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Section 1. History and archaeology
Gasanov Magomed Magomedovich, Dagestan State University, Department of History, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the twentieth century
E-mail: mgasanov@list.ru
Caucasian war as major factor of administrative policy of tsarist in Dagestan
Abstract: The article deals with the place of the Caucasian War in the administrative-territorial policy of the Russian Empire in Dagestan. The paper is an attempt to highlight the role and importance of military-national governance is the most appropriate model of development of the administrative and political system of the North-Eastern Caucasus, and the involvement of these territories in the administrative and legal framework of the Russian Empire.
Keywords: management system, the administration, the military and the national administration, politics, Khan's control.
After completion oflong-term and bloody Caucasian war in the North Caucasus and in Dagestan before the Russian government there was a question of searches optimum for the subdued mountain people of forms and methods ofmanagement. As N. S. Kinyapi-na "in the North Caucasus with his multilingual structure noted the population, a subsistence economy, distinctions in religion, big gradualness at introduction of a new management system was required, than in Georgia" [1, 38]. In this regard the commander-in-chief of the Caucasian army prince Baryatinsky in the message wrote the Minister of War of Russia: "In process of progress ofthe Russian weapon in the Caucasus, need ofa settlement for edge ofthe strong management corresponding to spirit, customs and customs of the different races mountain population was more and more felt" [2, 161]. The peculiar and original system of the power known under the name "military and national management" has been as a result created. The system of military and national management applied to the mountain people of the Caucasus was created in the years of long-term fight against these people and was caused by those special political conditions in which there was the Caucasian edge.
To the middle of the 50th years of the XIX century questions of economic development of the Caucasian edge were involuntarily removed on a background as all forces of imperial administration have been directed to fight against rebellious mountaineers of Dagestan, Chechnya and Western Caucasus. Though provinces of Transcaucasia coped at that time on the basis of the general civil provision, control it was exercised inertly as the higher central and local Caucasian authority paid all the attention to military operations in the areas stated above. Not stopping military operations strongly complicated attraction on service to the Caucasus of civilians, and, therefore, and formation of civil authorities. At the same time the military service was considered as honourable here, has been surrounded with a poetic aura and gave the chance to move ahead quickly on the way of office honors and awards. It is clear, that owing to the specified conditions all best forces of the Russian Empire aspired in ranks of field army. From here followed that the army had to become the center of formation of system of voyen-but-national management, exactly here began to reveal capable officers for attraction on various fields of administrative activity in the Caucasus.
The general field marshal prince Baryatinsky... "considered necessary at introduction of military and national management on a new basis to establish more strict choice at appointment to administrative positions of the specified managements, but to involve here the best officers, has ordered to provide them particular advantages" [3, 2]. Completion of active military operations has given the chance more deeply to develop ideas of military and national management which finally have led to creation of rather harmonous system of administration in Tersky and Dagestan areas. At the same time establishment of the Russian domination as showed experience of the 60th of the 19th century, quite often was temporary, the imperial administration hasn't been sure of durability of the situation in the Caucasus. Therefore at the initial stage of introduction the main goal of military and national management consisted not so much "in a settlement of civic consciousness and prosecution of cultural tasks how many in ability to hold the population in obedience, and, in case of need, quickly and resolutely with the available at hand, often insignificant military forces, to suppress revolt" [3, 2].
Under such circumstances managements only the military authorities which main line was a submission of the civil power military could be the only suitable form administrative [1, 38].
With gradual conquest of the mountain people there was a new question of establishment not only actually administrations in the person of certain officials, but also the known administrative management based on some concrete principles of management. To apply to the subdued mountaineers directly the control system operating in the empire it wasn't represented possible as all administrative and judicial device of the last has been at that time constructed on a serfdom. At the people of Dagestan the serfdom in purely Russian sense of this concept was absent. To impart concepts and living conditions unusual for him it was represented to the population inexpedient. It conducted, first, to withdrawal pains of all of the public, developed for centuries system of relationship in the most mountain society, and could is unprofitable to influence the population; secondly, the statement and distribution of
a serfdom among mountaineers would be a push to new performances and at the same time would lead to increase of the importance of local exclusive hansko-beksky estate. At all his support on a feudal top, the imperial administration has also not been interested in it.
