of the main profes-
sional groups revealed a disturbance in the relationship between the excitatory and inhibitory processes, the predominance of inhibition processes in the central nervous system, and weakening of differentiation. The described shifts in the correction test indicators are associated with a negative impact on the working temperature factor.
Conclusions:
1. Working conditions and the nature of work processes in workers causes the development of the predominance of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system, sequential inhibition and an increase in differentiation errors, and at elevated air temperatures at workplaces, changes in simple
and complex visual-motor response are more pronounced and of noise at workplaces are registered (procurers), as well as at
significantly exceed maximum permissible values of physi- higher temperatures the environment.
ological changes. 3. It was found that in the dynamics of work indicators
2. The dynamics of the working day also revealed the de- characterizing the attention function of working women are
velopment of inhibitory processes in terms of simple and com- deteriorating: the number of errors increases, actual perfor-
plex hearing-motor response, with more pronounced shifts mance decreases, the time spent on the assignment increases;
observed in those occupational groups where higher levels more pronounced production fatigue.
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