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Study of art Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3-4 (2017)
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ISSN 2310-5593 (Print) / ISSN 2519-1209 (Online)
Study of art
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UDC 72.01.049.34-004.031.48 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/AJH-17-3.4-3-8
T. R. Safonova 1
1 National University «Lviv Polytechnic» Lviv, Ukraine
CHANGE OF THE FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF PRESERVING FRAGMENTS OF ARCHTECTURAL MONUMENTS
Abstract
Objective: To disclose the prospects of urban development. To preserve fragments of architectural monuments. To prove the topicality of combining fragments of architectural monuments with new projects.
Methods: Preservation of fragments of architectural monuments by way of changing their functional purpose and adding modern materials and shapes.
Results: The survey results support the idea and provide proof of expediency and topicality of using the preserved fragments in a modern urban environment. The change of functional purpose is an effective solution that imparts a unique appearance and a new life to architectural monuments.
Conclusions: The analysis of world samples and use of the world experience will help solve the problem of urban development prospects. Applying alternative design solutions to tumbledown monuments will help preserve fragments of architectural monuments, save them from destruction and give them a fresh appearance. Keywords: planning; design; preservation; architecture; fragments of monuments.
Problem Statement. Cultural heritage is a future's integral part but, currently these objects are abandoned fragments of the past, there is a lack of new presentation and a fresh vision for their use. Nowadays they become classical museums' exhibits, although capabilities diversity is one of the most important components in creating a modern exposition. Monuments that are damaged by weather conditions, time and people and cannot be restored to their original appearance remain isolated and abandoned fragments among the new architecture of an extended city. Due to the rapid pace of construction, a lack of free space appears. The European experience impresses by its decisions diversity. It is most topical to combine these two problems, that is, the use of the location of the monument provided that it merges with the new object and changes the functional purpose.
The topicality of the issue is to provide opportunities for further development and modernization of old towns/cities, as well as to find an alternative method of preserving fragments of monuments.
The purpose of this article is to provide proof of the efficiency, comfortability and uniqueness of creating new projects using European samples and to apply them in Ukraine.
Analysis of recent researches and publications. Domestic literature sources describe conducted researches dealing mainly with the restoration of complete objects to their initial appearance. Here one can mention the works of such scholars as T. Sprysa [8: 269-273], M. Yakovlev [10: 19-24], K. Goncharov [3: 288-299], V. Patryka, Yu. Lukomskyy, M. Jezier-ski [4: 216-230], L. Prybyeha [5; 6], S. Tsimbalyuk [9: 61]. All the works are devoted to restorative activi-
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ties and design-and-architectural practice in Ukraine. There are enough works in the field of preservation [1: 13-24; 2: 106-107; 18: 200-201; 13; 14; 15; 16; 20]. Less works can be found on relocation of objects [7: 149-152, 19: 151-158]. But there are no works by Ukrainian authors on creating new objects based on old ones; they are only in foreign publications such as "Architektur Wien 700 Bauten" by August Sarnitz [12] and "Element & objects" by Graeme Brooker, Sally Stone [11: 10-145].
Presentation of the main material of the research. Recently a large number of historical objects, which are restored and adapted for modern use by means of modern design and technology, have been used with ever increasing frequency. This preservation method is most vividly expressed in the project of building the Acropolis Museum in Athens (Greece), the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture in Oslo (Norway), in the housing complex «Gasometer» in Vienna (Austria), shopping centre Arena in Barce-
lona (Spain) and the bookstore in Maastricht (The Netherlands).
In 2009, the Acropolis Museum in Athens was designed by the architect Bernard Tschumi in collaboration with Photiadis Michalis; the exhibition area of the museum is 14000m 2 and its value is 130 million Euros (Figure 1). Four main materials were used for the construction: glass and metal for the façade and some parts of the floor, concrete for columns and marble for the gallery. Inside the museum, glass floors allow to observe the ancient ruins that were found during the construction of the building. On the second floor in a large gallery, early classical statues rotating around the axis are exhibited. Three-dimensional exhibits create a sense of presence from all sides. The routing is arbitrary. The rectangular Parthenon Gallery is on the top floor. In general, the museum has three main levels and two intermediate ones. This artistic approach to the design, where all the latest means are used, shows how ancient monuments can be in harmony with modern buildings.
Picture 1. "Acropolis" in Athens (https://hannahruthkellett.wordpress.com/tag/bernard-tschumi-architects/)
In 2003 Jensen and Skodvin Arkitektkontor worked on the creation of the exhibition area of the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture; they decided to use an old rail road station to implement their project (Figure 2). The new building consists of a conglomerate of different additions and changes from about 1860 to 1980. Ornaments in the plaster, masonry, windows and wooden beams are the elements that have been preserved. The architects tried to embody the idea, which, content-wise, would reveal the intensity and drama of history change. Modern additions inside are built using notable and very simple geometric forms ofplastic, glass and metal elements by means of different techniques that were used in the construction process.
