CC BY
184AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
UDC 639.31.043
Irina Bobel,
graduate student ORCID iD 0000-0002-7479-7476 Yaroslav Pivtorak, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professo ORCID iD 0000-0002-4388-4526 Department of Animal Feeding and Feed Technology Lviv National University of Veterinary medicine and biotechnology named after S. Z. Gzhitsky, st.
Pekarska, 50, Lviv, Ukraine, 79010 DOI: 10.24412/2520-2480-2020-2779-48-56 CHANGES IN CHEMICAL, AMINO ACID AND LIPID COMPOSITION OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) BY DIFFERENT FEEDING METHODS
Abstract.
The selection of appropriate feed to rationally meet the needs of fish with all the necessary nutrients is of particular importance in the planned production of salmon fish products, the demandfor which in human nutrition is constantly growing. Therefore, the nutrients contained in the feed should not only support the vital functions of the body, but also promote its growth and ensure the normal functioning of the whole organism.
Scientific research was to determine the effect of different types of feed and their combinations on the morphometric parameters of trout age groups, changes in chemical, amino acid and lipid composition of tissues, which allowed us to draw conclusions about the effectiveness offeeding fish with the studied feed.
The research is based on a comparative assessment of the impact of the above granular feeds on the overall functional state of fish growth.
Granulated compound feeds from the manufacturer «Aller Aqua» and «Biomar» were used in feeding, formulations and diameter of granules according to the age and weight of the fish. The composition of the feed and nutrition corresponded to the period of fish farming. The daily feed rate was calculated in accordance with generally accepted methods in fish farming, taking into account water temperature and fish weight. Only healthy fish without visible damage were used for the studies, which were caught immediately before the studies and were not fed for 24 hours.
These studies allowed to determine the main biochemical parameters using methods generally accepted in fish farming and to study the effect of the studied feeds on the functional state of growth, biochemical parameters.
The conducted researches allow us to draw conclusions about direct connection between marketable qualities of rainbow trout and the consumed forages, their qualitative structure and nutritional value. In addition, we do not rule out the influence of abiotic factors, they were the same for all studied groups of trout, which is equally important, and along with rational feeding plays a key role in production.
Keywords: feeds of Aller Aqua firms, Biomar, balanced nutrition, biochemical parameters, morphometric evaluation, feed composition and nutrition.
Introduction
Salmon occupy a special place among the objects of industrial fish farming, which is due to the biological laws of the life cycle in a closed aquatic environment. Among this species of fish, rainbow trout deserves special attention, the potential for functional growth of which is well manifested in the first 2-3 years of life, then this process slows down and is unimportant for the production of marketable products (Rasmussen, Ostenfeld, 2000; Bobel, Pivtorak, 2019 ).
Not only Ukraine, but also modern highly developed countries such as Germany, Dinia and Turkey face the issue of high feed production costs with relatively low productivity and ambiguous production efficiency (Lasner et al., 2017). In addition, the main limiting factors in the development of trout farming in Eastern countries such as India are inefficient marketing and lack of cost-effective raw materials (Singh et al., 2017; Kheyrabadi et al., 2014).
The global aquaculture sector has been growing steadily over the last two decades (FAO 2016). The quality of fish feed is constantly increasing, gradually changing from traditional feed to plant-based feed, which along with animal and biologically active additives promote the absorption of plant proteins (Kamalam et al., 2019; Callet et al., 2017). Difficulties in supplying all aquaculture sectors with marine resources have been the main reason for replacing animal components with cereals and legumes (Collins et al., 2013; Oliva-Teles et al. 2015). Complete replacement of animal components with plant ones, for predatory fish species, leads to a decrease in growth rates, mainly due to numerous anti-nutritional factors and unbalanced amino acid profile (Lazzarotto et al. 2018). Thus, there is an urgent need for alternatives to animal protein products and sources, such as insects, microorganisms, microalgae, and yeast (Roques et al., 2018). In addition, given the prospects for the development of the industry, it should be noted the high
cost of feed, especially foreign producers. Therefore, producers of salmon products are interested in a comparative assessment of the quality and cost of feed when purchasing them (Martseniuk, 2008; Arru et al., 2019).
