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CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLECTION AND ITS AFFIXES
Mamedova M.A.
Mamedova Madina Ashuralieva - English Teacher, ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT, BUKHARA ENGINEERING-TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article is about characteristics of inflection which combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words.Its importance ofsuffixes so that they tend to lend themselves to paradigms which apply to the language as a whole. Keywords: grammatical process, lexical item, plural morpheme, derivation, syntactic structure, inflectional affixes, monosyllabic, paradigm.
Inflection is a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words. For example, the plural morpheme is an inflectional morpheme. This implies that the plural form roses, for instance, does not represent a lexical item fundamentally different from the singular form rose, it is simply an inflectional variant of the same word. Similarly, the addition of the comparative inflection (er) to the adjective cold gives colder, which is not a different lexical item, but an inflectional variant of the same word.
On the other hand, derivation is a lexical process which actually forms a new word out of an existing one by the addition of a derivational affix. For instance, the suffixes -ation and -ure may be added to the verbs resign and depart respectively to derive the nouns resignation and departure, which are different words. Similarly, the suffixes -dom and -ful may be added to the adjective free and the noun hope respectively to derive the noun freedom and the adjective hopeful, which again are different words. [1]
The above definitions and examples show that the distinction between inflection and derivation is mainly morphological. While the application of inflection leads to the
formation of alternative grammatical forms of the same word that of derivation creates new vocabulary items. This is the basic difference between inflection and derivation. However, each process does have additional characteristics which we shall now examine.
Inflectional affixes may be described as 'relational markers' that fit words for use in syntax. This means that once the inflection or relational marker is added to a stem, that stem does not change classes, but its distribution is then limited in the syntactic structure. For example, the addition of the possessive suffix fits the inflected noun for use in syntax as noun modifier (i.e. like an adjective). The noun with the possessive marker can only be used as a modifier of another noun, never as a head or main element in a given structure. Thus, John + possessive becomes John's as in John's book. However, the word class of the noun has not changed. Note that although John's does function like an adjective, it is still not an adjective: it cannot take the affixes (-er) 'comparative' and j-est) 'superlative' which are characteristic of many monosyllabic members of that class. [1]
Similarly, when the plural inflection is added to dog to form dogs, both dog and dogs are nouns and the addition of the plural inflection does not change the grammatical class of the word, but they do not have the same distribution in syntactic structures. Hence we say "The dog is barking", but "The dogs are barking". To give another example, suffixing the past participle morpheme to the verb speak gives us spoken, which is still a verb; but both verbs cannot always occur in the same linguistic context. For instance, if we have the structure 'John could have spoken' we cannot replace the inflected verb form spoken by the corresponding uninflected form speak. Hence, John could have speak' is ungrammatical, i.e. not built according to the rules of English syntax.
One of the most important characteristics of inflectional suffixes is that they tend to lend themselves to paradigms which apply to the language as a whole. The paradigm of a major word class consists of a single stem of that class with the inflectional suffixes which the stem may take. The paradigm may be used as a suitable way of defining the word class in the sense that if a word belongs to that class it must take at least some of the suffixes characteristic of that set as opposed to suffixes characterizing other paradigms. However, to belong to a class, a word need not take every inflectional suffix in the paradigm. Inflectional suffixes of nouns, adjectives, and verbs may be tabulated and illustrated as follows: Nouns show the following inflectional contrasts: Base formstem + plural stem + possessivestem + plural + possessive Boy boys boys boys'
child children child's childrens'
student students student's students'
Adjectives (that are gradable and mono- or di-syllabic) show the following inflectional contrasts: [2]
Base form stem + comparative stem + superlative
cold colder coldest
happy happier happiest
Verbs (except the verb be and modals) show the following inflectional contrasts: [2]
Base form stem + 3rd stem + past stem + past stem +
person ^ . . present
. . tense participle . .
singular participle
eat eats ate eaten eating
sing sings sang sung singing
Note that in some verbs, including all those formed regularly with -ed, the five-part paradigm has four parts only, because the past tense and the past participle inflections are identical in form. However, the past tense and the past participle inflections may be recognized as different morphemes which happen to have identical shape in such cases (they are homonyms).
To sum up, it is necessary to underline that, we have focused our attention on inflection and its characteristics. We 've looked through the Inflectional suffixes of nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
References
1. Cook W. "Introduction to Tagmemic Analysis", Holt Reinhart and Winston.
2. Jackson H. (1985) "Discovering Grammar", Pergamon Press.
COMPOUNDS AND PHRASES Mamedova M.A.
Mamedova Madina Ashuralieva - English Teacher, ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT, BUKHARA ENGINEERING-TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article about the compounds and the phrases and their differences. By the way, we identify 'word order', 'interruptibility', 'modification', and 'inflexibility' of compounds.
Keywords: compounds, phrases, word order, stress, phonological, syntactic,root, grammatical relations, dominate, idioms, semantically.
Compounds may be defined as stems consisting of more than one root. For example, bedside, black market, car-wash, waste paper basket. Note that the orthographic treatment of compounds is by no means consistent. Some are written as one word (with or without a hyphen between two roots), while others are written as two or more words. This observation tends to suggest that compounds have an intermediary status between phrases and words consisting of a single root. Note also that although most compounds consist of roots that are simply juxtaposed, in some cases, one of the roots of a compound may be modified by an inflection as in "bird's-eye", "driving-licence", and "homing pigeon".
In English, compounds may be distinguished from phrases on phonological, syntactic, and semantic grounds.
In English, words are characterized by a single primary stress, so that compounds are often recognized by stress pattern and lack of juncture. For example, 'black 'board potentially has primary stress on each word and a juncture between the two words. On the other hand, 'black-board, the compound, has one primary stress and no juncture. The same observation applies to contrasts such as 'black 'bird versus 'blackbird; 'hard 'cover versus 'hardcover. [1]
Compounds may also be distinguished from phrases in that they have specific syntactic features. But it must be added that the grammatical relations between the constituents of the compound are sometimes obscure. We shall consider in turn 'word order', 'interruptibility', 'modification', and 'inflectibility' of compounds.
Word order refers to the position of the different constituents of a compound in relation to one another. Some compounds are characterized by the fact that they use what may be considered ungrammatical or at least unusual word order in English. For example, the structure 'Noun + Adjective' is not the most usual phrase pattern in English but it occurs in compounds such as sea-sick. Similarly, the structure 'Verb + Preposition' is regular for verbs and unusual for nouns, but it does occur in the case of the compound splashdown which is a noun. Objects usually follow their verbs in sentence structure, but not necessarily in compounds, e.g. knee-jerk.
