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27Challenges in simultaneous interpretation
Nilufar Tengel kizi Aimuratova Uzbekistan State World Languages University
Abstract: Simultaneous interpretation is a mode of interpreting in which the interpreter converts what the speaker says into the foreign language in actual time besides disrupting the authentic float of delivery. In other words, the interpreter has to interpret what the speaker says at the identical time as the speaker is announcing it. The duties performed by means of the simultaneous interpreter consist of performing a number of movements nearly simultaneously: listening to the source language, perception the content material of the speech, translating it into the target language and speaking back.
Keywords: simultaneous translation, difficulties of interpreting, proper names, сulture-bound terms, idioms
Simultaneous interpretation is a mode of interpreting in which the interpreter converts what the speaker says into the foreign language in actual time besides disrupting the authentic float of delivery. In other words, the interpreter has to interpret what the speaker says at the identical time as the speaker is announcing it. The duties performed by means of the simultaneous interpreter consist of performing a number of movements nearly simultaneously: listening to the source language, perception the content material of the speech, translating it into the target language and speaking back. Interpreting is a branch of the larger area of translation. Translation refers to the result of a written activity while decoding is an oral copy of a message. In the discipline on interpretation, there are three main subcategories, namely consecutive interpreting with note-taking, simultaneous deciphering of speeches as delivered at international events, and speak deciphering in community settings. The article ordinarily focuses on simultaneous interpreting, and extra precisely on interpreter training, the difficulties faced through college students and the techniques than can be used so that the supply message is successfully conveyed. The most important difficulties in simultaneous deciphering coaching can be related with three tiers of interpreting: listening, comprehension and speaking. Listening challenges deal with a horrific pronunciation, dialect and misspelling of the words.
Gile's effort model of simultaneous interpretation
In the seventies, some models on information-processing paradigm were developed to account for the mental operations of SI. More recently, models on cognitive science, such as Setton's, have also been developed. All of these are valuable as they take into consideration all the relevant developments in cognitive
psychology, and linguistics. However, they have not been subjected to much testing over the last two decades, probably due to a lack of resources and due to the complexity of the mental operations involved. speaker's pronunciation, some technical problems, as well as regional accents. Daniel Gile has a prescriptive approach of interpreter training and proposed his Effort Model to help interpreters understand the "difficulties [of interpreting] and select appropriate strategies and tactics". The Effort Model is based on the idea that the brain has a limited capacity and that the difficulties in interpretation are due to time constraints and the need to divide attention between different operations. This model is based on three nonautomatic interpreting Efforts:
1) Listening and Analysis Effort: it includes all the mental operations between the perception of discourse and the moment at which the interpreter decides to say or not say what he/she heard.
2) Production Effort: it includes all the mental operations between the moment at which the interpreter decides to convey the meaning and the moment at which he/she actually formulates it in the target speech.
3) Working Memory (WM) Effort/ Short-Term Memory (STM) Effort: it includes all the memory operations from the time a segment is heard to when it is reformulated in the target speech or disappears from the memory 1.
Difficulties of simultaneous interpreting, with a distinct focal point on English as a supply language.
There are distinctive types of operations that could make processing demands exceed the available capacity, leading to deterioration in the content material and/or the form of the interpretation. As interpreters usually work at the limits of their cognitive capacities, these statistics overflows are common. In this article, there is given work on different items of the English language that, might also be challenging for interpreters working from English into Uzbek. These items can be found in unique languages even though some of them are precise to English, and are the following: numbers, desirable names, complex noun phrases, culture-specific items, idioms, phrasal verbs and single-word terms. Each subsection will furnish an evaluation that describes the manageable difficulties of this type of gadgets and advocate some strategies to cope with these difficulties.
Numbers. In daily practice, conference interpreters admit having some difficulties with numbers, with error prices achieving 40% for professional interpreters and 40% to 70% for trainees. It can be surprising that numbers are such a supply of troubles as their principal attribute is unicity of meaning. Their
1 Gile D. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995.
interpretation have to be quite easy. In most modern languages, the device developed to create numbers makes it viable to create all numbers the usage of a small set of primary phrases and fixed syntactic rules, every offering a single piece of facts on the number. For example, in English, the predominant parts are called base digits (0 to 9 in the decimal system), which can be used to creates two lexical classes: young adults (eleven, twelve... nineteen) and tens (twenty, thirty... ninety). There is a fourth set of items, referred to as multipliers, (hundred, thousand) used to mark the magnitude of the base digits. This system very regularly requires a lot of gadgets and phrases to create a massive range in the target language and consequently the hassle encountered by using interpreters can be a reminiscence problem due to the need to have in mind many words for the expression of a single concept.2 Kalina suggests one approach which is approximation. It can be a beneficial approach to deal with in particular complicated segments. She thinks this approach can be used to supply partial facts till the interpreter finds a more correct translation, but this would possibly be counterproductive for numbers as strategies to reap time extend the WM Effort. Finally, due to the fact the predominant hassle with numbers seem to be insufficient WM, writing the numbers down whilst decoding would possibly additionally be a true strategy. Despite the reality that note-taking can symbolize any other Effort which will favour its share of the whole interest capacity, it would possibly relieve strain on WM. Studies confirmed that notes had been exceedingly beneficial for numbers in the course of the interpretation.