With intensive trout farming, a full balanced feeding becomes important. As fish feed is increasingly formed from a variety of protein sources, more attention needs to be paid to ensuring that fish requirements for essential essential amino acids are properly met (Katheline Hua, Dominique P.Bureau, 2019). It is known that the cost of feeding rainbow trout is about 50% of production costs, however, often due to irrational and unskilled feeding costs increase significantly. In practice, it is often difficult to balance maximum and optimal levels of feeding to avoid irrational feed costs, so in order to maximize growth, it is useful to investigate feeding norms (Kwong et al., 2006; Voorhees et al., 2018).
Fish need a well-balanced mixture of essential and essential amino acids, so a diet that provides the required level of amino acid composition maximizes growth through the use of a balanced diet (Comesana et al., 2018). It should also be noted that the quality of marketable trout, its aroma and taste are determined not only by free amino acids, but also by physiological, environmental and nutritional factors (Hrynzhevskyi et al., 2002; Martsikalis et al., 2011; Sabetian et al., 2012).
The main task of commercial trout farming is to grow fish in the shortest possible time and with minimal costs. One of the main factors influencing the growth rate of fish is maintaining optimal rearing conditions, for example, studies on trout farming using paddle generators have shown that fish had better weight gain and higher ash content and lower fat content ( Reiser et al., 2019). Thus, the urgency of the problem of intensive reproduction of the natural population of rainbow trout should be aimed at improving the technology of breeding and rearing using high-grade feed and modern technological methods of their production.
One of such methods can be considered the study of taste receptors in fish, which is of practical interest for the development of specially stimulating mixtures and modulation of feed consumption in aquaculture. Recently, researchers have found evidence of such receptors in the digestive system of fish, suggesting that the sensory properties of feed may also have a functional effect along with taste, so improving the taste of feed will increase their consumption (Morais, 2016; Libran-Perez, 2015 ).
Thus, in the above brief analysis of the literature, there is a need to further study the impact of feed factors on the functional state of growth of rainbow trout and marketable indicators of fish products in a closed water supply.
The purpose and objectives of the study were to study the effect of feed "Aller Aqua" and "Biomar" on the functional state of growth and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout tissues.
Materials and methods
The object of research was the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, which is grown in the
conditions of PJSC "Bolshevtsi-Ryba", located in the village. Bolsheviks of Ivano-Frankivsk region. For the experiment, juvenile rainbow trout were selected on the principle of groups of analogues with an average weight of 65 g and formed three groups of 300 individuals in each, which were placed in three identical pools.
The studies were conducted in spring-summer and autumn-winter periods according to the scheme shown in table 1.
The temperature regime during the experiment, in general, was favorable for the cultivation of rainbow trout. The water temperature in the spring-summer period ranged from 8-9 to 16 ° C, and in the autumn-winter period 4-8 ° C. Complete replacement of water in the pools was carried out every 60 minutes. Water consumption per 1 kg of live weight of fish was 2 l / min. Water coming from an underground natural source contained insufficient oxygen, so it was further enriched with oxygen using aeration systems.
During the experiment, studies were conducted on the growth and development of rainbow trout. To do this, 10 specimens from each basin were studied monthly and selectively and the relative and absolute growth rates were determined. Also, qualitative indicators were determined: chemical, amino acid and lipid composition.
The amino acid composition was determined by the method of decomposition of samples by acid hydrolysis, with the transition of amino acids into free forms of phenylisothiocarbamyl derivatives (FTC derivatives), followed by their separation and quantification by capillary electrophoresis. Detection was performed in the UV region of the spectrum at a wavelength of 254 nm.
The following works were carried out: sampling, preparation of the capillary for work, preparation of calibrated solutions, calibration of the capillary electrophoresis system "Drops" and sample preparation.
The mass fraction of each amino acid (X,%) was calculated by formula (1):
^ _ 100VhydrVfinCdet = 100-mVal
(1)
Where, X is the mass fraction of amino acids in the sample,%;
Cdet - determined value of the mass concentration of amino acids obtained in solution, mg / dm3;
m is the mass of the sample, mg;
Vhydr - total volume of hydrolyzate, cm3;
Vfin - the volume of the final (test) solution, cm (;
Val is the volume of an aliquot portion of the hydrolyzate taken to obtain FTC derivatives, cm3;
100 - multiplier to express the results in percent;
1000 - indicator of coordination of dimension of units of volume.
