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CHANGING FLOWERS COLOURS BY MEANS OF GENETIC METHODS
© Taipova R.M.*
Bashkir State University, Ufa
Flowers play important role in people's life from ancient times. Some kinds of flowers are used as food while others are in use in medicine. But the most important role of the flowers is the esthetic enjoyment. Flowers have ability to cause
* Студент кафедры Биохимии и биотехнологии.
emotional response in somebody's soul. And that's the reason why people who have some discomfort in expressing their feelings by simple words express them by flowers.
Healing properties of flowers were found a long time ago and they are proved by many experiments. Under the effect of flowers patients have lower degree of stress, they less painkillers. This effect may be due to the perception of colour and the symbols of the flower.
However, flowers not only make us feel good but clean the air and fill it with sweet flavor. They can absorb negative information and return positive energy.
Flowers are one of the best and most universal presents.
The topic of this work is actual, because every woman, a girl and even a man like to receive a flower bouquet as I gift. Today florist's shops offer hundreds of luxurious bouquets, stylish compositions and slap-up baskets with roses or orchids. Interiors of houses, flats and offices, hall for celebrating weddings, corporate parties and anniversaries are all decorated by flowers. In short, magnificent flowers are surrounding people in their everyday life.
And there's one more important thing. Flowers are the best medicine for the soul. Refresh your memory and remember how fast troubles take second place if you just look at those lovely inflorescences. And the better way to forget your froulles is to receive flowers as a present.
Nowadays flowers are demanded everytime and everywhere. They bring positive emotions and happiness.
This topic is called «Changing flowers' colors using genetic engineering». It has a very important meaning because today it this can be a very profitable business because no one can remain indifferent to exclusive things!
Flower business always stays in top-5 on the whole world market. But rivalry in that industry is also high.
Value of florists' section in Russia in 2007 was about $ 2,5-2,8 billions. In recent years this value was increasing by 25-30 % and in 2008 equaled to $ 3 billions [1].
Today you can buy classic bouquet in pastel shades or prefer colorful, stylish, contrasting one in a florist's shop.
Genetic engineering plays an important role in it. And attention is paid to creation of flowers with a changed pigmentary of colors. It may matter to manufacturers and sellers of ornamental plants.
The flower is one of nature's most perfect creations. How in the world could science ever improve upon it? Here's what the biotech florists are working on.
Two main methods of selection are hybridization and mutation.
Genetic engineers can transfer genes in different ways. They usually use agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. This method is cheap, efficient and gives 80-85 % of success in transformation.
Besides genetic engineers use bombarding particles or micro-projectile to input the gene required properties. It means a direct transfer of DNA with microinjection of PEG mediated absorption.
Gene pool may be expanded by genetic engineering. It's well-known that flavonoids, carotinoids, betalains are main colorants in charge of colors in flowers. Among these 3 groups, flavonoids make strong contribute to spectrum and type of colorants in plants and this is precisely why flavonoids are used in genetic engineering as a tool to change flowers' colors. Flavonoids consist of more than ten classes of compounds. Anthocyans impart orange, red, purple, violet and blue colors. Aurones and chalcones impart kinds of yellow, flavones and flavonelas -colorless or very yellow. On the whole visible 3 colors are based on 3 dominant anthocyanidins: pelarganidin, cyanidin, delphinidin. Delhinidine and its derivatives impart blue tones, while pelargonidin impart red tones. Increasing the number of hydroxyl groups on beta-ring impart more blue color, and methylation of 3' or 5' - hydroxyl groups causes reddening.
The color of flowers can be accumulated in different organoids of cell, such us cell wall, plasmolemma, vacuole, microfilaments, mitochondrions, chlorop-lasts, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasmic reticulum, nucleoplasm.
The colour of anthocyans is the result of combination of different factors, such as the structure of anthocyans, the type, concentration pH vacuoles.
Through the combination of these factors pigments of flowers were developing to attract pollinators. Each of these factors are regulated by several genes. Today many of these genes are cloned.
The biosynthesis of anthocyanins.
The scheme of the biosynthesis of anthocyanins includes a few key points. Colorless flavanol - naringenin is formed from yellow 4,2',4',6'- tetrahydroqui-noline under the action of halkosaari (CHI). Then under the action of flavanone-3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) becomes dihydroquercetin, and under the action of the flavonoid-3',5'-dihydroxide (F3'5H) becomes dihydromyricetin.