At this conjuncture creation of new system of administrative management was required. But for her creation it was necessary to study the military-political situation which has arisen in Dagestan after completion of the Caucasian war, to investigate life, customs, morals, moral and religious principles of the mountain people. Together with it it was also required to investigate prospects of domination of Russia in the Caucasus. The Russian administration realized it. But for research work she had neither means, nor time. "Indomitable and willful temper of the Caucasian mountaineers does management by them extremely difficult and demands from the managements of the highest moral qualities, thorough and long study of edge and the next acquaintance with character of natives serving these. It is possible to tell with belief that not only in all Russia, but also around the world there will be no country, more various and difficult for studying, than the Caucasus, you won't meet the people who were got more used to willfulness and disorders than the Caucasian mountaineers" [2, 119-120], — I wrote the Minister ofWar Namestnik of the Caucasus.
Under such circumstances by itself there was a thought of maintenance in again subdued mountain societies of the order of the management following from the developed folk customs and religious beliefs existing already at them with broad attraction to management of representatives of local nationalities, but under the leadership of the person put by the imperial government from among average and senior officers which had to watch application of folk customs and not allow such which could maintain political unreliability or would contradict interests of Russia in the Caucasus. The choice of the last persons was represented especially important as they had to meet to a certain extent moral and education requirements, and also to be acquainted with life and customs of the operated people. Only the Caucasian army where the best part of the Russian officers
which, carrying out the most part of year in campaigns, involuntarily got acquainted with life of the people has been at that time concentrated besides could give such representatives, I studied customs, languages and positions of various nationalities of the Caucasus.
When forming system of military and national management experience of the organization of management in Asian and African colonies of the European countries was considered.
In system of military and national management the power of an old feudal top of Dagestan has been kept. Even long before the end of the Caucasian war the adoption of imperial dominion in the Caucasus has caused the necessity of the decision autocracy of a question of the relation to the hansky power. Organizing management of the conquered Dagestan area, imperial command has kept former khanates here: Tarkovsky, Mekhtulinsky, Kyurinsky, Avarian, etc. For khans all rights of sovereign princes have been left. It was explained by the fact that in the years of the Caucasian war the Dagestan sovereign houses substantially adhered to imperial orientation. Therefore "immediate, without any reason seen for the people, removal of representatives of these houses after the end of war would have consequences, very adverse for (Russia)" [4, 20].
When autocracy positions in the Caucasus, in particular in Dagestan, were strengthened, khanates have been abolished and have ceased to play an independent political role. Dagestan became a component of the Russian Empire with original system of military and national management. It has happened in 1867.
Among the researchers of this problem Ha-shaeva H. O. [5], Omarov A. S. [6], Suleymano-va B. B. [7] and Gevorgyan D. P. [8]. There is no contradiction in the question about the place of the Khan's management and its role in the making of the administrative system of Tsarism in Dagestan.
Elimination khanate in Dagestan summed up the system of military-national governance at the level of general administrative offices of the empire and led to the gradual replacement of the administrative authorities highland tops of Russian officers. This fact could not give rise to dissatisfaction with a
certain part of the higher of the feudal class, which explains the involvement of representatives of the local aristocracy in the popular movements of60-70s. The consequence of this policy was the duality of the mountain lords. On the one hand, they relied on military power in the fight against the tsarist folk performances in moments of exacerbation of the class struggle, and on the other — have sought to ease the pressure of tsarism, to hold political power to preserve the independence or Semi their power in Dagestan. All these activities were carried out of the royal administration with extreme caution and with a warning against the local nobility, so that, in general, an alliance between tsarism and highland feudal-tribal tip is not disturbed.