In compliance with the recommended values of the volumes of solutions, the mass fraction of amino acids was calculated by formula (2):
. x _ -oet (2)
m
Mass fractions of amino acids were determined: arginine, lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine and isoleucine (total), methionine, valine, proline, threonine, serine, alanine, glycine.
Mass fractions of potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium were determined. The method is based on acid treatment of samples, subsequent separation and quantification of catons by capillary electrophoresis. Detection of components was performed by indirect absorption at a wavelength of 254 ("Drops-103RT / 104T").
The mass fraction of the component in the sample (X,%) was calculated by formula (3):
100 • VHCl • V
KOH
•C.
1000 • m • Va
Q i • Q
2,
(3)
Where, sample,%; Cdet iS
X is the mass fraction of cation in the
of the mass
the measured value concentration of the cation, mg / dm3;
m is the mass of the sample, mg;
Vhci is the volume of hydrochloric acid used to treat the sample, cm3;
Vfn - volume of the final (experimental) solution,
cm;
Val - the volume of an aliquot portion of the filtrate, which is taken for evaporation, cm;
100 - multiplier to express the results in percent;
1000 - coefficient of agreement of discrepancy of units of volume measurement;
Q1 is the dilution factor of the sample;
Q2 is the coefficient of additional dilution of the sample.
Sample studies were performed according to generally accepted methods in fish farming (Yevtushenko, 2013; Tupytska, Klikh, 2016; Svyrydenko, 2014).
Morphometric evaluation of trout was performed by measuring and weighing fish. For the studies, only healthy fish without visible damage were used, which were caught immediately before the study and were not fed for 24 hours.
The fat content in different parts of the muscles and liver was determined in the Soxhlet apparatus by conventional methods (Lebedev, Usovich, 1976). Based on the obtained data, the absolute amount of lipids and their ratio in different parts of the muscles were calculated.
Fish samples were dried in an oven until complete loss of moisture and ashed in a muffle furnace. Wet and dry matter, as well as the ash mass of the samples were weighed using electronic scales.
Statistical processing of research materials was performed according to the generally accepted methods of variation statistics with estimation (M), error (m) and calculation of the probability of differences using Microsoft Excel software.
Results
The period of our research corresponded to the change of stages of the annual cycle of fish, which consisted in the transition from wintering to feeding cycle and again to wintering. The feeding behavior of
the fish was determined by a change in the feeding regime, which included determining the frequency of feeding and its amount, which varied according to the age of the studied fish, but was unchanged for all three groups of trout. The absolute amount of feed distribution gradually increased from March to June, and in July, due to high water temperatures, fish feeding decreased. The dynamics of trout weight gain in the three groups of fish was the same and was determined by the feeding regime, which can be observed in the tables below.
However, the intensity of trout weight gain between groups of fish differed and depended primarily on the composition of the feed, as other conditions for keeping fish were the same. The growth rate of fish directly depended on the amount of protein in the feed. However, the lipid component of feed is no less important for active growth, the content of which must be balanced, because relatively high levels of lipids lead to obesity in fish, and the deficiency has a negative impact on its cultivation.
The daily requirement of dry granular mixtures for growing this year and commercial trout was calculated depending on water temperature, fish weight and pellet size (Pivtorak, J.I., Bobel, I.Y., 2017).
One of the indicators that directly characterizes the growth and development of fish is the zoological length, which, to some extent, can be judged on the impact of the studied feed on this indicator, which we determined in the dynamics at the beginning (this year), in the middle (this year). and at the end of the experiment (commercial fish) (Table 2).
In the initial stage of the experiment, the linear growth of fish in all three pools averaged 14.55 cm. For 90 days, this figure in the fish of the third basin was within 21.8 cm, which is 9% more than the fish of the first basin. The predominant effect was observed at the end of the experiment. Thus, the linear length of the fish in the third basin at the end of the experiment was 9.5% higher, which indicates the better nutritional value of the feed "Aller Aqua" in combination with the initial stages of feeding Biomar feed.