At least three enzyme are necessary for the conversion of the colorless flava-nonols into anthocyanins: first, thanks to dihydroflavonols-4-reductase (DFR) three leucoanthocyanidin: leucomalachite, leucocyanidins and lamadeleine are formed. Then anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) transforms them into corresponding anthocyanidins.
Transgenic carnations:
The modification of flower colour via genetic engineering has generally been focused on metabolic engineering of the flavonoid pathway. Commercialisation of genetically engineered flowers is currently confined to carnations only and its first flower crops with GM varieties were grown commercially. The carnation were also more fragrant due to an increase in methylbenzoate. The blue coloured 'moon series' of carnation is grown in Ecuador, Colombia and Australia. This co-
lour was produced by over-expression of a petunia F3'5'H gene. 70 % of total anthocyanins are the derivatives of delphinidin, but there was only a slight change of colour to blue. Another variety of the blue carnation was developed through expression of petunia F3'5'H (under the control of a promoter region from the snapdragon CHS gene) and petunia DFR (under the control of a constitutive promoter) genes, resulted in exclusive accumulation of delphinidin derivatives and significant colour change toward blue. The variety with dark violet colour flowers was developed through expression of a pansy F3'5'H gene (under the control of a promoter region from the snapdragon CHS gene) and a petunia DFR-A gene (under the control of its own promoter and terminator regions) which resulted in transgenic plants which also exclusively accumulated delphinidin but at a higher concentration [3].
Pic. 1. Scheme of biosynthesis [2]
Cultivated roses are the product of hybridization of inside varieties of all known vild species. It is a well-known fact that the existence of the blue rose in nature is impossible because of genetic restriction.
Conclusion (заключение): classical methods of selection were widely used for creating new sorts of flowers with different colors, but gene expression isn't always predictable, so that it needs many experiments to make phenotype more commercially attracting. While the genetic engineering overcome all difficulties of traditional selection. Knowledge of coloring the flowers on biochemical and molecular levels allowed to create the brand new color.
Table 1
Genes involved in pigment synthesis
Enzyme Gene Species
CHS Chs Antirrhinum, chrysanthemum, orchid, rosa, dianthus
CHI Chi Antirrhinum, petunia, eustoma, dianthus
F3H F3h Antirrhinum, calistephus, dianthus, chrysanthemum, orchid
F3'H F3'h Antirrhinum, dianthus, petunia
F3'5'H F3'5'h Calistephus, eustoma, petunia
FLS Fls Petunia, rosa
FNS Fnsll Antirrhinum, gerbera
DFR Dfr Antirrhinum, calistephus, gerbera, orchid, dianthus, petunia
ANS Ans Antirrhinum, calistephus, petunia
GT 3Gt Antirrhinum, gentiana
GTS Gts Petunia
Table 2
Major pigments in plants
Pigment Compound Types Compound Examples Typical colours
Porphyrins Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a and b Green
Flavonoids Anthocyanins Pelargonidin, cyanidin, delphini-din, peonidin Red, Blue, Violet
Anthoxanthins Flavonols Kaempferol, Quercetin, Fisetin, Morin, Rutin Yellow
Flavones Apigenin, Luteolin, Chrysin Yellow
Isoflavonones Diadzin, Genistein, Enterodiol
Flavonones Eriodictyol, Hesperidin, Naringin Colour less copigments
Flavans Catechin, Epicatechin Colour less copigments
Carotenoids Carotenes a-carotene, b-carotene Yellow, orange, red
Xanthophylls Lutein, Violaxanthin, Astaxanthin
Betalains Betacyanins Reddish to violet
Betansxanthi Miraxanthin, portulaxanthin Yellow to orange
References:
1. http://freepapers.ru/77/biznesplan-cvetochnogo-magazina-svoi-cvety/287 4 41.1911183.list1.html.
2. http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kriterii-dlya-klassifikatsii-vinograda-po-an-totsianovomu-kompleksu-plodov.
3. http://www.biotecharticles.com/Agriculture-Article/Colour-Modification-in-Ornamentals-Through-Genetic-Engineering-3018.html.
