CC BY
3
UDK 37.02
Allaberganov A.S.
Independent researcher
CAUSES AND CONTENT OF THE CONQUEST OF THE KHIVA
KHANATE BY RUSSIA
Abstract: This article discusses the causes and content of the conquest of the Khiva khanate during the war of the Russian Empire which caused a deep political and economic crisis prevailed in Bukhara and Kokand khanates.
Key words: Turkestan, Amudarya, material heritage, Russian system, historical memory, national value, manuscript sources
Introduction
In Russia, the second half of the XIX century is associated with the development of capitalism. But this view is historically true. The actions of Russia in this regard have already begun. The historian Abulgazi Bahodirkhan's book "ShajaraiTurk" says, in particular: On this arrival, they took the civilians of Urgench as booty and captives, but these invaders were crushed. And they attacked and saved the caravans of Khiva through Orenburg, asked the captives to report to Urgench and began to collect information. The next attempt to turn Russia into an imperial state took place during the reign of Peter I. Upon hearing the news of the gold mines in the Amudarya basin, the king sent an army of 7,000 men to Khiva, led by Prince Bekovich-Cherkassky, in 1717 to clear the trade routes to India and share them.
Materials and Methods
The defeat of this expedition in the battle near Khiva delayed Russia's invasion of Uzbek lands by a hundred years. As a result of the attempts to redistribute the world, which was divided by the world's major colonial powers in the 1930s and 1940s, the interests of the two major colonial powers, Britain and Russia, in Central Asia clashed. The economic reasons for the Russian occupation of Turkestan have been well studied These include: 1. The outbreak of civil war between the North and South slaves in the United States in the 1860s. In 1863, only 338 of the 659 textile enterprises in Russia were operating. For this reason, Turkestan did not have to serve as a raw material base for the Russian industrial sector. The crash of the Bekovich-Cherkassky expedition and the failure of the Perovsky march in 1839 did not go unnoticed by Russian generals. The third of the Uzbeks, Khiva's independence, posed a serious threat to the colonizers. Russia's aggression was not a secret to Khiva's officials. Said Muhammad Rahimkhan II asked England for help against the Russian threat. Although British rulers were interested in maintaining Khiva's independence, they feared an open confrontation with Russia. Khiva did not believe in endocrine power. The khan's army consisted of 27 sketches, 2,000 troops, and 4,000 naval troops, all of whom
were concentrated in the capital. The Russian colonial army, which invaded Khiva, outnumbered the Khiva khanate in terms of number, quality and military equipment. General Kaufman (22 companies, 1,800 Cossacks and 18 artillery pieces) commanded the Turkestan squadron, and Colonel Veryovkin (15 companies, 600 Cossacks, 8 cannons) commanded the Orenburg detachment. The Governor-General of Turkestan, von Kaufmann, sent letters to Bukhara Amir and Kokand threatening them with political threats and urging them not to help Khiva.
Results and Discussions
When Khiva's efforts were to resolve the conflict, a military council and military leaders defended themselves against the enemy. Under the leadership of Matmuraddevonbegi, Mahmudyasovulboshi, Yaqubbekqalmoq, Eltuzarinoqva and Bobo Mehtarrah, the Uzbek-Turkmen youth were divided into two groups to repel the attack of the Russian troops. Although General Veryovkin rang the bell and inflicted casualties, Khojayli and Mangitkala were captured. Later, the old fortress of Khorezm was renamed Khazar. Commander-in-Chief von Kaufmann turned the bull into a focal point for internal settlement. On May 29, 1873, the main forces of the Kunirus appeared on the threshold of Khiva. Muhammad Rahimkhan II, seeing that Khivan could not be defended by the forces at his disposal, was forced to go to Giturkmanovu near Izmikshort. Taking advantage of this, Amir Turava asked von Kaufman on behalf of Otaxontora khan not to destroy Khiva. But Kaufman asked them to read it and said that the discussions could only be with him.
When Muhammad Rahimkhan returned to Khiva, the invaders searched the palace and sent all the valuables and 300 manuscripts to St. Petersburg. As a result, the banks of the Amudarya were ceded to Russia, and all opportunities were created for Russian ships to cross the Amudarya. Russian merchants gained the right to trade freely in the khanate and to build warehouses on the left bank of the Amu Darya. The Khiva khanate became a vassal of Russia and was obliged to pay 2,000,000 soums to the khanate. Russian citizens were allowed to buy real estate in the khanate. The colonial administration set the first task in this regard as to increase the involvement of local children in Russian schools. And colonial officials considered the activities of schools and madrasahs in the country to be extremely dangerous in the conduct of colonial policy. They saw the development of local literature and the growing number of local schools as a serious obstacle to the population. Therefore, in order to influence the spiritual condition of the local population, attention was paid to such issues as the constant interference in the activities of Muslim institutions, the inadmissibility of the management of the Muslim religious office. It should be noted here that the administration of the imperial government used various methods of struggle against schools and madrasahs.
However, the greatness of the work of Central Asian scholars over the millennia, and the fact that even in those years Muslims around the world were using their authoritative Shariah complexes, was not possible without worrying
the colonial rulers themselves. Therefore, they skillfully tried to replace the Muslim schools that were educating many local youth with Russian-style schools, thus keeping the peoples of the region under the yoke of colonial policy, and later going to join them with the Russians.
Conclusion
The above-mentioned measures served as a great basis for the colonial policy pursued by the empire, which was completely contrary to the interests of the local working population, and gave rise to protests among them. Although the actions of the imperial officials against the colonial policy began during the period when the Russian Empire was occupying Central Asia, these actions were brutally suppressed by the Russian troops. During the years of the Russian Empire's war against the Bukhara and Khiva khanates, the Kokand khanate was in deep political and economic crisis. At that time, half of the population was occupied by the Russian state. Its territory consisted mainly of the Fergana valley, which was the last reign of Khudoyorkhan (1865-1875).
References:
1.Azamat Ziyo. History of Uzbek statehood (from ancient times to the Russian invasion) T., "The East", 2000.
2.Abduqahhor Ibrohimov. We are Uzbeks. (Reflections on the traces of my national statehood). T., "The East", 1999.
3. History of Independent Uzbekistan. The first book. Turkestan in the period of colonialism in Russia, T., "The East" 2000
4. H. Ziyoev. Struggle against Russian aggression in Turkestan. T., " The East", 1998.