A similar picture was observed by us in relation to such an economic indicator as the productive length of the fish. The results of which are shown in table 3.
nalysis of the results showed that the use in the diet of fish of different composition of granular feed could not equally affect this indicator, and in the initial period the productive length was within 12.6 cm At the end of the study period, the linear growth of fish increases significantly. The trout of the third basin had the highest result - 26.3 cm, which is 8.6% higher than the fish of the first basin and 9.5% of the second, which gives grounds to claim the higher efficiency of the combination at different stages of growing two types of feed "Biomar" and "Aller Aqua" for the functional state of growth and development of rainbow trout.
Observations of the functional state of fish in the experimental basins were carried out daily with the determination of morphometric parameters at the end of each month. The average data of these measurements are given in Tables 1 and 2. It should be noted that for the entire period of the study trout consumed almost the
same amount of feed. However, the use of the studied types of feed in fish feeding had a different effect on a number of morphometric parameters of rainbow trout.
It is important to emphasize that the positive differences in the morphometric parameters of the rainbow trout of the third experimental basin, which had the highest coefficient of fattening. The fish of this basin had a high marketable value during sale.
The dynamics of growth in length and weight of rainbow trout depends on the feeding regime of the fish. The differences in weight gain and growth rates in the studied period are shown, which are probably due to the most effective combination of compound feeds. We can say that the level of feed digestibility is close to 2%. The quality of feed determines the rate of increase in length and weight of fish, the intensity of which depends on the content of protein, structural lipids and ra3 of polyunsaturated fatty acids in feed.
To study the effect of different types of feed on metabolic processes in rainbow trout at the end of the study period, a study of the chemical composition of muscle tissue, the results of which are shown in table 4.
Analysis of the results showed that the highest content of primary moisture is observed in the muscle tissue of the trout of the control group.
The group of trout, which practiced mixed feeding with "Aller Aqua" and "Biomar" had the best result in terms of dry matter content in muscle tissue, which was 32.3%, respectively. Slightly less dry matter was found in the fish of the second basin, which consumed granulated feed only from Aller Aqua. The difference compared to the control pool was 0.71%.
According to the results of the chemical composition of the muscle tissue, the fish in the third basin contained a slightly higher amount of protein and fat in the muscles. The crude protein content, respectively, was 17.8%, which exceeds the fish of the control pool by 1.53% (p <0.001), and fat by 1.2%. A similar situation is observed for the content of crude ash, which in the fish of the second basin was within 0.85%, against 0.9% in the first and 0.8% in the third basin.
Thus, the obtained results give grounds to claim that the effect of Aller Aqua granular feed on the chemical composition of rainbow trout muscle tissue in combination with Biomar feed is highly effective.
To better assess the effect of spicy feed on the marketable quality of rainbow trout, we conducted a study of muscle tissue on the content of amino acids, as well as lipids in adipose, muscle tissue and liver (Tables 5 and 6).
Biochemical analysis of the amino acid composition of rainbow trout muscle tissue proteins showed that it contains 16 proteinogenic amino acids as well as as-partic and glutamic acid, of which the predominant part, which is more than 65%, is essential for trout. The maximum number of amino acid groups was cystine + tryptophan + aspartic + glutamic acid and leucine + iso-leucine, as well as lysine. The participation of these amino acids in the physiological metabolism in the body of fish is special, which is confirmed by their deposition in muscle tissue.
The data obtained in our studies allow us to conclude that there is a direct relationship between the total
amino acid content in the muscle tissue of trout and the nutritional quality of feed. It is the use of Aller Aqua feed in the diet of rainbow trout in combination with "Biomar" for young trout, provides the optimal content of amino acids in muscle tissue samples compared to other types of feed.
The intensity of functional growth processes of rainbow trout in most cases is determined by the feed composition of the feed used in its cultivation (Dzhaba-rov, 2006; Sidorov, 1985).
Therefore, for the active growth and development of fish requires a high level of protein in the feed, which is mainly used only for plastic metabolism, and not for energy expenditure.
It is known that the main source of energy for the animal body are feed lipids, which in addition to energy, perform in the body of both animals and fish, a number of vital functions: structural, regulatory, and are precursors of many biologically active substances, including hormones (Nemova et al, 2011; Sargent, Tocher, Bell, 2002; Gumu§ E, Ikiz, 2009)
The results of studies of the lipid content in the tissues of rainbow trout (Table 6) showed a significantly higher content of total lipids, both in internal fat and muscle tissue when used in feeding fish feed company "Aller Aqua" in combination with "Biomar", 73.02 - 13.7%, against 69.08 - 12.5%, in the control. The content of total lipids in liver tissues was slightly lower.