In mid-1996, it was decided to redesign four abandoned gas storage facilities located in industrial areas ofVi-enna (Fig. 3). Jean Nouvel, Coop Himmelblau, Manfred Wehdorn and Wilhelm Holzbauer created a unique architectural design. The purpose of the project, despite the difficult reconstruction, was to build apartments because the location was very advantageous and close to the motorway, airport and underground station. Thus, Vienna took action to protect the architectural heritage of the city, which remains an important economic factor for the development ofcultural tourism, and provided enough space for the "new construction", i. e. a modern use of the old architecture. Inside the circular facade of the gas storage facility divided into 18 segments, the house was built with comfortable
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apartments, balconies and terraces; the exterior walls were additionally provided with windows for sufficient natural lighting. The historic dome of metal structures was replaced with a new glass coating (for better lighting of the courtyard). The new building with polished metal reflects a lot of
light effects at different times ofthe day. There is also a one-story shopping centre, which is located below and extends through all the four gas storages, which are interconnected by complete glass passages. This building shows a harmonious combination ofhistorical and new materials.
Picture 2. Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture (http://www.e-architect.co.uk/norway/doga-exhibition-centre)
Rogers Stirk Harbour designed the shopping centre at the place of the old Arena in Barcelona (Spain) in 2001-2011 (Figure 4). The Arena was built at the end of the nineteenth century for bullfighting events, but it was closed in the 70's, due to the decline in bullfighting popularity in Catalonia. The Arena played an important social and cultural role as a venue for opera and theatre performances, concerts and political meetings, which led to the decision of the City Council to preserve the monument and to prohibit its demolition. As a result of the reconstruction, the facade in the neo-Mudejar style was preserved. According to the architect's design, a parking place was built in the basement, restaurants, offices and shops were located on the ground, first and second floors, and a gym and a cinema were on the third floor. The original façade was raised above the level of the surrounding streets with ramps and
stairs to support existing walls and new spaces. A new open public sphere was established around the building. In the process of designing, the latest architectural and engineering technology was used. The most striking aspect of the intervention is the dome-shaped roof with a plastic coating that is supported by huge pillars with a large terrace along the perimeter, from where a stunning panorama of the city opens. Cruciform-shaped escalators and stairs, large glassed passenger lifts and a fire ladder for emergency cases were designed to ensure easy movement of visitors through the area ofthe shopping centre. Also, a telecommunication tower providing a direct access to metro stations is located next to the façade. In this way the monument was preserved and the task ofdesigning present-day modern building was fulfilled, which imparted a unique appearance on the building and ensured a well-considered solution.
Picture 3. Four abandoned gas storages located in the industrial areas of Vienna (http://www.wiener-gasometer.at/en)
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In 2007, the Amsterdam-based architectural firm Merk & Girod and architects of the company Lensvelt, Maastricht (The Netherlands) developed a project of a library in the design of the cathedral (Fig. 5 a). They conducted restoration works on the vaulted ceiling, decorative
arches, frescoes of the seventeenth century that decorate the ceiling; they isolated an area for a two-storey bookstore and a cafe in the "apse" of the cathedral, using modern black steel shelves, cruciform coffee tables, sidewalks, stairs, lifts and lights for the racks (fluorescent lamps).
Pictures 4. Maastricht in the Netherlands (http://www.departful.com/2013/03/medieval-church-repurposed-as-stunning-modern-bookstore/)
So, let us consider possible implementation of such European projects for the ruins of the Roman Catholic Church of Holy Trinity in Pidhaitsi, in Ternopil Region. This monument is a historical and cultural jewel ofUkraine and an interesting synthesis of architectural styles. It dates back to 1634 (Picture 5 b). There is a Gothic two-tiered tower, a Renaissance portal, a baroque interior and an addition in the style of historicism. Since 1946, the church,
abandoned and without any care, had been used as a warehouse and therefore it had suffered substantial destruction (Picture 7). In the 80's of the twentieth century, the roof and a part of the tower collapsed due to fire, the windows, doors and walls were damaged and the crypts were partially covered with debris. In 2006, the town administration gave the church over to believers. Minor repair works were performed in the church.
a b
Picture 5. Roman Catholic Church of Holy Trinity in the Town of Pidhaitsi, 1926-2015 (http://koscioly.livejournal.com/19465.html)
As some churches in the world have become tourist attractions, shops, cafés, bookstores, libraries and theatres, likewise such innovations are necessary for Roman Catholic churches in Ukraine, so that they do not become obsolete or get destroyed. Probably not everyone can accept the idea of setting up
cafés and shops in a temple, but reading books, showing expositions, organizing circles and performances will be quite appropriate. Books, discussions, lectures, interviews and musical performances will attract a new audience ofpeople both from the town and from the surrounding area. In this connection, the more visitors will
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get inside and enjoy the beauty of the once abandoned church, the more funds can be raised for its maintenance.