Caucasian war has become one of the main factors that influenced the content, character, direction of administrative reform in Dagestan. The first is due to the influence of the war deep contradictions of innovations in the Caucasus, their inconsistency and ambiguity. The very ideology of the tsarist government could not overcome the reforming attitude to Dagestan as the conquest of the area in which by means of force was necessary to carry out a civilizing mission. Building on this basis, the concept of the administrative and judicial system was a gradual involvement of Dagestan in the Russian sphere of administrative unit, taking into account local specificities. Methods for the devel-opment of the national military-management system built on the basis of reliance on the military element and significant restrictions on the rights of indigenous peoples.
Management Tradition the Caucasian war, is expressed in the presence of the military and administrative authorities, legislative restrictions, unequal indigenous population of Dagestan, Dagestan actually hindered the process of integration, as well as other parts of the North Caucasus in the socio-political and economic structure of the Russian Empire.
The impact of the Caucasian War in the process of formation of the Dagestan administration was shown in the following. Firstly, the war delayed the progress of administrative reforms, including in comparison with the South Caucasus, a significant impact on the ideology and the concept of reform, not only before but also after its completion.
Second, the reform had a very contradictory character: on the one hand, they were carried out very carefully, what explains their delay, on the other hand, in cases where a decisive role is played by the military-political factor — ruthlessly broke the traditional structure. Third, the war led to the fact that the management of the Caucasus, including Dagestan, throughout the XIX century. It plays an important role the military factor. Fourth, it is the military factor associated simultaneous existence of multiple forms of administrative and territorial division, administration and courts.
Establishment of the Institute of military-national governance and its subsequent insignificant reform, which reached him until 1917, not least due to the need for autocracy form in Dagestan its sociopolitical support of the authorities, determined the content side of reform, reflecting, in the end, the interests of the well-defined social groups. This explains the preservation and restoration of the Khan's management in the first years after the war, and the full support of, and preservation of feudal tenure bek throughout the XIX century.
Tsarism had in Dagestan broad social support of the local population, on which he could rely on, and counted only on very rare Russian population, the Cossacks, the army and the pro-Russian feudal nobility and the top of Uzda. At the same time Russian admin istration adoption of the "Regulation on the management of agriculture in Daghestan" tried to create mass support in the mountain communities, developing local communities, government and limiting the number of rights of the local feudal nobility and the clergy. However, it was inconsistent policies, and it is practically not affected the interests of the Bolsheviks and the clergy. In such circumstances, the main form of strengthening the position of the Russian authorities in
Dagestan gets generated during the Caucasian War type of paramilitary power.
Throughout the second half of the XIX century autocracy failed to overcome differences in the forms of management with respect to the Cossack, Russian and mountain population. Differences in the legal status of these populations persisted until the overthrow of the tsarist. The fact of the creation of the Dagestan region, not province, pointed out the special status of the new administrative-territorial formations. Older inherent period of the war, control methods were not eliminated during the second half of the XIX century. Consequently, in Daghestan and the Terek areas developed and maintained a dual system of power: the military-folk (for mountaineers) and civil (for the population of cities, settlements and so on.). This division can be seen in relation to the proceedings. In this regard, we note that the Zemstvo reform, carried out in the early 60s. XIX century. 34 province European Russia, did not extend to the Caucasus, including Dagestan. Separation of the authorities in the military-folk (for mountaineers) and civil (for the population of cities, settlements, etc.) can also be seen in terms of production, which has certain characteristics of the caste feudal relations. This was especially evident in highland court, the organization of which bore the archaic character. By the end of the XIX century, highland Court of adat and Sharia has become an anachronism. Non-compliance of his time, the socio-political and socio-economic situation of Dagestan part of Russia consisted of different jurisdiction, the mixing of civil and criminal proceedings, the use of outdated standards of adat and sharia, administrative interference in judicial activity and the trial, which was forced to indicate in 1907 in its report, the sovereign governor of Caucasus Vorontsov-Dashkov I. I. [9, 17].
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