The basis for the modification of the level of total lipids in the internal fat of rainbow trout is the concentration of triacylglycerols, which dominate in these tissues and in our studies range from 52-53% of the sum of all lipids.
The second, quantitatively lipid fraction in the internal fat of rainbow trout were phospholipids, the share of which from total lipids in our studies was 32%. When comparing the concentration of phospholipids in the internal fat of fish 1 and 2 pools, some deviations in the direction of reduction were noted, which once again confirms the advantages of using a mixed type of feeding.
The concentration of another structural lipid -cholesterol in the internal fat of fish, between the studied pools did not differ, and had no significant effect on the concentration of total lipids in the studied tissues.
The content of cholesterol esters in the internal fat of trout was minimal among the studied fractions of all three basins and amounted to about 3% of the total lipids.
A somewhat similar pattern is observed in our studies and in the content of individual lipid fractions, under the influence of the studied factor, both in muscle tissue and in liver tissue.
Thus, salmon feeds differ in the ratio of structural and spare substances, which is associated with the use of different raw materials in their manufacture. Therefore, the content of lipid components in the tissues of rainbow trout depends on the composition of the feed.
Discussion
This paper presents studies based on changes in the chemical, amino acid and lipid composition of muscle tissue of different age groups of rainbow trout, with the use of different feed rations. As well as changes that are associated with the physiological characteristics of the studied groups and the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on them.
The composition of the feed primarily affects the metabolism of fish, which determines their intensity of growth and development, as well as the quality of marketable products. To date, scientists are actively studying the effect of different composition of feed on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of fish.
Egorov B. V. (2012) in his work considers the needs of trout in nutrients and biologically active substances. He notes that when developing feed rations for trout, it is necessary to take into account that the metabolism of fish accelerates with increasing water temperature, in addition, metabolism in young is higher than in adults, and excessive or insufficient oxygen supply limits metabolism. Also, the increase in water flow leads to an increase in the physical activity of trout, respectively, increases the activity of metabolism and the need for feed, more acutely affects the lack of basic food components. Egorov BV points out that when developing recipes for trout feed it is necessary to take into account the stages of trout development: larval, fry periods, period of intensive growth to marketable weight, spawning period, etc., because according to the stage of development, trout needs change in essential nutrients.
Mruk A. I. conducted morphological studies of two-year-old rainbow trout, the purpose of which was to determine at which commodity weight of fish the share of carcasses and fillets in rainbow trout is the largest. We can say that her conclusions about the most attractive in both economic and consumer aspects of commercial fish with an average weight of 250-300 g confirm our studies of morphological parameters and confirm the effectiveness of this method of cultivation.
Kalaida M. L. (2017) described the peculiarities of the chemical composition of young rainbow trout when grown in closed-cycle water supply, which states that the composition of macronutrients in the dry matter of rainbow trout markedly relative decrease in calcium concentration with age, which indicates an increase in the ratio "Muscle tissue - skeleton". The level of phosphorus and potassium in marketable trout remains high. The content of macronutrients according to Kalaida M. L. (2017) in%: Ca - 0.025; K - 0.377; Mg -0.025; Na - 0.051, our studies showed slight differences, which were respectively Ca - 0.0769; K -0.474; Mg - 0.0398; Na - 0.108.
One of the most informative indicators of fish metabolism are lipids, as they play an important role in plastic and energy metabolism, are precursors of steroid hormones.
The study of the influence of feed composition on the growth and lipid metabolism of fish is studied by many researchers of the world community, which indicates their relevance and importance (Burlachenko,
2008; Ostroumova, 2012; Tocher et al., 2008; Yun et al., 2011). They note that the content of lipid components in trout tissues has a direct relationship with their content in feed used in the diet of farmed trout, and largely depends on temperature fluctuations in the pools, which we noted in the study, so our goal was to create the same optimal growing conditions.