Proper names. Proper names require linguistic "transcoding" as a substitute than interpreting. Gile highlights that desirable names are plausible issues for interpreters, especially if the interpreter is no longer acquainted with a precise suited identify or its pronunciation in the target language. Proper names may additionally amplify the efforts of the interpreter, and therefore require some "coping tactics". Proper names can be phonetically unfamiliar to the interpreter. In that case, interpreters have to shop the names in their momentary memory and recode them in their goal language. Interpreters may additionally also run the threat of mispronouncing the title if they do not recognize how the word is spelled beforehand and might also now and again not recognize that there is a traditional translation for a specific title in their goal language. Scholar Hanaoka proposes a distinction between two sorts of strategies in order to render proper names extra easily: decoding strategies and encoding strategies. Decoding method is placing proactive strategies into region if the interpreter can anticipate the topic of the text. An interpreter can for instance search for unique desirable names that he/she can come upon if given the topic. Simultaneous interpreters are usually informed of the subject matter of the convention in develop and can consequently do lookup on that topic. Then, reactive
2 Mazza C. (2001). Numbers in Simultaneous Interpretation. In The Interpreters' Newsletter. 11, - PP. 87-104.
strategies are employed when the interpreter has encountered an unfamiliar name, and they include guessing from the context or the use of an online dictionary. However, in simultaneous interpreting, the assets can also be drastically limited due to time constraints.
Culture-specific items. Culture-bound terms, or culture-specific terms, refer to concepts, institutions and items which are specific to the source language culture and are classified into five categories:
1) Ecology: plateau, paddy field
2) Material culture: zabaglione (food), anorak (clothes), cabriolet (transport)
3) Social culture: reggae, rock (work and leisure)
4) Organizations/customs/activities/procedures/concepts: karma, temple (religious)
5) Gestures and habits: spitting There is a general consensus that culture-specific items are potentially problematical for interpreters. It is important for interpreters to have fundamental cultural information of the source language culture as culture-specific terms are frequent in speeches. They frequently have no equal in the target listener's cultural frame, which makes them difficult to translate into the goal language. The interpreter has to pick out among unique deciphering techniques to supply the message. The techniques used in simultaneous interpretation are the following:
1) Using a term/word/phrase of comparable meaning but varied form: it consists of the use of an item which has a comparable which means as the source item, however which is made of distinctive lexical items.
2) Paraphrase: a paraphrase is an explanation of a unit of language used to clarify an obscure phrase. This is the most common way to translate terms/words/phrases when an equivalent cannot be found in the target language. Interpreters show their ability to cope with an unfamiliar item under pressure.
3) Omission: an interpreter may choose to omit an item because it has no close match in the target language or because its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased or because it is of no great importance for the listener.
4) Formal equivalence (also called 'linguistic equivalence'): this technique is mainly used when translating certain legal, political, sports or any institutions or organizations which exist or existed at some point in the target language culture.
5) Conventionalization: this strategy is used to translate proper names which have an established name in the target culture.
Idioms. Idioms are "linguistic expressions or lexical objects representing objects, concepts or phenomena of fabric life specific to a given culture".3 Gottlieb
3 Dastjerdi H. (2011). Translation of Idioms: a Hard Task for the Translator. In Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 1(7), - PP. 879-883.
suggests that "an idiom is hard to decode correctly for anybody who only is aware of the everyday meanings of its constituent elements". Idioms can include many special cultural aspects such as religious beliefs, culture particular gadgets and superstitions. Every society perceives the world in a special way and that vision influences the language. When the translator is faced with an idiom, he/she must look at which strategy is greater appropriate in dealing with the translation of the source idiom into the target language. Several techniques are advocated while decoding idioms, such as paraphrasing, omission, the use of idioms in similar or diverse forms.
In conclusion, it is significant to become familiar with several methods, strategies in order to lessen the number of possible challenges, difficulties in simultaneous interpretation.
References
1. Gile D. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995.
2. Mazza C. (2001). Numbers in Simultaneous Interpretation. In The Interpreters' Newsletter. 11, - PP. 87-104.
3. Dastjerdi H. (2011). Translation of Idioms: a Hard Task for the Translator. In Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 1(7), - PP. 879-883.
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