So, after restoration works have been performed on the preserved temple fragments, the plan of works should be drafted. For example, the right wing of the temple will be assigned to the believers for masses. In the middle part, there will be a two-tier area for the library and the reading room. In the left wing, there will be a small cinema for watching slides and documentary films with a stage for shows, theatrical performances etc. In the central frontal part, where the sacristy was, there will be a class-room for groups and master classes. Thus, we shall have multifunctional premises for various activities and age categories.
Let us consider the task for the design. The main entrance is the tumbledown bell tower. There are several options for its development depending on funds invested in the project. Of course, it is preferable to make an observation deck and a stairway during roofing works, and, also, two tiers of the library. According to the world practice, metal structures are used to save money. Fluorescent lamps should be used for lighting. The design should be laconic, functional and without decorations and unnecessary elements. The library should include: shelves with books, electronic media with the list of publications, tables of simple shape with chairs. When sponsors, interested in setting up a bookshop, are attracted, the bookshop can be combined with the library, as it is done all over the world. The positive side of such a solution is that expensive or foreign publications are rarely to find in local state libraries. And libraries exhibit such items for sale. So everyone can read them and even buy.
In the right wing of the temple there will be benches for the believers and the altar with the entrance to the sacristy. On the opposite side there will be a cinema, namely a projector with a screen and a small number of seats for pick-up of documentary films, short films and presentations. Also, it is planned that shows and performances will take place here. This is necessary for the cultural enrichment of the town's inhabitants and for diversifying their leisure. In the part where the sacristy was once, benches with tables and the lighting will be placed in a circle. This area will be used to conduct master classes, activities of clubs/circles and performances.
In the town ofabout 20 thousand inhabitants, it is necessary to create new places of entertainment (this refers to circles/clubs for children and adults: singing, drawing,
embroidery, weaving, master classes on Easter eggs painting, photography and language courses, cookery courses, etc.). Performances by both local and visiting theatres, literary events, watching historical films, presentations of researches and more will contribute to the cultural enrichment. And, since the search for an area for construction of such facilities, plus their construction will take a lot of time and money, it is advisable not to combine the preservation of the historical monument, which is in a state of destruction, with expanding the town.
Taking account of the world samples and solutions of the related range ofproblems, the suggested project is not a rule, but rather a version of opportunities and a call for a new creative vision. After all, there are many abandoned, dilapidated and tumbledown Roman Catholic churches, castles and fortresses in Ukraine [17]. The main reason of the destruction of Roman Catholic churches is the community change-over to the Orthodox confession and unwillingness of the authorities to reconstruct the churches and take care of them. The same applies to castles and fortresses; the state does not assign sufficient funds to take care of them. Some of them are in rural areas, which fact strengthens the necessity for these buildings to be used as new venues for leisure requirements of the inhabitants. We endeavoured to show the fundamental nature of the principles of displays decoration and adaptations of them to the modern necessities in the preservation of monuments fragments through varying objects presentation to facilitate better understanding, cognition and respect for the history by future generations.
CoNCLUSIoNS:
1. The issue of the use of historical monuments and fragments of architecture in today's environment is topical, as all over the whole territory of Ukraine there is a large number of such objects.
2. The issue is urgent, because every day their condition worsens and their destruction continues.
3. The range of tasks has been set that should be solved in order to save the tumbledown architectural monuments.
4. The analysis of sample projects aiming at solving this issue in practice in European towns and cities allows take account of their experience and use it in our country.
5. It has been proven that the change of the functional use is a modern and alternative way to preserve fragments of architectural monuments, because it is an effective solution imparting on the monument a unique appearance and a new life.
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6. Prospects for further development in this direction are opening in case of redesigning a citadel or a castle in a are opening, as we have considered only the redesign of big city into, for example, a shopping centre, school, uni-the church in a small town, but how many opportunities versity, imparting on it recognizability and a special charm.
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Information about the author
Tetiana Romanivna Safonova, post-graduate student of Department for Design and Architectural Framework,
National University «Lviv Polytechnic» Lviv, Ukraine
Address: Ukraine, Lviv, Sevastopolska 8/8, 79010, tel.: + 380679744756
E-mail: tolsaf@gmail.com
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-4980