Nazarova M. A. (2017) studied the peculiarities of the seasonal dynamics of the lipid composition of internal fat, muscle and liver of rainbow trout depending on the feeding regime of fish and feed composition. According to her research, the content of total lipids in the muscles of rainbow trout of all groups ranged from 13.5 to 19.5% of dry weight. Which is a bit higher than our research. Phospholipids in trout muscle, as in our studies, were the second largest quantitative group of lipids after triacylglycerols. The content of total lipids in the liver of fish was also lower than in muscle and internal fat.
The data obtained from studies of the amino acid composition of trout tissues were compared with the results of scientists who studied them. For example, Galoyan L. L. et al. (2017) studied the level of amino acid absorption of feed protein, as well as established the amino acid composition of proteins in the muscles and liver of brown and rainbow trout under the conditions of feeding specialized food feed company "Aller Aqua". In the study of the amino acid composition of the liver and muscles of brown and rainbow trout, it was found that the maximum value of essential amino acids is the share of leucine, lysine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, the results of our studies showed that the highest values were cystine + tryptophan + aspartic acid and glutamic acid + isoleucine, as well as lysine.
We also note that the study of the effect of Biomar feed (Knyazeva L. M. , 2007) on the physiological state of young trout that ate these feeds, showed that the biochemical parameters of the fish were within the norm typical for trout grown in industrial conditions. There were small deviations from the norm of liver and internal fat indices, as in our studies, which suggests the need to monitor the physiological state of fish. It should be noted that this is due to the intensive method of feeding, which is based on obtaining maximum weight gain of fish.
Regarding the efficiency of Aller Aqua feed, a study was conducted by Hasanov L. Sh. (2012), which showed that the use of feed by the Danish company Aller Aqua provided a lower feed rate, which provides rapid growth and higher average daily gain compared to other feed producers, which confirms our research.
Conclusions
In this paper, we analyzed the patterns of changes in the biochemical parameters of the tissues of salmon fish, on the example of rainbow trout, using different feeding schemes. At the present stage of development of fish farming, the technology of feeding fish provides for the optimal use of feed to obtain high fish productivity with the lowest cost of live weight gain.
The analysis and generalization of the obtained experimental materials reflect the relationship between the marketable qualities of rainbow trout and the feed
consumed. Fish consumed in combination with Aller Aqua and Biomar had the best marketability in terms of protein and amino acid composition of muscle tissue.
The use of intensive cultivation techniques aimed at accelerating the accumulation of trout muscle mass, puts a significant load on the liver of fish, contributing to the development of fatty degeneration, as evidenced by the gradual increase in triacylglycerols throughout the study period.
In order to establish the optimal content of amino acids in the diet of rainbow trout, studies were conducted to determine them in feed and subsequent deposition in muscle tissue. According to the analysis of the obtained studies, the deposition of such amino acids as cystine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, lysine,
Scheme of research and p
as well as glutamic and aspartic acids is observed. The total content of amino acids was higher in the experimental group, which was fed by the method of combining feed, compared with the control.
Thus, the conducted experimental studies give grounds to claim that the nutritional value of Aller Aqua granulated feed for feeding of yearlings and marketable fish is much better, as well as the optimal use and relatively better performance in feeding young trout with Biomar feed, which was confirmed on the basis farms. Therefore, we can recommend such a mixed type of rainbow trout feeding as the most rational.
Tables and measurement units
Table 1
iduction experiment, n = 300
Experimental pools and feeding features
Young trout
1-control 2-experimental 3-experimental
Granulated trout feed is made according to the standard 114-1 Ukr. The granulated forage of Aller Aqua firm The granulated forage of Biomar Inicio firm
This year
1-control 2-experimental 3-experimental
Granulated trout feed is made according to the standard 114-1 Ukr. The granulated forage of Aller Aqua firm The granulated forage of Aller Aqua firm
Freight fish
1-control 2-experimental 3-experimental
Granulated trout feed is made according to the standard 114-1 Ukr. The granulated forage of Aller Aqua firm The granulated forage of Aller Aqua firm
Table 2
Characteristic changes in the zoological length of fish, cm (M ± m, n = 10)
Pools Experimental periods
Start Middle End
Granulated trout feed is
made according to the stand- 14,5±0,19 20,7±0,78 26,5±0,73
ard 114-1 Ukr.
