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Yakubova R.M.
Department of Infectious Diseases Andijan State Medical Institute
CHARACTERISTIC CLINICAL SYNDROMES IN ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Abstract. This article reflects on the causes of its occurrence of acute intestinal infections in young children, complications of acute intestinal disease of an infectious nature, syndromes.
Keywords: gastritis, enteritis, gastroenteritis, colitis, acute intestinal infections, Infectious-toxic syndrome, colitis syndrome, enterocolitis syndrome, Gastroenterocolitis syndrome, enteritis syndrome, Gastroenteritis syndrome.
Acute intestinal infections occupy a leading place in the infectious pathology of children, especially at an early age. In the problem of their study, the issues of timely early diagnosis, predicting the development of complications leading to adverse outcomes, as well as etiopathogenetic therapy of patients are of particular relevance at the present stage. An essential feature of acute intestinal infections is polyetiology and a wide range of clinical forms - from subclinical to generalized.
Classification of acute intestinal infections in children:
Currently, intestinal infections are classified according to the etiological factor confirmed on the basis of laboratory diagnostic methods, which makes it possible to verify the nosological forms of acute intestinal infections. If laboratory confirmation cannot be obtained, then the diagnosis based on clinical and epidemiological data is formulated as "intestinal infection of unknown etiology" with mandatory indication (as with laboratory confirmation) of the topics of gastrointestinal tract lesion (gastritis, enteritis, gastroenteritis, colitis, etc.) and the leading clinical syndrome determining the severity of the disease.
Acute intestinal infections, manifested by pronounced frequency and nature of stool disorders, have some features. For example, with bacterial diarrhea (escherichiosis, shigellosis), the stool is liquid and frequent, fever and abdominal pain are also noted. In the case of campylobacter ileitis, the clinical picture resembles acute appendicitis, which often leads to medical errors, since such patients undergo surgical intervention. With a severe course of yersiniosis, arthritis and nodular erythema develop. In conditions of bacteremia with salmonellosis, pneumonia, meningitis, abscesses of internal organs can develop. Highly aggressive enterohemolytic strains of E. coli are one of the causes of hemolytic uremic syndrome, including acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura.
The main types of therapy for acute intestinal infections:
The duration of the disease and its outcome directly depend on the timeliness and adequacy of the prescribed therapy. According to modern ideas, treatment acute intestinal infections in children should be comprehensive and consistent, with an individual approach to the choice of drugs. It is necessary to take into account the etiology, severity, phases and clinical forms of the disease, the age of each child and the state of the macroorganism at the time of the disease. The therapeutic complex of treatment of acute intestinal infections should include: therapeutic nutrition, etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic treatment.
The main symptoms of the disease include:
- fever, weakness, loss of appetite
- diarrhea, vomiting, bloating
- abdominal pain
A dangerous symptom of the disease, which indicates extreme severity, is the absence of urine in the child for more than 6 hours.
In the human intestine there is a mandatory microflora. It includes bifido-, Lacto - and Fusobacteria, the intestinal wand. In a healthy body, their total amount is at least 95% of all species. These microorganisms carry out protective actions.
But there is another category of bacteria in the intestine. This microflora is called additive or optional. It includes fungi and various microorganisms that are considered opportunistic pathogens - these are Proteus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc. They are also involved in the process of digestion of food, since they produce special enzymes. But if their number increases, then intestinal syndrome develops.
Infectious-toxic syndrome: The patient's body temperature rises to subfebrile (from 37 ° C) and febrile indicators (38 ° C and above). In some infectious intestinal diseases, the temperature is within the normal range. For example, this is typical of a plague. With food poisoning (e.g. Staphylococcus), there may be no growth or a difference in a short time.
In addition, there are symptoms characteristic of general intoxication of the human body. The patient experiences headaches, body aches, dizziness, nausea, weakness. Sometimes there are vomiting attacks.
intestinal syndrome
There are several varieties of this condition, but some of them have a similar clinical picture. The following forms are known:
gastritis syndrome. With it, painful sensations appear in the stomach area, nausea is constantly felt, vomiting attacks appear after each meal or drink. Relief is then felt, but after a short time the attacks are repeated again. Sometimes the stool is more liquid.
Gastroenteritis syndrome. There are painful sensations in the stomach and around the navel. In addition, nausea and vomiting are common. The chair remains frequent. At first it has a slimy shape, and then it becomes juicy. Depending on the causes of the disease, the color of the stool also changes. For
example, with escherichiosis, the shade will be light brown, with salmonellosis-green. In addition, the feces in undigested food and visible particles of mucus.
enteritis syndrome. For such a disease, stool disorders are characteristic. It is watery. The frequency of bowel movements depends on what is the causative agent of the disease and what is the infectious dose.
Gastroenterocolitis syndrome. With such a disease, vomiting occurs, and feces are also liquid. In the abdomen, pain of a different nature is felt, and it is almost constant. Discomfort and pain also occur in bowel movements, but there is no relief after bowel movements. In the stool, you can see mixtures of mucus and blood.
enterocolitis syndrome. With such a disease, the pain becomes clear, noticeable in the abdomen. Feces are often present, but there is very little discharge.
colitis syndrome. There are painful sensations in the lower abdomen, usually on the left side. Bowel movements are very painful, but the discharge has a small volume, sometimes there is blood and mucus. Often there are false desires for defecation. After each bowel movement, there is no relief.
Complications of acute intestinal disease of an infectious nature include:
1. Dehydration, in other words, dehydration. There are 4 main stages.
2. dehydration shock. Such side effects can be fatal.
3. Infectious-toxic shock.
4. Acute form of kidney failure.
5. Pneumonia (inflammatory processes in the lungs).
Practical treatment:
Before starting treatment, it is necessary to carry out a diagnosis. In the presence of certain symptoms (this includes: blood in the stool, a false call to defecation, fever, etc.), treatment is already prescribed at the initial diagnostic stage. Serological, bacteriological tests are carried out to confirm the presence of the disease, and the PCR method is used. As for Instrumental diagnostic methods, they include colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy and irigoscopy.
Treatment of the disease involves, first of all, the implementation of a number of organizational and regime measures. Hospitalization of children with a severe form of the disease is mandatory, since dehydration can develop quickly. As long as a person has a fever, he should always stay in bed. If after a fever the patient still has loose stools, then it is recommended to rest in half bed.
Conclusion
When a person talks about intestinal disease, it is precisely the infections described above that are implied. Intestinal infections is the most common to date. They can be bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoa. Pathogens provoke the development of intestinal syndrome and fever. Therapy is chosen only by the doctor, depending on the symptoms and causes of the disease.
Intestinal infections are one of the most common infections on Earth. This large group of pathologies of more than 30 species affects more than 1 billion
people around the world every year, which manifests itself as signs of dehydration, fever, intoxication of the body, and therefore threatens not only health, but also human life. In our country, up to 500 intestinal infections per hundred thousand inhabitants are present, and statistics put these diseases in 3rd place among all infectious diseases.
In this article, we will study the causes of the appearance of infections in the intestines, consider their symptoms, treatment and Prevention.
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