2-feed company Aller Aqua 14,5±0,20 20,3±0,80 26,3±0,72
3-feed company Biomar + Aller Aqua 14,6±0,20 21,8±0,80 27,7±0,70
Note: * - p <0.05, ** - p <0.01, *** - p <0.001
Table 3
Productive length of the studied trout, cm (M ± m, n = 10)
Pools Experimental periods
Start Start Start
Granulated trout feed is made according to the standard 114-1 Ukr. 12,3±0,16 18,4±0,92 24,2±0,95
2-feed company Aller Aqua 12,8±0,14* 18,3±0,90 24,0±1,03
3-feed company Biomar + Aller Aqua 12,8±0,14* 19,0±0,87 26,3±0,90
Note: * - p <0.05, ** - p <0.01, *** - p <0.001
Table 4
Chemical composition of muscle tissue of the studied trout (M ± m, n = 10)
Swimming pools Moisture,% Dry matter,% Dry matter content,%
Crude protein Crude fat Crude ash
1 70,33±0,07 29,67±0,07 16,27±0,05 12,5±0,4 0,9±0,05
2 69,62±0,06*** 30,38±0,06*** 16,63±0,07*** 12,9±0,5 0,85±0,08
3 67,70±0,06*** 32,30±0,09*** 17,8±0,07*** 13,7±0,5 0,8±0,06
Note: * - p <0.05, ** - p <0.01, *** - p <0.001
Table 5
Amino acid composition of rainbow trout muscle tissue,% (M ± m, n = 5)
Amino acids Placement of trout in pools
1-control 2-experimental 3-experimental
Arginine 1,36±0,08 1,2±0,05 1±0,03**
Lysine 1,90±0,07 2,00±0,05 2,02±0,05
Tyrosine 0,44±0,01 0,68±0,01*** 1,03±0,02***
Phenylalanine 0,88±0,03 0,93±0,02 0,92±0,04
Histidine 0,18±0,07 0,30±0,03 0,60±0,04***
Leucine + isoleucine 1,13±0,08 2,42±0,01*** 2,49±0,02***
Methionine 0,53±0,19 0,55±0,02 0,56±0,01
Valine 0,98±0,07 1,12±0,10 0,98±0,11
Proline 0,69±0,06 0,45±0,03** 0,58±0,04
Threonine 1,06±0,01 0,98±0,05 0,81±0,06**
Serine 0,97±0,02 0,73±0,02*** 0,70±0,05
Alanine 1,37±0,12 1,39±0,18 1,30±0,09
Glycine 1,15±0,02 1,05±0,05 1,07±0,06
Cystine + Tryptophan + Aspara-gine + Glutamine acids 3,19±0,03 4,00±0,05*** 4,30±0,07***
Total 15,83 17,8 18,36
Note: * - p <0.05, ** - p <0.01, *** - p <0.001
Table 6
The content of lipids in the tissues of rainbow trout,% dry things. (M ± m, n = 5)
Indicators Internal fat Muscle tissue Liver
Placement of trout in pools
1 - 2- 3- 1 - 2- 3- 1 - 2- 3-
contro l experim ental experim ental contro l experim ental experim ental contro l experim ental experim ental
Total 69,08 70,12±1, 73,02±1, 12,5± 12,9±0,5 13,7±0,5 12,2± 12,1±0,2 13.5±0,3
lipids ±2,3 6 8 0,4 0,3 *
Triacylgly cerols 45,7± 2,3 46,5±2,2 48,6±2,2 6,61± 0,4 6,82±0,4 7,25±0,5 1,2±0, 3 1,3±0,3 1,9±0,4
Phospholip ids 17,3± 0,5 17,2±0,5 18,5±0,4 4,07± 0,2 4,19±0,2 4,45±0,3 7,4±0, 2 7,3±0,2 8,1±0,3
Cholestero 3,79± 4,07±0,3 3,78±0,2 1,36± 1,40±0,0 1,48±0,0 1,43± 1,55±0,0 1,42±0,1
l 0,2 0,02 3 2** 0,10 4 0
Cholestero 2,29± 2,35±0,2 2,14±0,1 0,46± 0,49±0,0 0,52±0,0 0,90± 1,0±0,03 1,0±0,03
l esters 0,2 0,02 4 2 0,02 * *
npHMhrca: * - p<0,05, ** - p<0,01, *** - p<0,001 References
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